Budget > Revenues: Countries Compared", Erişim tarihi : 12 Şubat 2017 , http://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/stats/Economy/Budget/Revenues" /> Exports: Countries Compared", Erişim tarihi : 12 Şubat 2017, http://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/stats/Economy/Exports" /> GDP: Countries Compared", Erişim tarihi : 12 Şubat 2017, http://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/stats/Economy/GDP" /> Unemployment rate: Countries Compared", Erişim tarihi : 12 Şubat 2017, http://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/stats/Economy/Unemployment-rate" />
Araştırma Makalesi
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BATI DÜNYASINDA AÇIK İSTİHBARAT AÇIK DİPLOMASİ’YE KARŞI

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 12, 13 - 35, 22.08.2017

Öz

ABD ve
Almanya gibi uluslararası sistemde ekonomik ve siyasal güç olarak önemli bir
konumda olan ülkelerin istihbarat faaliyetleri uluslararası medya gündeminde
tartışma konusu olmuştur. İstihbaratın kapalı ve gizli olması gerekirken, dost
ülkelerin birbiri aleyhinde veya birlikte ortaklaşa yaptıkları istihbarat
faaliyetleri açıkça medya aracı ile ifşa edilerek aynı zamanda da kamuoyunun
bilgilendirilmesi sağlanmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı, küresel sistemin etkin
parçası olan bu büyük güçlerin istihbarat faaliyetlerindeki açıklık, açıklığın
nedenleri ve bu stratejinin öneminin incelenmesidir. Ayrıca, çalışmada BND
örneğinde görüldüğü gibi istihbarat kurumlarının, kurum merkezli olarak
devletten bağımsız olarak hareket ettiklerinin medya aracılığıyla gün yüzüne çıkarılması
üzerinde de durulmaktadır. Çalışmada referans olarak verilen ilgili
uluslararası medya kuruluşlarının internet sitelerinde yayınlanan haberleri
temel olarak alınmıştır. Ayrıca istihbarat konusuna ilişkin literatür çalışması
yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonucunda istihbaratın açık diplomasi gibi yeni bir
karakter kazandığı görülmektedir. İstihbarat kavramı artık günümüzde tıpkı
“açık diplomasi” kavramı gibi “açık istihbarat” hüviyetine bürünmektedir.  Ve uydu ve elektronik temelli istihbarat ile
de meşru bir yumuşak güç silahı olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu gerçeğin
duyurulması görevi de uluslararası medyaya düşmektedir. Farklı bir ifade ile bu
olay medya aracılığıyla “de facto” ilan edilmektedir. 

Kaynakça

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Yıl 2017, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 12, 13 - 35, 22.08.2017

