KANSER TEDAVİSİNDE GÜNCEL YAKLAŞIMLAR

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3, 154 - 165, 31.12.2016

Onur Baykara

Öz

Kanser, hücrelerin kontrolsüz bölünmesi ve çoğalması ile ortaya çıkan ve genetik ve çevresel koşulların etkisi altında olan kompleks bir hastalıktır. Bilinen 100’den fazla kanser türü olmasına ve belli tipteki kanserler için olabildiğince standart yaklaşımlar geliştirilmesine rağmen kanser aynı zamanda kişisel bir hastalıktır. Dünya üzerindeki hiçbir insanın DNA’sı birbirine benzemediği için kişilerin benzer tedavilere farklı cevaplar vermesi şaşırtıcı olmayan bir gerçektir. Teknolojinin ilerlemesi ile birlikte günümüzde var olan tedavilere ek olarak yeni tedavi yöntemleri geliştirilmektedir. Standart olarak kabul edilen kemoterapi, radyoterapi ve cerrahi yöntemlere ek olarak aşılar, biyolojik, hormonal, hedeflenmiş ve gen terapiler giderek artan sayıda kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Kanser ve tedavisi hakkında bilgi edinmek isteyen bir kişinin karşısına farklı tedaviler, yaklaşımlar, bilimsel makaleler ve hurafelerden oluşan sonsuz bir kaynak denizi ortaya çıkmaktadır. Gerekli bilgiye ulaşmak için uzun ve detaylı araştırmalar yapmak gerekebilir. Bu derlemenin amacı çok basit veya çok karmaşık bilgiler arasında bir köprü oluşturmak, başarı ile uygulanan yöntemleri karşılaştırmak, günümüzde kullanılan tüm metodlar hakkında okuyucuya bilgi vermektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kanser tedavisi, gen terapi, radyoterapi, kemoterapi

CURRENT MODALITIES IN TREATMENT OF CANCER

Öz

Cancer is a complex disease emerging from uncontrolled cell proliferation and division due to various genetic and environmental factors. Even though standard procedures are applied to specific types of cancers, it is also a personal disease with more than 100 types. It is not surprising why every human being responses same to treatments as human DNA is unique. As technology progresses, new therapies including but not limited to biological, hormonal, targeted and gene therapies are developed besides current approaches such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery. One can easily get lost in a huge ocean of knowledge when he wants to learn about cancer as different types of treatments, approaches, scintific papers and superstitions are widely accesible through internet and it may take a while for the average person to reach the desired information. The aim of this review is to bridge over very simple or very complex information, compare the methods and inform the reader about modalities in cancer.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cancer treatment, gene therapy, radiotherapy, chemotherapy

