BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

URBAN WATER LOSSES MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY: THE LEGISLATION AND CHALLENGES

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 3, 572 - 584, 03.10.2016
https://doi.org/10.18038/btda.67184

Öz

Kaynakça

  • United Nations Water - Climate change adaptation: The pivotal role of water, 2014. [Online]. Available: http://www.unwater.org/downloads/unw_ccpol_web.pdf (Accessed 3 December 2014).
  • Dimkic MA, Milovanovic M, Dimkic D. Sustainable and Adaptive Water Management: Case Study of Water Management in Serbia. Water Research and Management 2011; 1(4): 9-19.
  • Kingdom B, Liemberger R, Marin P. The challenge of reducing non-revenue water (NRW) in developing countries, 2006. [Online]. Available:http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWSS/Resources /WSS8fin4.pdf. (Accessed 10 February 2015). [4] Lambert A, Brown T, Takizawa M, Weimer D. Review of Performance Indicators for Real Losses from Water Supply Systems. J. Water Supply: Res. T.-AQUA 1999; 48: 227-237.
  • Mckenzie R, Seago C. Assessment of real losses in potable water distribution systems: some recent developments. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply 2005; 5(1): 33–40.
  • Tabesh M, Asadiyani Y, Burrows R. An integrated model to evaluate losses in water distribution systems. Water Resources Management 2009; 23(3): 477–492.
  • Control and Mitigation of drinking water losses in distribution systems., 2010. [Online]. Available: http://water.epa.gov/type/drink/pws/smallsystems/upload/Water_Loss_Control_508_FINALDEc.pdf.
  • (Accessed: 19 December 2014).
  • Fanner P. Non-Revenue Water reduction - Contracts and illustrated examples, 2008. [Online]. Available:http://www.miya-water.com/user_files/Data_and_Research/miyas_experts_articles/2_NRW /07_Non-Revenue%20Water%20reduction%20Contracts%20and%20illustrated%20examples.pdf
  • (Accessed 25 February 2015).
  • Fumani SMR. Contaminant intrusion in water distribution systems: advanced modelling approaches. PhD, The University of British Columbia, Canada, 2013.
  • Mutikanga HE. Water loss management: Tools and methods for developing countries. PhD, UNESCO-IHE, Netherlands, 2012.
  • Tooms S, Pilcher R. Practical guidelines on efficient water loss management. Water 21- Magazine of the International Water Association 2006; 8(4): 47.
  • Mutikanga HE, Sharma SK, Vairavamoorthy K. Multi-criteria decision analysis: a strategic planning tool for water loss management. Water Resources Management 2011; 25 (14): 3947–3969.
  • Kanakoudis V, Gonelas K, Tolikas D. Basic principles for urban water value assessment and price setting towards its full cost recovery—pinpointing the role of the water losses. J. Water Supply Res. Technol. AQUA 2011; 60(1), 27–39.
  • Alegre H, Hirnir W, Baptista JM, Parena R. IWA Manual Best Practice Series: Performance Indicators for Water Supply Services. 1st ed. London, England: IWA Publishing, 2000.
  • McKenzie R, Seago C, Liemberger R. Benchmarking of losses from potable water reticulation systems results of IWA Task Team. In: IWA International Conference ‘WaterLoss 2007’; 23-26 September 2007; Bucharest, Romania.
  • Kanakoudis V, Tsitsifli S. Water volume vs. revenues oriented water balance calculation for urban water networks: The “Minimum Charge Difference” component makes a difference In: IWA International Conference ‘WaterLoss 2010’; 6-9 June 2010; Sao Paolo, Brazil.
  • Alegre H, Baptista JM, Cabrera E Jr, Cubillo F, Duarte P, Hirner W, Parena R. IWA Manual Best Practice Series: Performance Indicators for Water Supply Services. 2nd ed. London,England: IWA Publishing, 2006.
  • Winarni W. Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) as Water Losses Indicator. Civil Engineering Dimension 2009; 11(2): 126-134.
  • Liemberger R, McKenzie R. Accuracy Limitations of the ILI: Is It an Appropriate Indicator for Developing Countries? In: IWA Leakage 2005 Conference; 12-14 September 2005; Halifax, Canada. [20] Morrison J. Managing leakage by District Metered Access: a practical approach. Water 21- Magazine of the International Water Association 2004; 6 (1): 44–46.
  • Sturm R, Thornton J. Proactive leakage management using District Metered Areas (DMA) and pressure management-Is it applicable in North America In: IWA Leakage 2005 Conference; 12-14 September 2005; Halifax, Canada.
  • Lambert A. International Report: Water Losses Management and Techniques. Water Supply 2002; 2(4): 1–20.
