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Leadership through Institutional Stretch: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s Presidency in Turkey

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 32 Sayı: 4, 1241 - 1263, 05.10.2018

Öz

This article scrutinizes the leadership performance of Recep Tayyip Erdoğan at the office of the Turkish presidency from the first direct presidential elections of August 2014 to 2017 constitutional referendum which introduced an executive presidential system. It examines the new processes and practices becoming embedded in the executive politics of Turkey paying due regard to the political contexts. It aims to contribute to the literature by locating president Erdoğan’s practices into the institutional stretch arguments. The article provides meaningful indicators tailored to the Turkish case for the manifestation of institutional stretch. The main argument of the article is that Erdoğan has stretched the presidential office institutionally, politically, symbolically and financially. This institutional stretching culminated in a constitutional executive presidency which will enter into force in 2018.

Kaynakça

  • AKP (2014a) “Başbakan Erdoğan’ın Vizyon Belgesi Açıklama Töreninde Yaptığı Konuşmanın Tam Metni” [The Full Text of Prime Minister Erdoğan’s Speech at the Ceremony of the Statement of Vision pamphlet], Available online at: https://www.akparti.org.tr/site/haberler/basbakan-erdoganin-vizyon-belgesi-aciklama-toreninde-yaptigi-konusmanin-tam/65232#1
  • AKP (2014b) “Başbakan Erdoğan’ın 9 Temmuz tarihli Tokat Mitingi konuşmasının tam metni” [The Full Text of Prime Minister Erdoğan’s Speech at Tokat Meeting on 9 July], available online at: https://www.akparti.org.tr/site/haberler/basbakan-erdoganin-9-temmuz-tarihli-tokat-mitingi-konusmasinin-tam-metni/64861#1
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  • Bennister, M. (2007). ‘Tony Blair and John Howard: Comparative predominance and “institution stretch” in the UK and Australia’, British Journal of Politics and International Relations (BJPIR), 9(3), 327-345.
  • Birgün (2015) “Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi Araştırma Merkezi: Bakanları toplaması sistemin ruhuna aykırı” [Turkish Grand National Assembly Research Centre: His convening of Ministers is against the spirit of the system], 25 February.
  • Bipartisan Policy Centre (BPC) (2014) “President Erdoğan: prospects for a Strong Presidency”, National Security Programme Foreign Policy Projects, pp. 1-22.
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  • Diken (2015a) “Erdoğan, Başçı’dan sonra Babacan’a çıkıştı: Aynı durumdalar, çeki düzen vermeliler” [Erdoğan has rebuked Babacan after Başçı: They are in the same boat, they have to tidy themselves up], 02 March, available online at: http://www.diken.com.tr/erdogan-faiz-krizinde-basci-ve-babacani-hedef-aldi-ayni-durumdalar-kendilerine-ceki-duzen-versinler/
  • Diken (2015b) “AB Uzmanı Aktar: Erdoğan, dünyaya da kendini başkan olarak takdim ediyor” [EU Expert Aktar: Erdoğan has presented himself as president also to the world], 15 November, available online at: http://www.diken.com.tr/ab-uzmani-aktar-erdogan-dunyaya-da-kendini-baskan-olarak-takdim-ediyor/
  • Dombey, D. (2015) “President tightens his grip on state”, Financial Times Special Report, 15 April, available online at: http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/f89a7b74-c747-11e4-8e1f-00144feab7de.html#axzz3i4pKY2Cx
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  • Erdoğan, M. (2003) Türkiye’de Anayasalar ve Siyaset [Constitutions in Turkey and the Politics], Liberte Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Guardian (2015) “Turkey’s president Erdoğan told to ‘stop interfering’ in government business”, 23 March, available online at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/23/erdogan-at-odds-with-government-over-kurdish-peace-process-0
  • Guardian (2016) “Turkish PM Davutoğlu resigns as President Erdoğan tightens grip”, 05 May, available online at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/05/ahmet-davutoglus-future-turkish-prime-minister-balance
  • Gönenç, L. (2013) ‘Türkiye’deki Hükümet Sistemleri Tartışmalarına İlişkin Değerlendirmeler’ [Assessments on the debates over the type of executives in Turkey], Yeni Türkiye, 51, pp. 269-279.