Kaynakça

• 1. Fitzmaurice C, Dicker D, Pain A, Hamavid H, Moradi-Lakeh M, MacIntyre MF, Allen C ve ark. The Global Burden of Cancer 2013. JAMA Oncol. 2015;1(4):505-27.
• 2. Pavlopoulou A, Spandidos DA, Michalopoulos I. Human cancer databases (review). Oncol Rep. 2015 Jan;33(1):3-18.
• 3. Blackadar CB. Historical review of the causes of cancer. World J Clin Oncol. 2016;7(1):54-86.
• 4. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin. 2015;65(1):5-29.
• 5. Wagner SC, Ichim TE, Ma H, Szymanski J, Perez JA, Lopez J, Bogin V ve ark. Cancer anti-angiogenesis vaccines: Is the tumor vasculature antigenically unique? J Transl Med. 2015;13:340.
• 6. Guo C, Manjili MH, Subjeck JR, Sarkar D, Fisher PB, Wang XY. Therapeutic cancer vaccines: past, present, and future. Adv Cancer Res. 2013;119:421-75.
• 7. Kinhikar RA, Pawar AB, Mahantshetty U, Murthy V, Dheshpande DD, Shrivastava SK. Rapid Arc, helical tomotherapy, sliding window intensity modulated radiotherapy and three dimensional conformal radiation for localized prostate cancer: a dosimetric comparison. J Cancer Res Ther. 2014 ;10(3):575-82.
• 8. Chen H, Louie AV, Boldt RG, Rodrigues GB, Palma DA, Senan S. Quality of Life After Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy for Early-Stage Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review. Clin Lung Cancer. 2015 Dec 22. pii: S1525-7304(15)00303-4
• 9. Varela G, Gómez-Hernández MT. Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy for early stage non-small cell lung cancer: a word of caution. Transl Lung Cancer Res. 2016 Feb;5(1):102-5.
• 10. Salama JK, Gu L, Wang X, Pang HH, Bogart JA, Crawford J, Schild SE ve ark. Positive Interaction between Prophylactic Cranial Irradiation and Maintenance Sunitinib for Untreated Extensive-Stage Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients After Standard Chemotherapy: A Secondary Analysis of CALGB 30504 (ALLIANCE). J Thorac Oncol. 2016;11(3):361-9.
• 11. Wan B, Lang J, Wang P, Ma CM. Treatment optimization with concurrent SBRT and intracavitary brachytherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer. J Appl Clin Med Phys. 2016;17(1):5610.
• 12. Peters M, van der Voort van Zyp JR, Moerland MA, Hoekstra CJ, van de Pol S, Westendorp H ve ark. Development and internal validation of a multivariable prediction model for biochemical failure after whole-gland salvage iodine-125 prostate brachytherapy for recurrent prostate cancer. Brachytherapy. 2016. pii: S1538-4721(16)00013-1.
• 13. Hendriks LE, Hermans BC, van den Beuken-van Everdingen MH, Hochstenbag MM, Dingemans AM. Effect of Bisphosphonates, Denosumab, and Radioisotopes on Bone Pain and Quality of Life in Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Bone Metastases: A Systematic Review. J Thorac Oncol. 2016;11(2):155-73.
• 14. Mian M, Tinelli M, DE March E, Turri G, Meneghini V, Pescosta N, Berno T ve ark. Bortezomib, Thalidomide and Lenalidomide: Have They Really Changed the Outcome of Multiple Myeloma? Anticancer Res. 2016;36(3):1059-65.
• 15. Yang IA, Shaw JG, Goddard JR, Clarke M, Reid DW. Use of inhaled corticosteroids in COPD: improving efficacy. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2016; 10(3):339-50.
• 16. Lee CH, Hyun MK, Jang EJ, Lee NR, Kim K, Yim JJ. Inhaled corticosteroid use and risks of lung cancer and laryngeal cancer. Respir Med. 2013;107(8):1222-33.
• 17. Patil Y, Amitay Y, Ohana P, Shmeeda H, Gabizon A. Targeting of pegylated liposomal mitomycin-C prodrug to the folate receptor of cancer cells: Intracellular activation and enhanced cytotoxicity. J Control Release. 2016;225:87-95.
• 18. Michalska M, Schultze-Seemann S, Bogatyreva L, Hauschke D, Wetterauer U, Wolf P. In vitro and in vivo effects of a recombinant anti-PSMA immunotoxin in combination with docetaxel against prostate cancer. Oncotarget. 2016 Mar 9. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.8001.
• 19. Wen S, Fu X, Li G, He L, Zhao C, Hu X , Pan R ve ark. Efficacy of tamoxifen in combination with docetaxel in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer pretreated with platinum-based chemotherapy. Anticancer Drugs. 2016 Feb 12. [Epub ahead of print]
• 20. Olsen IH, Knigge U, Federspiel B, Hansen CP, Skov A, Kjær A, Alnger SW. Topotecan monotherapy in heavily pretreated patients with progressive advanced stage neuroendocrine carcinomas. J Cancer. 2014;5(8):628-32.
• 21. McPartlin A, Grimaldo C, Lyons J, Burke D, Mitra S, Choudhury A. Successful delivery of chemotherapy to treat small-cell prostate cancer in a patient undergoing haemodialysis. Clin Kidney J. 2014;7(6):593-4.
• 22. Lucena SR, Salazar N, Gracia-Cazaña T, Zamarrón A, González S, Juarranz Á, Gşlaberte Y ve ark. Combined Treatments with Photodynamic Therapy for Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer. Int J Mol Sci. 2015;16(10):25912-33.