  • Karadirek IE, Kara S, Yilmaz G, Muhammetoğlu A, Muhammetoğlu, H. Implementation of hydraulic modelling for water-loss reduction through pressure management. Water Resources Management 2012; 26 (9): 2555-2568.
  • Rizzo A, Vermersch M, John GS, Micallef G, Pace R. Apparent Water Loss Control: The Way Forward. Water 21- Magazine of the International Water Association 2007; 9 (4): 45–47.
  • Kanakoudis V, Muhammetoğlu H. Urban water pipe networks management towards non-revenue water reduction: Two case studies from Greece and Turkey. Clean: Soil, Air, Water 2014; 42(7): 880-892. [26] Turkish Statistical Institute Municipal Water Statistics, 2012. [Online]. Available: http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=16171 (Accessed 7 December 2014).
  • Corton ML, Berg SV. Benchmarking Central American Water Utilities, 2007. [Online]. Available: http://warrington.ufl.edu/centers/purc/purcdocs/papers/0729_Berg_Benchmarking_Central.pdf
  • (Accessed 21 December 2014).
  • Cheung PB, Girol GV. Night flow analysis and modeling for leakage estimation in a water distribution system. In Boxall J, Maksimovic C, editors. Integrating Water Systems. London, England: Taylor and Francis Group, 2009. pp.509-515. [29] OECD environmental performance reviews: Italy. Paris, France: OECD Publishing, 2013.
  • OECD environmental performance reviews: Portugal. Paris, France: OECD Publishing, 2011.
  • OECD environmental performance reviews: Slovenia. Paris, France: OECD Publishing, 2012.
  • OECD environmental performance reviews: Spain. Paris, France: OECD Publishing, 2015.
  • Simmons WG. Going Viral: Emerging benchmarks for water efficiency – Water loss in North America,2014.[Online]Available:http://www.ncsu.edu/wrri/pdfs/pastevents/ac2014/1B/B4%20Simmons %20-%20New.pdf (Accessed 9 March 2015). [34] Service and delivery-performance of the water companies in England and Wales 2009-10 report, 2010.[Online]. Available:http://www.ofwat.gov.uk/regulating/casework/reporting/rpt_los_2009-10.pdf (Accessed 25 March 2015).
  • Water in figures: Danish Water and Wastewater Association’s Benchmarking and Water Statistics, 2010.[Online].Available:http://www.danva.dk/Admin/Public/DWSDownload.aspx?File=%2fFiles%2f
  • Filer%2fUdgivelser%2fBenchmarking%2fVand+i+tal%2fWater_in_Figures_2010.pdf (Accessed 27 March 2015)
  • Beuken RHS, Lavooij CSV, Bosch A, Schaap PG. Low leakage in the Netherlands Confirmed. In: 8th Annual Water Distribution Systems Analysis Symposium; 27-30 August 2006; Cincinnati, OH, USA. [37] Liemberger R. The New German water loss regulations in context with other international applications of the IWA water balance and real loss performance indicators. International Water Association Specialist Workshop; 24 February 2005; Queensland, Australia.
  • Fantozzi M. Italian case study in applying IWA WLTF approach: results obtained. In: Thornton J, Sturm R, Kunkel G, editors. Water Loss Control, New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill, 2008. pp. 421- 432.
  • Turkish Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs, İçme Suyu Temin ve Dağıtım Sistemlerinde Su Kayıplarının Kontrolü Yönetmeliği, 8 May 2014, Official Gazette No: 28994.
  • Turkish Ministry of Interior, Civil Administration Servives, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx
  • Local governments in Turkey, 2014. [Online].Available:http://www.migm.gov.tr/en/PDF/General Information.pdf (Accessed: 20 March 2015). [42] Turkish Statistical Institute Population Projection from 2013 to 2075, 2013. [Online]. Available: http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=15844. (Accessed: 13 December 2014).
  • Fresh water resources Turkey: Present situation in Turkey, 2014. [Online]. Available: http://www.climateadaptation.eu/turkey/fresh-water-resources/. (Accessed 9 February 2015).
  • Annual Report of Turkish General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works, 2012. [Online]. Available: http://www.dsi.gov.tr/docs/stratejik-plan/dsi-2012-faal%C4%B1yet-raporu.pdf?sfvrsn=2 (Accessed 20 January 2015).
  • Adiguzel A. İçme suyu temin ve dağıtım sistemlerinde su kayıplarının kontrolu, 2014. [Online]. Available:http://suyonetimi.ormansu.gov.tr/Libraries/su/Su_Ekonomisi_ve_Verimliligi_Sube_Mudurlugu.
  • sflb.ashx (Accessed 16 February 2015)
  • Annual report of Istanbul water and wastewater administration, 2013. [Online]. Available:http://www.iski.gov.tr/Web/UserFiles/File/faaliyetraporu2008/faaliyet_raporu2013.pdf
  • (Accessed: 16 November 2014).
  • Öztürk I, Uyak V, Çakmakcı M, Akca L. Dimension of water loss through distribution system and reduction methods in Turkey. In: River Basin Management Congress; 22-24 March 2007; Antalya, Turkey.