  • Gürsel, K. (2014) “Erdoğan’ın semboller savaşındaki yeni taarruzu: ‘Aksaray’” [Erdoğan’s new attack in the war of symbols: Aksaray], Al Monitor: Turkey Pulse, 17 September, available online at: http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/tr/originals/2014/09/turkey-erdogan-white-palace-presidential-residence.html#
  • Hakan, A. (2014) “Bir Norveçli kadar mesafeliyim olaya” [I am detached from the issue as far as a Norwegian], Hürriyet Turkish Daily, 03 July, available online at: http://sosyal.hurriyet.com.tr/yazar/ahmet-hakan_131/bir-norvecli-kadar-mesafeliyim-olaya_26731465
  • Hargrove, E. C. (2001) “The presidency and the prime ministership as institutions: an American perspective”, British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 3 (1), pp. 49-70.
  • Heffernan, R. (2005) “Exploring (and Explaining) the British Prime Minister”, British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 7, pp. 605-620.
  • Heffernan, R. (2012) “There’s No Need for the ‘-isation’: The Prime Minister Is Merely Prime Ministerial”, Parliamentary Affairs, Advance Access Published 14 November, pp. 1-10.
  • Helms, L. (2005) Presidents, Prime Ministers and Chancellors: Executive Leadership in Western Democracies, Palgrave MacMillan, New York.
  • Heper & Çınar (1996) ‘Parliamentary Government with a Strong President: the Post-1989 Turkish Experience”, Political Science Quarterly, 111 (3), pp. 483-503.
  • Hürriyet (2014) “Saray’da icraatı izleme ekibi” [Performance Monitoring Staff at the Palace], Hürriyet Turkish Daily, 20 November, available online at: http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/27613547.asp
  • Hürriyet Daily News (2014) “PM Davutoğlu joins row with prominent business group”, 31 December, available online at: http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/pm-davutoglu-joins-row-with-prominent-business-group.aspx?pageID=238&nID=76348&NewsCatID=345
  • Hürriyet Daily News (2015a) “Turkey’s first cabinet meeting chaired by President Erdoğan takes more than 8 hours”, 19 January, available online at: http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkeys-first-cabinet-meeting-chaired-by-president-erdogan-takes-more-than-8-hours.aspx?PageID=238&NID=77113&NewsCatID=338
  • Hürriyet Daily News (2015b) “Business group head does not step back in clash with Turkish president Erdoğan”, 11 January, available online at: http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/business-group-head-does-not-step-back-in-clash-with-turkish-president-erdogan-.aspx?pageID=238&nID=76795&NewsCatID=344
  • Hürriyet Daily News (2015c) “Erdoğan wants 400 deputies for his former AKP at Turkish elections”, 06 February, available online at: http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/erdogan-wants-400-deputies-for-his-former-akp-at-turkish-elections-.aspx?pageID=238&nID=78015&NewsCatID=338
  • Hürriyet Daily News (2015d) “Erdoğan says 335 seats enough, not 400”, 09 April, available online at: http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/erdogan-says-335-seats-enough-not-400.aspx?pageID=238&nID=80846&NewsCatID=338
  • Hürriyet Daily News (2015e) “Erdoğan urges change in charter due to the de facto change in president’s new role”, 14 August, available online at: http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/erdogan-urges-change-in-charter-due-to-de-facto-change-in-presidents-new-role.aspx?pageID=238&nID=86992&NewsCatID=338 (29.08.2015).
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  • Kefford, G. (2014) “Agency, institutional stretch and structural adjustment: The Australian Labor Party 2006-2013”, Party Politics, DOI: 10.1177/1354068814550437, pp. 1-10.