Öz

Kaynakça

  • KAYNAKÇA: ALLGOV ( June 4, 2009) , "8 Extremely Little-Known Corners of the U.S. Intelligence Network…and 4 More", Erişim tarihi : 10 Ocak 2017 http://www.allgov.com/news/top-stories/8-extremely-little-known-corners-of-the-us-intelligence-networkand-4-more?news=838962
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  • DW (Feb. 24, 2017), "Spiegel: BND gazetecileri izledi" , Erişim tarihi : 27 Şubat 2017, http://www.dw.com/tr/spiegel-bnd-gazetecileri-izledi/a-37711637
  • DW (July 11, 2016),"Parliamentary report finds spying by BND on EU and NATO governments until 2013", Erişim tarihi : 22 Şubat 2017, http://www.dw.com/en/parliamentary-report-finds-spying-by-bnd-on-eu-and-nato-governments-until-2013/a-19393213
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  • DW, (Apr. 27, 2016), "Germany announces new head of BND foreign intelligence service", Erişim tarihi : 02 Şubat 2017 http://www.dw.com/en/germany-announces-new-head-of-bnd-foreign-intelligence-service/a-19217342
  • DW (Feb.19, 2016), "Germany's arms exports rise to 7.5 billion euros", Erişim tarihi : 15 Ocak 2017 http://www.dw.com/en/germanys-arms-exports-rise-to-75-billion-euros/a-19061170
  • DW (Oct.21 2015), "Weapons go to conflict zones, the money comes to Germany", Erişim tarihi : 02 Şubat 2017, http://www.dw.com/en/weapons-go-to-conflict-zones-the-money-comes-to-germany/a-18798104
  • DW, (August 23, 2014), " Berlin has been spying on Turkey since 1976, report says" , Erişim tarihi : 12 Ocak 2017, http://www.dw.de/berlin-has-been-spying-on-turkey-since-1976-report-says/a-17873803
  • DW, (August 23, 2014), " Berlin has been spying on Turkey since 1976, report says" , Erişim tarihi : 12 Ocak 2017, http://www.dw.de/berlin-has-been-spying-on-turkey-since-1976-report-says/a-17873803
  • DW, "Germany accused of spying on Turkey" , Erişim tarihi : 03 Eylül 2014 , http://www.dw.de/germany-accused-of-spying-on-turkey/av-17861450 ( not : Bu link 2017 yılında erişim dışı görünmektedir)
  • DW (Feb.19, 2016), "Germany's arms exports rise to 7.5 billion euros", Erişim tarihi : 15 Ocak 2017 http://www.dw.com/en/germanys-arms-exports-rise-to-75-billion-euros/a-19061170
  • DW (Oct.21 2015), "Weapons go to conflict zones, the money comes to Germany", Erişim tarihi : 02 Şubat 2017, http://www.dw.com/en/weapons-go-to-conflict-zones-the-money-comes-to-germany/a-18798104
  • DWSTATIS (2015), "Foreign trade : Ranking of Germany's trading partners in foreign trade", Erişim tarihi : 28 Şubat 2017 , https://www.destatis.de/EN/FactsFigures/NationalEconomyEnvironment/ForeignTrade/Tables/OrderRankGermanyTradingPartners.pdf?__blob=publicationFile
  • Euronews (August 18, 2014), “German intelligence spied on Turkey, says report”, Erişim tarihi: 11 Ocak 2017 , http://www.euronews.com/2014/08/18/german-intelligence-spied-on-turkey-says-report/
  • European Parliament (November 2014), "The ECHELON Affair : The EP and the global interception system 1998 - 2002", Erişim tarihi: 02 Şubat 2017 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/EPRS/EPRS_STUDY_538877_AffaireEchelon-EN.pdf , s.1-76
  • Freedom House (Oct. 2015) , " Freedom in the World 2016" , https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FH_FITW_Report_2016.pdf , s.1-24
  • Goldman J. (2011), Words of Intelligence : An Intelligence Professional's Lexicon for Domestic and Foreign Threats, The Scarecrow Press, Lanham
  • GSCB (June 30, 2012), Government Communications Security Bureau, G56, Annual Report, Erişim tarihi: 03 Şubat 2017 https://www.nzic.govt.nz/assets/Publications/GCSB-Annual-Report-2012.pdf , s.1-20
  • İmai M., Kaizen , Brisa, 1994
  • Kissenger H. (1998), Diplomasi, ( Çev.İbrahim H. Kurt), Ankara : Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları
  • Kiyuna A.- Conyers L. (April 2005), Cyberwarfare Sourcebook, Lulu.com
  • Lyon D. (2015), Surveillance After Snowden, Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Le Monde, "L’Allemagne a espionné des médias étrangers, affirme « Le Spiegel »", 24.02.2017, http://www.lemonde.fr/europe/article/2017/02/24/l-allemagne-a-espionne-des-medias-etrangers-affirme-le-spiegel_5085271_3214.html
  • Leibler I. (July 12, 2016), "Candidly Speaking : No Permament Alies or Ennemies, Only Permanent Interests", Erişim tarihi: 12 Ocak 2017 , http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Candidly-Speaking-No-permanent-allies-or-enemies-only-permanent-interests-460197