URBAN WATER LOSSES MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY: THE LEGISLATION and CHALLENGES

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 3, 572 - 584, 03.10.2016
https://doi.org/10.18038/btda.67184

Öz

Water losses from water distribution networks (WDNs) have become a crucial problem in many countries such as Turkey, where country average non-revenue water (NRW) is almost 45% of system input volume (SIV). Municipalities are responsible for water supply in Turkey but only a few of them have started to improve their WDNs for management of water losses and provide good application examples; whereas many of the other municipalities have no activities to reduce water losses. The Turkish Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs issued a new directive to control and reduce water losses from WDNs recently. With the issue of the new directive, all municipalities are now obliged to reduce water losses in WDNs within a given time frame. This paper represents a discussion and evaluation for the contents of the new Turkish directive on water losses management for the first time. Moreover, other existing guidelines and some country practices are presented to provide recommendations for the management of urban water losses. Reduction of water losses contributes directly to protection of water quality in WDNs and public health.

Kaynakça

  • United Nations Water - Climate change adaptation: The pivotal role of water, 2014. [Online]. Available: http://www.unwater.org/downloads/unw_ccpol_web.pdf (Accessed 3 December 2014).
  • Dimkic MA, Milovanovic M, Dimkic D. Sustainable and Adaptive Water Management: Case Study of Water Management in Serbia. Water Research and Management 2011; 1(4): 9-19.
  • Kingdom B, Liemberger R, Marin P. The challenge of reducing non-revenue water (NRW) in developing countries, 2006. [Online]. Available:http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTWSS/Resources /WSS8fin4.pdf. (Accessed 10 February 2015). [4] Lambert A, Brown T, Takizawa M, Weimer D. Review of Performance Indicators for Real Losses from Water Supply Systems. J. Water Supply: Res. T.-AQUA 1999; 48: 227-237.
  • Mckenzie R, Seago C. Assessment of real losses in potable water distribution systems: some recent developments. Water Science and Technology: Water Supply 2005; 5(1): 33–40.
  • Tabesh M, Asadiyani Y, Burrows R. An integrated model to evaluate losses in water distribution systems. Water Resources Management 2009; 23(3): 477–492.
  • Control and Mitigation of drinking water losses in distribution systems., 2010. [Online]. Available: http://water.epa.gov/type/drink/pws/smallsystems/upload/Water_Loss_Control_508_FINALDEc.pdf.
  • (Accessed: 19 December 2014).
  • Fanner P. Non-Revenue Water reduction - Contracts and illustrated examples, 2008. [Online]. Available:http://www.miya-water.com/user_files/Data_and_Research/miyas_experts_articles/2_NRW /07_Non-Revenue%20Water%20reduction%20Contracts%20and%20illustrated%20examples.pdf
  • (Accessed 25 February 2015).
  • Fumani SMR. Contaminant intrusion in water distribution systems: advanced modelling approaches. PhD, The University of British Columbia, Canada, 2013.
  • Mutikanga HE. Water loss management: Tools and methods for developing countries. PhD, UNESCO-IHE, Netherlands, 2012.
  • Tooms S, Pilcher R. Practical guidelines on efficient water loss management. Water 21- Magazine of the International Water Association 2006; 8(4): 47.
  • Mutikanga HE, Sharma SK, Vairavamoorthy K. Multi-criteria decision analysis: a strategic planning tool for water loss management. Water Resources Management 2011; 25 (14): 3947–3969.
  • Kanakoudis V, Gonelas K, Tolikas D. Basic principles for urban water value assessment and price setting towards its full cost recovery—pinpointing the role of the water losses. J. Water Supply Res. Technol. AQUA 2011; 60(1), 27–39.
  • Alegre H, Hirnir W, Baptista JM, Parena R. IWA Manual Best Practice Series: Performance Indicators for Water Supply Services. 1st ed. London, England: IWA Publishing, 2000.
  • McKenzie R, Seago C, Liemberger R. Benchmarking of losses from potable water reticulation systems results of IWA Task Team. In: IWA International Conference ‘WaterLoss 2007’; 23-26 September 2007; Bucharest, Romania.
  • Kanakoudis V, Tsitsifli S. Water volume vs. revenues oriented water balance calculation for urban water networks: The “Minimum Charge Difference” component makes a difference In: IWA International Conference ‘WaterLoss 2010’; 6-9 June 2010; Sao Paolo, Brazil.
  • Alegre H, Baptista JM, Cabrera E Jr, Cubillo F, Duarte P, Hirner W, Parena R. IWA Manual Best Practice Series: Performance Indicators for Water Supply Services. 2nd ed. London,England: IWA Publishing, 2006.
  • Winarni W. Infrastructure Leakage Index (ILI) as Water Losses Indicator. Civil Engineering Dimension 2009; 11(2): 126-134.
  • Liemberger R, McKenzie R. Accuracy Limitations of the ILI: Is It an Appropriate Indicator for Developing Countries? In: IWA Leakage 2005 Conference; 12-14 September 2005; Halifax, Canada. [20] Morrison J. Managing leakage by District Metered Access: a practical approach. Water 21- Magazine of the International Water Association 2004; 6 (1): 44–46.