  • Köker, L. (2014) “Erdoğan’s presidency and the Constitution”, Turkish Review, 01 September, available online at: http://www.turkishreview.org/opinions/erdogan-s-presidency-and-the-constitution_540958
  • Küçükşahin, Ş. (2015) “Cumhurbaşkanı’ndan Başbakan’a kapalı zarf” [Sealed orders from the president to prime minister], Hürriyet Turkish Daily, 25 March, available online at: http://sosyal.hurriyet.com.tr/yazar/sukru-kucuksahin_92/cumhurbaskani-ndan-basbakan-a-kapali-zarf_28546058
  • Laçiner, Ö. (2015) “Yeni Türkiye’nin Şifreleri” [The codes of New Turkey], Birikim, 15 April, available online at: http://www.birikimdergisi.com/haftalik/yeni-turkiyenin-sifreleri
  • Mahçupyan, E. (2015) “Yeni Türkiye (1)” [New Turkey (1)], Akşam Turkish Daily, 31 March, available online at: http://www.aksam.com.tr/yazarlar/etyen-mahcupyan/yeni-turkiye-1/haber-394170
  • Miş, N. and Aslan, A. (2014) “Erdoğan’s politics and his presidential mission”, Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research (SETA) Analysis, no: 12, pp. 8-33, available online at: http://file.setav.org/Files/Pdf/20141118151004_erdogan%E2%80%99s-politics-and-his-presidential-mission-pdf.pdf
  • Özsoy, Ş. (2015) “Turkey – President Erdoğan moving towards a stronger presidency”, Presidential Power: Presidents and Presidential Politics around the World, 07 January, available online at: http://presidential-power.com/?p=2565
  • Peker, E. (2015) “Erdogan holds first cabinet meeting as Turkey’s president”, The Wall Street Journal, 19 January, available online at: http://www.wsj.com/articles/erdogan-holds-first-cabinet-meeting-as-turkeys-president-1421675195
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  • Reuters (2012) “Turkey's Gul and Erdogan bicker over ‘double-headed’ government”, 31 October, available online at: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-erdogan-gul-idUSBRE89U15O20121031
  • Sabah (2015) “10 Ağustos’ta Cumhurbaşkanını halkın seçmesiyle bir dönem sona ermiştir” [An era ended on 10th of August with the popular election of the president], 22 March, available online at: http://www.sabah.com.tr/gundem/2015/03/22/10-agustosta-cumhurbaskanini-halkin-secmesiyle-bir-donem-sona-ermistir
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  • T24 (2015a) “İşte Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan’ın ‘devletin parasıyla’ yaptığı Gül’ü 4’e katlayan harcamlar”[Here it is the expenses of Erdoğan made by state funds that quadrupled Gül], May 04, available online at: http://t24.com.tr/haber/iste-cumhurbaskani-erdoganin-devletin-parasiyla-yaptigi-gulu-4e-katlayan-harcamalar,295525
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Kurumsal Genişleme Yoluyla Liderlik: Türkiye’de Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’ın Cumhurbaşkanlığı

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 32 Sayı: 4, 1241 - 1263, 05.10.2018

Öz

Bu çalışma
Cumhurbaşkanının ilk defa doğrudan halk tarafından seçildiği Ağustos 2014’ten
yürütme organı açısından Cumhurbaşkanlığı hükümet sistemini getiren 2017
yılındaki anayasa değişikliği referandumuna kadar Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’ın
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı makamındaki liderlik performansını
irdelemektedir. Siyasal bağlamlarına da dikkat ederek, çalışma yeni süreçlerin
ve uygulamaların yürütme organına nasıl yerleştirildiğini incelemektedir.
Çalışmada, Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan’ın uygulamaları kurumsal genişleme çerçevesine
yerleştirilmeye çalışılarak literatüre katkı sağlanması hedeflenmektedir.