  • Little A. "Angela Merkel (April 15, 2013) , the Iron Lady of Europe' declines invite to our own Iron Lady's funeral", Express, Erişim tarihi : 01 Şubat 2017 , http://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/392141/Angela-Merkel-the-Iron-Lady-of-Europe-declines-invite-to-our-own-Iron-Lady-s-funeral
  • Marsden C. (July 10., 2000), "European Union to investigate US-run satellite spy network: France launches independent probe into Echelon" , World Socialist Web Site , Erişim tarihi : 22 Ocak 2017, https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2000/07/eche-j10.html?view=article_mobile
  • Matthew M. Aid, Secrets of Signals Intelligence during the Cold War and Beyond, (Ed. Matthew M.Aid- Cees Wiebes), Frank Cass Publishers,New York, 2001
  • Minix D.A. & Hawley S.M. (1998), Global Politics Belmont CA : West / Wadsworth. Nasr J.- Siebold S., Reuters, "German parliament approves controversial espionage law", Oct 21, 2016, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-spying-idUSKCN12L1ER
  • NationMaster.com , "Economy > Budget > Revenues: Countries Compared", Erişim tarihi : 12 Şubat 2017 , http://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/stats/Economy/Budget/Revenues
  • NationMaster.com , "Economy > Exports: Countries Compared", Erişim tarihi : 12 Şubat 2017, http://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/stats/Economy/Exports
  • NationMaster.com , "Economy > GDP: Countries Compared", Erişim tarihi : 12 Şubat 2017, http://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/stats/Economy/GDP
  • NationMaster.com , "Economy > Unemployment rate: Countries Compared", Erişim tarihi : 12 Şubat 2017, http://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/stats/Economy/Unemployment-rate
  • NSA, "UKUSA Agreement Release 1940-1956", Erişim tariki : 30 Ocak 2017, https://www.nsa.gov/news-features/declassified-documents/ukusa/
  • NSA, "UKUSA Agreement Release 1940-1956", Erişim tarihi 31 Ocak 2017, https://www.nsa.gov/news-features/declassified-documents/ukusa/assets/files/appendices_jul48.pdf ; https://www.nsa.gov/news-features/declassified-documents/ukusa/assets/files/tabular_comparison.pdf
  • NSA, " 1956 New UKUSA Agreement - 10 May 1955", Erişim tarihi 31 Ocak 2017, https://www.nsa.gov/news-features/declassified-documents/ukusa/assets/files/new_ukusa_agree_10may55.pdf
  • NSA (3 May 2016), "Mission & Strategy: Core Values", Erişim tarihi : 14 Şubat 2017, https://www.nsa.gov/about/mission-strategy/
  • Poole P.S., "ECHELON : America's Secret Global Surveillance Network", 1999/2000, http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/ciencia/echelon04.htm
  • OEC, "Germany", http://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/deu/
  • OEC, "Turkey", http://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/tur/
  • Rense.com (07.04.2000), "French Prosecutor Begins Probe Of US 'Echelon' Spy System", Erişim tarihi : 12 Ocak 2017, http://www.rense.com/general2/frds.htm
  • Reuters, (Aug.24, 2016), "Germany has spied on Turkey since 1976: Focus magazine", Erişim tarihi : 19 Şubat 2017, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-germany-turkey-spying-idUSKBN0GN0HW20140824
  • Reuters, "German government agrees to reform BND spy agency - sources", Jun 3, 2016 , http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-germany-spying-idUKKCN0YP2KG
  • Reuters, Sep 27, 2016,"Germany's No.2 spy to become parliamentary watchdog - report" , http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-germany-intelligence-idUKKCN11X03M
  • Roskin M., Countries and Concepts, Eleventh Edition, Boston, Pearson, 2011
  • Rusbridger J. (1989), The Intelligence Game : Illusions and Delusions of International Espionage, I.B Tauris / Co Ltd. , London
  • Smale A. (May 5, 2015), The New York Times, "Germany, Too, Is Accused of Spying on Friends" , Erişim tarihi : 14 Ocak 2017 http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/06/world/europe/scandal-over-spying-shakes-german-government.html?_r=0
  • Speigel (July 08, 2013), "Germany Cooperates Closely with NSA", , Erişim tarihi : 18 Şubat 2017, http://www.spiegel.de/international/world/spiegel-reveals-cooperation-between-nsa-and-german-bnd-a-909954.html
  • Spiegel Online, (August 18, 2014), "Targeting Turkey :How Germany Spies on Its Friends", Erişim tarihi : 22 Şubat 2017, http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/german-considers-turkey-to-be-official-target-for-spying-a-986656.html