• 23. Takahashi K, Yamanaka S. Induced pluripotent stem cells in medicine and biology. Development. 2013;140(12):2457-61.
• 24. Jung YW, Hysolli E, Kim KY, Tanaka Y, Park IH. Human induced pluripotent stem cells and neurodegenerative disease: prospects for novel therapies. Curr Opin Neurol. 2012;25(2):125-30
• 25. Cho DY, Lin SZ, Yang WK, Lee HC, Hsu DM, Lin HL, Chen CC ve ark. Targeting cancer stem cells for treatment of glioblastoma multiforme. Cell Transplant. 2013;22(4):731-9.
• 26. Takeuchi A, Eto M, Tatsugami K, Yamada H, Yokomizo A, Shiota M, Itsumi M ve ark. Renal cancer treatment with recipient lymphocyte infusion enhanced the antitumor effect of nonmyeloablative allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Transpl Immunol. 2015;32(2):131-9.
• 27. Beitinjaneh A, Saliba RM, Medeiros LJ, Turturro F, Rondon G, Korbling M, Fayad L ve ark. Comparison of survival in patients with T cell lymphoma after autologous and allogeneic stem cell transplantation as a frontline strategy or in relapsed disease. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant. 2015;21(5):855-9.
• 28. Kundu N, Ma X, Kochel T, Goloubeva O, Staats P, Thompson K, Martin S ve ark. Prostaglandin E receptor EP4 is a therapeutic target in breast cancer cells with stem-like properties. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2014;143(1):19-31.
• 29. Ali S, Mondal N, Choudhry H, Rasool M, Pushparaj PN, Khan MA, Mahfooz M ve ark. Current Management Strategies in Breast Cancer by Targeting Key Altered Molecular Players. Front Oncol. 2016;6:45.
• 30. Sakai M, Elhilali M, Papadopoulos V. The GnRH Antagonist Degarelix Directly Inhibits Benign Prostate Hyperplasia Cell Growth. Horm Metab Res. 2015;47(12):925-31
• 31. Groom AG, Younis T. Endocrine therapy for breast cancer prevention in high-risk women: clinical and economic considerations. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2016 Mar 17:1-11.
• 32. Li F, Dou J, Wei L, Li S, Liu J. The selective estrogen receptor modulators in breast cancer prevention. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 2016 Jan 20. [Epub ahead of print]
• 33. Chlebowski RT, Manson JE, Anderson GL, Cauley JA, Aragaki AK, Stefanick ML, Lane DS ve ark. Estrogen plus progestin and breast cancer incidence and mortality in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2013;105(8):526-35.
• 34. Ohlmann CH. Chemotherapy of prostate cancer. Urologe A. 2015; 54(10):1461-9.
• 35. Grover NS, Park SI. Novel Targeted Agents in Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Therapy. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2015 Sep 17;8(3):607-36.
• 36. Müller P, Kreuzaler M, Khan T, Thommen DS, Martin K, Glatz K, Savic S ve ark. Trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) renders HER2+ breast cancer highly susceptible to CTLA-4/PD-1 blockade. Sci Transl Med. 2015;7(315):315ra188.
• 37. Luo TY, Cheng PC, Chiang PF, Chuang TW, Yeh CH, Lin WJ. 188Re-HYNIC-trastuzumab enhances the effect of apoptosis induced by trastuzumab in HER2-overexpressing breast cancer cells. Ann Nucl Med. 2015;29(1):52-62.
• 38. Verma S, Miles D, Gianni L, Krop IE, Welslau M, Baselga J, Pegram M, Oh DY ve ark. Trastuzumab emtansine for HER2-positive advanced breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(19):1783-91.
• 39. Illés Á, Jóna Á, Miltényi Z. Brentuximab vedotin for treating Hodgkin's lymphoma: an analysis of pharmacology and clinical efficacy. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol. 2015;2:1-9.
• 40. Rael E, Rakszawski K, Koller K, Bayerl M, Butte M, Zheng H. Treatment with rituximab and brentuximab vedotin in a patient of common variable immune deficiency-associated classic Hodgkin lymphoma. Biomark Res. 2016;4:7.
• 41. Ruck T, Afzali AM, Lukat KF, Eveslage M, Gross CC, Pfeuffer S, Bittner S ve ark. ALAIN01-Alemtuzumab in autoimmune inflammatory neurodegeneration: mechanisms of action and neuroprotective potential. BMC Neurol. 2016;16(1):34.
• 42. Bizzarri N, Ghirardi V, Alessandri F, Venturini PL, Valenzano Menada M, Rundle S, Leone Roberti Maggiore U ve ark. Bevacizumab for the treatment of cervical cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2016;16(3):407-19.
• 43. Jabbour E, O'Brien S, Ravandi F, Kantarjian H. Monoclonal antibodies in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2015;125(26):4010-6
• 44. Buie LW, Pecoraro JJ, Horvat TZ, Daley RJ. Blinatumomab: A First-in-Class Bispecific T-Cell Engager for Precursor B-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Ann Pharmacother. 2015;49(9):1057-67.
• 45. Roland KB, Benard VB, Greek A, Hawkins NA, Lin L. Changes in Knowledge and Beliefs About Human Papillomavirus and Cervical Cancer Screening Intervals in Low-Income Women After an Educational Intervention. J Prim Care Community Health. 2016;7(2):88-95.