Makale Türkiye örneğine uygun olarak kurumsal genişlemenin tezahürlerine dair
anlamlı göstergeler önermektedir. Çalışmanın temel iddiası Erdoğan’ın Cumhurbaşkanlığı
makamını kurumsal, siyasal, sembolik ve finansal olarak genişlettiğidir. Bu
kurumsal genişleme süreci 2018’de yürürlüğe girecek olan anayasal olarak
cumhurbaşkanlığı sistemi ile doruğa ulaşmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • AKP (2014a) “Başbakan Erdoğan’ın Vizyon Belgesi Açıklama Töreninde Yaptığı Konuşmanın Tam Metni” [The Full Text of Prime Minister Erdoğan’s Speech at the Ceremony of the Statement of Vision pamphlet], Available online at: https://www.akparti.org.tr/site/haberler/basbakan-erdoganin-vizyon-belgesi-aciklama-toreninde-yaptigi-konusmanin-tam/65232#1
  • AKP (2014b) “Başbakan Erdoğan’ın 9 Temmuz tarihli Tokat Mitingi konuşmasının tam metni” [The Full Text of Prime Minister Erdoğan’s Speech at Tokat Meeting on 9 July], available online at: https://www.akparti.org.tr/site/haberler/basbakan-erdoganin-9-temmuz-tarihli-tokat-mitingi-konusmasinin-tam-metni/64861#1
  • Al-Monitor, (2016) “Turkey as close as ever to presidential regime”, 21 October, available online at: http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/sites/almonitor/contents/articles/originals/2016/10/turkey-as-close-as-never-before-presidential-regime.html
  • Bennister, M. (2007). ‘Tony Blair and John Howard: Comparative predominance and “institution stretch” in the UK and Australia’, British Journal of Politics and International Relations (BJPIR), 9(3), 327-345.
  • Birgün (2015) “Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi Araştırma Merkezi: Bakanları toplaması sistemin ruhuna aykırı” [Turkish Grand National Assembly Research Centre: His convening of Ministers is against the spirit of the system], 25 February.
  • Bipartisan Policy Centre (BPC) (2014) “President Erdoğan: prospects for a Strong Presidency”, National Security Programme Foreign Policy Projects, pp. 1-22.
  • Cumhuriyet (2015a) “T.C. Anonim Şirketi” [TC Incorporated Company], 15 May, available online at: http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/turkiye/231423/T.C._Anonim_Sirketi.html
  • Cumhuriyet (2015b) “Mitingler için ülkeyi bölüştüler” [They shared the country for the meetings], 19 May, available online at: http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/siyaset/280158/Mitingler_icin_ulkeyi_bolustuler.html
  • Cumhuriyet (2015c) “Davutoğlu’ndan ‘Başkanlık bitti ve koalisyon’ açıklaması” [Statement of “presidential system has ended and coalition” from Davutoğlu], Cumhuriyet Turkish Daily, 10 June, available online at: http://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/siyaset/296319/Davutoglu_ndan__Baskanlik_bitti_ve_koalisyon__aciklamasi.html
  • Çakır, R. (2015) “Fidan Olayı: Demek ki danışıklı dövüş değilmiş” [Fidan Affair: So, it was not a sham fight], Habertürk Turkish Daily, 11 March, available online at: http://www.haberturk.com/yazarlar/rusen-cakir-2302/1052072-fidan-olayi-demek-ki-danisikli-dovus-degilmis