  • Speigel Online ( August.23, 2014) , "BND überwacht seit Jahren weiteren Nato-Partner", Erişim tarihi : 16 Şubat 2017, http://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/bnd-ueberwacht-albanien-weiterer-nato-partner-im-visier-a-987711.html
  • Spiegel Online ( Nov.7, 2015), "Governments and NGOs : Germany Spied on Friends and Vatican", http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/german-bnd-intelligence-spied-on-friends-and-vatican-a-1061588.html
  • Tapper J. (July 4, 2015), CNN Politics, "Obama administration spied on German media as well as its government", Erişim tarihi: 05 Ocak 2017 , http://edition.cnn.com/2015/07/03/politics/germany-media-spying-obama-administration/
  • Thomas A. (Jul 12, 2014), The Wall Street Journal, "U.S. Spying on Germany Unacceptable, Says Merkel :German Chancellor Sees No Alternative to Close Ties With Washington , Erişim tarihi : 20 Ocak 2017 http://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-spying-on-germany-unacceptable-says-merkel-1405174452
  • Troianovski A. (July 2, 2015), THe Wall Street Journal, "Germany Warns U.S. About Spying on Its Officials New WikiLeaks documents appear to show NSA monitored German government ministries", Erişim tarihi : 09 Ocak 2017 , http://www.wsj.com/articles/germany-requests-meeting-with-u-s-ambassador-over-new-spying-leaks-1435850048
  • The Australian Secret Intelligence Service , https://www.nzic.govt.nz/about-us/gcsb/
  • The Communications Security Establishment Canada , https://www.cse-cst.gc.ca/en
  • The Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) , https://www.gchq.gov.uk/who-we-are
  • The Government Communications Security Bureau , https://www.gcsb.govt.nz/
  • The Guardian (Jan.23, 2017), "Moving US embassy to Jerusalem may be slipping down Trump's agenda", Erişim tarihi : 12 Ocak 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/23/us-embassy-jerusalem-trump-israel
  • The Guardian (July 2, 2015 ), "WikiLeaks: US spied on Angela Merkel's ministers too, says German newspaper", Erişim tarihi : 30 Ocak 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/media/2015/jul/02/wikileaks-us-spied-on-angela-merkels-ministers-too-says-german-newspaper
  • The National Archives, "Newly released GCHO files : UKUSA Agreement", Erişim tarihi : 21 Şubat 2017, http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukusa/
  • The World Bank, "GDP (current US$)", Erişim tarihi : 12 Şubat 2017, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD
  • The World Bank, "GDP growth (annual %)", http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG
  • The World Bank, "GDP per capita (current US$)", http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.CD
  • The World Bank, "Exports of goods and services (BoP, current US$)", http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.GSR.GNFS.CD
  • The World Bank, "Imports of goods and services (BoP, current US$)", http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BM.GSR.GNFS.CD
  • The World Bank, "Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate)", http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS
  • The World Bank, "Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %)", http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.DEFL.KD.ZG
  • War Department, 1943, "Agreement between Biritsh Government Code and Cipher School and U.S. War Department , 1943, https://www.nsa.gov/news-features/declassified-documents/ukusa/assets/files/spec_int_10jun43.pdf
  • World e-Book Library, "UKUSA Agreement", http://community.ebooklibrary.org/Articles/UKUSA%20Agreement?&Words=UKUSA%20Agreement
  • "Woodrow Wilson's "Fourteen Points", Jan.8, 1918, http://web.ics.purdue.edu/~wggray/Teaching/His300/Handouts/Fourteen_Points.pdf
  • Zeit Online (Sep.27, 2016), "BND-Vize soll Geheimdienstbeauftragter werden", Erişim tarihi : 28 Şubat 2017, http://www.zeit.de/politik/deutschland/2016-09/guido-mueller-bnd-vize-geheimdienstbeauftragter-bundestag
Toplam 84 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm AÇIK ERİŞİM POLİTİKASI
Yazarlar

Bülend Aydın Ertekin

Yayımlanma Tarihi 22 Ağustos 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 12

Kaynak Göster

APA Ertekin, B. A. (2017). BATI DÜNYASINDA AÇIK İSTİHBARAT AÇIK DİPLOMASİ’YE KARŞI. Balkan Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(12), 13-35.