• 46. Agorastos T, Chatzistamatiou K, Katsamagkas T, Koliopoulos G, Daponte A, Constantinidis T, Constantinidis TC ve ark. Primary screening for cervical cancer based on high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) detection and HPV 16 and HPV 18 genotyping, in comparison to cytology. PLoS One. 2015 Mar 20;10(3):e0119755.
• 47. Wei XX, Fong L, Small EJ. Prostate Cancer Immunotherapy with Sipuleucel-T: Current Standards and Future Directions. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2015;14(12):1529-41.
• 48. Giordano P, Manzo A, Montanino A, Costanzo R, Sandomenico C, Piccirillo MC, Daniele G ve ark. Afatinib: An overview of its clinical development in non-small-cell lung cancer and other tumors. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2016;97:143-51.
• 49. Thompson PA, Kantarjian HM, Cortes JE. Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia in 2015. Mayo Clin Proc. 2015;90(10):1440-54.
• 50. Burotto M, Manasanch EE, Wilkerson J, Fojo T. Gefitinib and erlotinib in metastatic non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis of toxicity and efficacy of randomized clinical trials. Oncologist. 2015;20(4):400-10.
• 51. Royce ME, Osman D. Everolimus in the Treatment of Metastatic Breast Cancer. Breast Cancer (Auckl). 2015;9:73-9.
• 52. Capozzi M, Caterina I, De Divitiis C, von Arx C, Maiolino P, Tatangelo F, Cavalcanti E ve ark. Everolimus and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs): Activity, resistance and how to overcome it. Int J Surg. 2015 Suppl 1:S89-94.
• 53. Shah A, Mangaonkar A. Idelalisib: A Novel PI3Kδ Inhibitor for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. Ann Pharmacother. 2015;49(10):1162-70.
• 54. Teicher BA, Tomaszewski JE. Proteasome inhibitors. Biochem Pharmacol. 2015;96(1):1-9.
• 55. Iyer SP, Foss FF. Romidepsin for the Treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma. Oncologist. 2015;20(9):1084-91.
• 56. Zabner J, Couture, LA, Gregory RJ, Graham SM, Smith AE, Welsh MJ. Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer transiently corrects the chloride transport defect in nasal epithelia of patients with cystic fibrosis. Cell. 1993;75(2):207-16.
• 57. Zhang J, Ding M, Xu K, Mao L, Zheng J. shRNA-armed conditionally replicative adenoviruses: a promising approach for cancer therapy. Oncotarget. 2016 Mar 10. doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.8035.
• 58. Li KL, Kang J, Zhang P, Li LI, Wang YB, Chen HY, He Y. Efficacy of recombinant adenoviral human p53 gene in the treatment of lung cancer-mediated pleural effusion. Oncol Lett. 2015;9(5):2193-2198.
• 59. Sheng S, Zheng J, Cui S, Cui X, Qian Z. Complete remission of multiple lung metastases after ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma by transarterial infusion with the p53 gene. Anticancer Drugs, 2015;26(2):227-31.
• 60. Shen A, Liu S, Yu W, Deng H, Li Q. p53 gene therapy-based transarterial chemoembolization for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: A prospective cohort study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;30(11):1651-6.
• 61. Bainbridge JW, Mehat MS, Sundaram V, Robbie SJ, Barker SE, Ripamonti C, Georgiadis A ve ark. Long-term effect of gene therapy on Leber's congenital amaurosis. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(20):1887-97.
• 62. Majima T, Funahashi Y, Takai S, Goins WF, Gotoh M, Tyagi P, Glorioso JC ve ark. Herpes Simplex Virus Vector-Mediated Gene Delivery of Poreless TRPV1 Channels Reduces Bladder Overactivity and Nociception in Rats. Hum Gene Ther. 2015;26(11):734-42.
• 63. Shao D, Li J, Pan Y, Zhang X, Zheng X, Wang Z, Zhang Mve ark. Noninvasive theranostic imaging of HSV-TK/GCV suicide gene therapy in liver cancer by folate-targeted quantum dot-based liposomes. Biomater Sci. 2015;3(6):833-41.
• 64. Anderson WF, Blaese RM, Culver K. The ADA human gene therapy clinical protocol: points to consider response with clinical protocol. Hum Gene Ther.1990;1:331–362.
• 65. Culver KW, Osborne WR, Miller AD, Fleisher TA, Berger M, Anderson WF, Blease RM. Correction of ADA deficiency in human T lymphocytes using retroviral-mediated gene transfer. Transplant Proc. 1991;23(1 Pt 1):170-1.
• 66. Sun L, Zhang Q, Li Y, Tang N, Qiu X. CCL21/CCR7 up-regulate vascular endothelial growth factor-D expression via ERK pathway in human non-small cell lung cancer cells. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2015;8(12):15729-38.
• 67. Wang X, Lan H, Li J, Su Y, Xu L. Muc1 promotes migration and lung metastasis of melanoma cells. Am J Cancer Res. 2015;5(9):2590-604.
• 68. Hemmatzadeh M, Mohammadi H, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Asghari F, Yousefi M. The role of oncomirs in the pathogenesis and treatment of breast cancer. Biomed Pharmacother. 2016;78:129-39.