  • Diken (2015a) “Erdoğan, Başçı’dan sonra Babacan’a çıkıştı: Aynı durumdalar, çeki düzen vermeliler” [Erdoğan has rebuked Babacan after Başçı: They are in the same boat, they have to tidy themselves up], 02 March, available online at: http://www.diken.com.tr/erdogan-faiz-krizinde-basci-ve-babacani-hedef-aldi-ayni-durumdalar-kendilerine-ceki-duzen-versinler/
  • Diken (2015b) “AB Uzmanı Aktar: Erdoğan, dünyaya da kendini başkan olarak takdim ediyor” [EU Expert Aktar: Erdoğan has presented himself as president also to the world], 15 November, available online at: http://www.diken.com.tr/ab-uzmani-aktar-erdogan-dunyaya-da-kendini-baskan-olarak-takdim-ediyor/
  • Dombey, D. (2015) “President tightens his grip on state”, Financial Times Special Report, 15 April, available online at: http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/f89a7b74-c747-11e4-8e1f-00144feab7de.html#axzz3i4pKY2Cx
  • Earle, E. M. (1925) ‘The New Constitution of Turkey’, Political Science Quarterly, 40 (1), pp. 73-100, available online at: http://genckaya.bilkent.edu.tr/1924constitution.pdf
  • Erdoğan, M. (2003) Türkiye’de Anayasalar ve Siyaset [Constitutions in Turkey and the Politics], Liberte Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Guardian (2015) “Turkey’s president Erdoğan told to ‘stop interfering’ in government business”, 23 March, available online at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/23/erdogan-at-odds-with-government-over-kurdish-peace-process-0
  • Guardian (2016) “Turkish PM Davutoğlu resigns as President Erdoğan tightens grip”, 05 May, available online at: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/may/05/ahmet-davutoglus-future-turkish-prime-minister-balance
  • Gönenç, L. (2013) ‘Türkiye’deki Hükümet Sistemleri Tartışmalarına İlişkin Değerlendirmeler’ [Assessments on the debates over the type of executives in Turkey], Yeni Türkiye, 51, pp. 269-279.
  • Gürsel, K. (2014) “Erdoğan’ın semboller savaşındaki yeni taarruzu: ‘Aksaray’” [Erdoğan’s new attack in the war of symbols: Aksaray], Al Monitor: Turkey Pulse, 17 September, available online at: http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/tr/originals/2014/09/turkey-erdogan-white-palace-presidential-residence.html#
  • Hakan, A. (2014) “Bir Norveçli kadar mesafeliyim olaya” [I am detached from the issue as far as a Norwegian], Hürriyet Turkish Daily, 03 July, available online at: http://sosyal.hurriyet.com.tr/yazar/ahmet-hakan_131/bir-norvecli-kadar-mesafeliyim-olaya_26731465
  • Hargrove, E. C. (2001) “The presidency and the prime ministership as institutions: an American perspective”, British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 3 (1), pp. 49-70.
  • Heffernan, R. (2005) “Exploring (and Explaining) the British Prime Minister”, British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 7, pp. 605-620.
  • Heffernan, R. (2012) “There’s No Need for the ‘-isation’: The Prime Minister Is Merely Prime Ministerial”, Parliamentary Affairs, Advance Access Published 14 November, pp. 1-10.
  • Helms, L. (2005) Presidents, Prime Ministers and Chancellors: Executive Leadership in Western Democracies, Palgrave MacMillan, New York.
  • Heper & Çınar (1996) ‘Parliamentary Government with a Strong President: the Post-1989 Turkish Experience”, Political Science Quarterly, 111 (3), pp. 483-503.