  • Sturm R, Thornton J. Proactive leakage management using District Metered Areas (DMA) and pressure management-Is it applicable in North America In: IWA Leakage 2005 Conference; 12-14 September 2005; Halifax, Canada.
  • Lambert A. International Report: Water Losses Management and Techniques. Water Supply 2002; 2(4): 1–20.
  • Karadirek IE, Kara S, Yilmaz G, Muhammetoğlu A, Muhammetoğlu, H. Implementation of hydraulic modelling for water-loss reduction through pressure management. Water Resources Management 2012; 26 (9): 2555-2568.
  • Rizzo A, Vermersch M, John GS, Micallef G, Pace R. Apparent Water Loss Control: The Way Forward. Water 21- Magazine of the International Water Association 2007; 9 (4): 45–47.
  • Kanakoudis V, Muhammetoğlu H. Urban water pipe networks management towards non-revenue water reduction: Two case studies from Greece and Turkey. Clean: Soil, Air, Water 2014; 42(7): 880-892. [26] Turkish Statistical Institute Municipal Water Statistics, 2012. [Online]. Available: http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=16171 (Accessed 7 December 2014).
  • Corton ML, Berg SV. Benchmarking Central American Water Utilities, 2007. [Online]. Available: http://warrington.ufl.edu/centers/purc/purcdocs/papers/0729_Berg_Benchmarking_Central.pdf
  • (Accessed 21 December 2014).
  • Cheung PB, Girol GV. Night flow analysis and modeling for leakage estimation in a water distribution system. In Boxall J, Maksimovic C, editors. Integrating Water Systems. London, England: Taylor and Francis Group, 2009. pp.509-515. [29] OECD environmental performance reviews: Italy. Paris, France: OECD Publishing, 2013.
  • OECD environmental performance reviews: Portugal. Paris, France: OECD Publishing, 2011.
  • OECD environmental performance reviews: Slovenia. Paris, France: OECD Publishing, 2012.
  • OECD environmental performance reviews: Spain. Paris, France: OECD Publishing, 2015.
  • Simmons WG. Going Viral: Emerging benchmarks for water efficiency – Water loss in North America,2014.[Online]Available:http://www.ncsu.edu/wrri/pdfs/pastevents/ac2014/1B/B4%20Simmons %20-%20New.pdf (Accessed 9 March 2015). [34] Service and delivery-performance of the water companies in England and Wales 2009-10 report, 2010.[Online]. Available:http://www.ofwat.gov.uk/regulating/casework/reporting/rpt_los_2009-10.pdf (Accessed 25 March 2015).
  • Water in figures: Danish Water and Wastewater Association’s Benchmarking and Water Statistics, 2010.[Online].Available:http://www.danva.dk/Admin/Public/DWSDownload.aspx?File=%2fFiles%2f
  • Filer%2fUdgivelser%2fBenchmarking%2fVand+i+tal%2fWater_in_Figures_2010.pdf (Accessed 27 March 2015)
  • Beuken RHS, Lavooij CSV, Bosch A, Schaap PG. Low leakage in the Netherlands Confirmed. In: 8th Annual Water Distribution Systems Analysis Symposium; 27-30 August 2006; Cincinnati, OH, USA. [37] Liemberger R. The New German water loss regulations in context with other international applications of the IWA water balance and real loss performance indicators. International Water Association Specialist Workshop; 24 February 2005; Queensland, Australia.
  • Fantozzi M. Italian case study in applying IWA WLTF approach: results obtained. In: Thornton J, Sturm R, Kunkel G, editors. Water Loss Control, New York, NY, USA: McGraw-Hill, 2008. pp. 421- 432.
  • Turkish Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs, İçme Suyu Temin ve Dağıtım Sistemlerinde Su Kayıplarının Kontrolü Yönetmeliği, 8 May 2014, Official Gazette No: 28994.
  • Turkish Ministry of Interior, Civil Administration Servives, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx
  • Local governments in Turkey, 2014. [Online].Available:http://www.migm.gov.tr/en/PDF/General Information.pdf (Accessed: 20 March 2015). [42] Turkish Statistical Institute Population Projection from 2013 to 2075, 2013. [Online]. Available: http://www.turkstat.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=15844. (Accessed: 13 December 2014).
  • Fresh water resources Turkey: Present situation in Turkey, 2014. [Online]. Available: http://www.climateadaptation.eu/turkey/fresh-water-resources/. (Accessed 9 February 2015).
  • Annual Report of Turkish General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works, 2012. [Online]. Available: http://www.dsi.gov.tr/docs/stratejik-plan/dsi-2012-faal%C4%B1yet-raporu.pdf?sfvrsn=2 (Accessed 20 January 2015).
  • Adiguzel A. İçme suyu temin ve dağıtım sistemlerinde su kayıplarının kontrolu, 2014. [Online]. Available:http://suyonetimi.ormansu.gov.tr/Libraries/su/Su_Ekonomisi_ve_Verimliligi_Sube_Mudurlugu.
  • sflb.ashx (Accessed 16 February 2015)
  • Annual report of Istanbul water and wastewater administration, 2013. [Online]. Available:http://www.iski.gov.tr/Web/UserFiles/File/faaliyetraporu2008/faaliyet_raporu2013.pdf
  • (Accessed: 16 November 2014).
  • Öztürk I, Uyak V, Çakmakcı M, Akca L. Dimension of water loss through distribution system and reduction methods in Turkey. In: River Basin Management Congress; 22-24 March 2007; Antalya, Turkey.
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