  • Hürriyet (2014) “Saray’da icraatı izleme ekibi” [Performance Monitoring Staff at the Palace], Hürriyet Turkish Daily, 20 November, available online at: http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/27613547.asp
  • Hürriyet Daily News (2014) “PM Davutoğlu joins row with prominent business group”, 31 December, available online at: http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/pm-davutoglu-joins-row-with-prominent-business-group.aspx?pageID=238&nID=76348&NewsCatID=345
  • Hürriyet Daily News (2015a) “Turkey’s first cabinet meeting chaired by President Erdoğan takes more than 8 hours”, 19 January, available online at: http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkeys-first-cabinet-meeting-chaired-by-president-erdogan-takes-more-than-8-hours.aspx?PageID=238&NID=77113&NewsCatID=338
  • Hürriyet Daily News (2015b) “Business group head does not step back in clash with Turkish president Erdoğan”, 11 January, available online at: http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/business-group-head-does-not-step-back-in-clash-with-turkish-president-erdogan-.aspx?pageID=238&nID=76795&NewsCatID=344
  • Hürriyet Daily News (2015c) “Erdoğan wants 400 deputies for his former AKP at Turkish elections”, 06 February, available online at: http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/erdogan-wants-400-deputies-for-his-former-akp-at-turkish-elections-.aspx?pageID=238&nID=78015&NewsCatID=338
  • Hürriyet Daily News (2015d) “Erdoğan says 335 seats enough, not 400”, 09 April, available online at: http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/erdogan-says-335-seats-enough-not-400.aspx?pageID=238&nID=80846&NewsCatID=338
  • Hürriyet Daily News (2015e) “Erdoğan urges change in charter due to the de facto change in president’s new role”, 14 August, available online at: http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/erdogan-urges-change-in-charter-due-to-de-facto-change-in-presidents-new-role.aspx?pageID=238&nID=86992&NewsCatID=338 (29.08.2015).
  • İnsel, A. (2013) “Başkanlık Sistemi ve Güç Fetişizmi” [Presidential System and Power Fetishism], Birikim, vol. 288, pp. 8-14.
  • Kalaycıoğlu, E. (2015) “Turkish Popular Presidential Elections: Deepening Legitimacy Issues and Looming Regime Change”, South European Society and Politics, 20 (2), 2015, pp. 157- 179.
  • Kefford, G. (2014) “Agency, institutional stretch and structural adjustment: The Australian Labor Party 2006-2013”, Party Politics, DOI: 10.1177/1354068814550437, pp. 1-10.
  • Köker, L. (2014) “Erdoğan’s presidency and the Constitution”, Turkish Review, 01 September, available online at: http://www.turkishreview.org/opinions/erdogan-s-presidency-and-the-constitution_540958
  • Küçükşahin, Ş. (2015) “Cumhurbaşkanı’ndan Başbakan’a kapalı zarf” [Sealed orders from the president to prime minister], Hürriyet Turkish Daily, 25 March, available online at: http://sosyal.hurriyet.com.tr/yazar/sukru-kucuksahin_92/cumhurbaskani-ndan-basbakan-a-kapali-zarf_28546058
  • Laçiner, Ö. (2015) “Yeni Türkiye’nin Şifreleri” [The codes of New Turkey], Birikim, 15 April, available online at: http://www.birikimdergisi.com/haftalik/yeni-turkiyenin-sifreleri
  • Mahçupyan, E. (2015) “Yeni Türkiye (1)” [New Turkey (1)], Akşam Turkish Daily, 31 March, available online at: http://www.aksam.com.tr/yazarlar/etyen-mahcupyan/yeni-turkiye-1/haber-394170
  • Miş, N. and Aslan, A. (2014) “Erdoğan’s politics and his presidential mission”, Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research (SETA) Analysis, no: 12, pp. 8-33, available online at: http://file.setav.org/Files/Pdf/20141118151004_erdogan%E2%80%99s-politics-and-his-presidential-mission-pdf.pdf
  • Özsoy, Ş. (2015) “Turkey – President Erdoğan moving towards a stronger presidency”, Presidential Power: Presidents and Presidential Politics around the World, 07 January, available online at: http://presidential-power.com/?p=2565
  • Peker, E. (2015) “Erdogan holds first cabinet meeting as Turkey’s president”, The Wall Street Journal, 19 January, available online at: http://www.wsj.com/articles/erdogan-holds-first-cabinet-meeting-as-turkeys-president-1421675195
  • Presidency of the Republic of Turkey (2018) “Haberler”, https://www.tccb.gov.tr/haberler/
  • Reuters (2012) “Turkey's Gul and Erdogan bicker over ‘double-headed’ government”, 31 October, available online at: http://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-erdogan-gul-idUSBRE89U15O20121031
  • Sabah (2015) “10 Ağustos’ta Cumhurbaşkanını halkın seçmesiyle bir dönem sona ermiştir” [An era ended on 10th of August with the popular election of the president], 22 March, available online at: http://www.sabah.com.tr/gundem/2015/03/22/10-agustosta-cumhurbaskanini-halkin-secmesiyle-bir-donem-sona-ermistir
  • Sever, A. (2017) “Erdoğan 36 başdanışmana ne danışıyor acaba?” [I wonder what does Erdoğan seek advice of 36 key advisors?], T24 November 01, available online at: http://t24.com.tr/yazarlar/ahmet-sever/erdogan-36-basdanismana-ne-danisiyor-acaba,18416
  • Sözcü (2015) “Erdoğan’dan korkunç talimat” [Terrifying Directive from Erdoğan], June 27, available online at: https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2015/gundem/erdogandan-korkunc-talimat-871288/
  • Strangio, P., ‘t Hart, P. and Walter, J. (2013) Understanding Prime-Ministerial Performance: Comparative Perspectives, Oxford University Press.