I.Ethem Karadirek

Yayımlanma Tarihi 3 Ekim 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 17 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Karadirek, I. (2016). URBAN WATER LOSSES MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY: THE LEGISLATION and CHALLENGES. Anadolu University Journal of Science and Technology A - Applied Sciences and Engineering, 17(3), 572-584. https://doi.org/10.18038/btda.67184
AMA Karadirek I. URBAN WATER LOSSES MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY: THE LEGISLATION and CHALLENGES. AUBTD-A. Ekim 2016;17(3):572-584. doi:10.18038/btda.67184
Chicago Karadirek, I.Ethem. “URBAN WATER LOSSES MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY: THE LEGISLATION and CHALLENGES”. Anadolu University Journal of Science and Technology A - Applied Sciences and Engineering 17, sy. 3 (Ekim 2016): 572-84. https://doi.org/10.18038/btda.67184.
EndNote Karadirek I (01 Ekim 2016) URBAN WATER LOSSES MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY: THE LEGISLATION and CHALLENGES. Anadolu University Journal of Science and Technology A - Applied Sciences and Engineering 17 3 572–584.
IEEE I. Karadirek, “URBAN WATER LOSSES MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY: THE LEGISLATION and CHALLENGES”, AUBTD-A, c. 17, sy. 3, ss. 572–584, 2016, doi: 10.18038/btda.67184.
ISNAD Karadirek, I.Ethem. “URBAN WATER LOSSES MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY: THE LEGISLATION and CHALLENGES”. Anadolu University Journal of Science and Technology A - Applied Sciences and Engineering 17/3 (Ekim 2016), 572-584. https://doi.org/10.18038/btda.67184.
JAMA Karadirek I. URBAN WATER LOSSES MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY: THE LEGISLATION and CHALLENGES. AUBTD-A. 2016;17:572–584.
MLA Karadirek, I.Ethem. “URBAN WATER LOSSES MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY: THE LEGISLATION and CHALLENGES”. Anadolu University Journal of Science and Technology A - Applied Sciences and Engineering, c. 17, sy. 3, 2016, ss. 572-84, doi:10.18038/btda.67184.
Vancouver Karadirek I. URBAN WATER LOSSES MANAGEMENT IN TURKEY: THE LEGISLATION and CHALLENGES. AUBTD-A. 2016;17(3):572-84.