  • T24 (2015a) “İşte Cumhurbaşkanı Erdoğan’ın ‘devletin parasıyla’ yaptığı Gül’ü 4’e katlayan harcamlar”[Here it is the expenses of Erdoğan made by state funds that quadrupled Gül], May 04, available online at: http://t24.com.tr/haber/iste-cumhurbaskani-erdoganin-devletin-parasiyla-yaptigi-gulu-4e-katlayan-harcamalar,295525
  • T24 (2015b) “G-20’nin ev sahibi kim olacak; Davutoğlu mu, Erdoğan mı?” [Who will be the host of G-20; Davutoğlu or Erdoğan?], 02 August, available online at: http://t24.com.tr/haber/g-20nin-ev-sahibi-kim-olacak-davutoglu-mu-erdogan-mi,304864
  • Tavits, M. (2009) Presidents with Prime Ministers: Do Direct Elections Matter?, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
  • Uran, P. (2010) ‘Turkey’s Hasty Constitutional Amendment Devoid of Rational Basis: From a Political Crisis to a Governmental System Change’, Journal of Politics and Law, 3 (1), pp. 2-10.
  • Xinhua (2015) “Turkish ruling AKP sows discords on key issues”, 23 March, available online at: http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2015-03/23/c_134087691.htm
  • Yalçıner, M. (2015) “İstikrarsızlık unsuru Erdoğan” [Erdoğan as an element of instability], Evrensel Turkish Daily, 20 April, available online at: http://www.evrensel.net/yazi/73861/istikrarsizlik-unsuru-erdogan
  • Yazıcı, S. (2015) “Dönüm Noktasındaki Türkiye: Başkanlık mı, Parlamentarizm mi?” [Turkey at the crossroads: Presidentialism or Parliamentarism?] in Kritik Kavşak: Parlemanter Sistem – Başkanlık Sistemi, ed. Cem Akkaş, Koç Üniversitesi Yayınları, İstanbul, pp. 87-110.
  • Yetkin, M. (2015) “Erdoğan’ın ağırlığı AK Parti’yi ezmeye başladı” [Erdoğan’s weight has started to crush the AK Party], Radikal Turkish Daily, 24 February, available online at: http://www.radikal.com.tr/yazarlar/murat-yetkin/erdoganin-agirligi-ak-partiyi-ezmeye-basladi-1299988/
  • Yıldız, M. (2015) “Dolar, faiz, seçimler ve demokrasi: Erdoğan’ın bir bildiği var” [Dollar, interest, elections and democracy: Erdoğan has a method to that madness], Diken, 05 March, available online at: http://www.diken.com.tr/dolar-faiz-secimler-ve-demokrasi-erdoganin-bir-bildigi-var/
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Hasan Faruk Uslu

Yayımlanma Tarihi 5 Ekim 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 32 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Uslu, H. F. (2018). Leadership through Institutional Stretch: Recep Tayyip Erdoğan’s Presidency in Turkey. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 32(4), 1241-1263.

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