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Yıl 2015, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2, 83 - 106, 17.05.2015

Altuğ Kazar Görkemli Kazar

Öz

As the possibility of accessing information has expanded, it is of capital importance to evaluate this information and to transform it into an economical value. The main thesis of the study is to construct a consistent National Intellectual Capital index for the period 2008-2013 that includes further indicators and countries. The study is limited with the 118 countries that have available data. Principal Component Analysis is applied to find the appropriate weighting of the data, the indices are calculated according to these obtained weights and compared within countries. When the ratings of the countries acquired by the proposed calculation method are compared to those of World Knowledge Index, Word Knowledge Economy Index, Lin and Edvinsson (2008) and Ruiz, Navaro and Pena (2011), consistent results are attained. In addition, it is found out that the economic and social globalization have positive effects on the intellectual capital

Anahtar Kelimeler

-

Kaynakça

  • AMENDOLA, Mario ve Jean-Luc GAFFARD (1988), The Innovative Choice, Basil Blackwell Oxford.
  • ANDRIESSEN, Daniel (2004), "IC Valuation And Measurement: Classifying The State Of
  • The Art", Journal Of Intellectual Capital, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp 230-242. ANDRIESSEN, Daniel ve Christiaan STAM (2004), "IC Of The EU", Measuring The Lisbon Agenda, Center For Research Of Intellectual Capital, Diemen.
  • ARROW, Kenneth J. (1962), “The Economic Implications Of Learning By Doing,”
  • Review Of Economic Studies, 29, 3, s. 155-173. BARRO, Robert J. ve Xavier SALA-I-MARTIN, (1995), Economic Growth, McGraw-Hill, New York.
  • BECKER, Gary S. (1975), Human Capital, 2nd Edition, New York, Columbia University Press.
  • BASU, Susanto; John G. FERNALD; Nicholas OULTON ve Sylaja SRINIVASAN (2004),
  • "The Case Of The Missing Productivity Growth, Or Does Information Technology Explain Why Productivity Accelerated In The United States But Not In The United Kingdom?", NBER Macroeconomics Annual, 18,s. 9-82. BERNSTEIN, Jeffrey ve M. Ishaq NADIRI (1989), "Research And Development And Intra-Industry Spillovers: An Empirical Application Of Dynamic Duality", Review
  • Of Economic Studies, Wiley Balckwell, Vol. 56(2), s. 249-69. BONTIS, Nick (1997), Intellectual Capital Questionnaire, Institute for Intellectual Capital
  • Research, Hamilton, Canada. BONTIS, Nick (1998), “Intellectual Capital: An Exploratory Study That Develops
  • Measures And Models”, Management Decision, Vol 36, No.2, s. 63-76. BONTIS, Nick - Girardi, John (2000), "Teaching Knowledge Management And Intellectual
  • Capital Lessons: An Empirical Examination Of The Tango Simulation", Int. J. Technology Management, Vol. 20, 5, s. 545- 555. BONTIS, Nick; William CHUA ve Stanley RICHARDSON, (2000), “Intellectual Capital
  • And The Nature Of Business In Malaysia”, Journal Of Intellectual Capital, 1, 1, s. 85- BONTIS, Nick (2001), “Assessing Knowledge Assets: A Review Of The Models Used To
  • Measure Intellectual Capital”, International Journal Of Management Reviews, Vol.3, No. 1, s. 41-60. BONTIS, Nick (2002), “National Intellectual Capital Index: The Benchmarking Of Arab
  • Countries” , Journal Of Intellectual Capital, s. 1- 32. BONTIS, Nick (2004), “National Intellectual Capital Index”, Journal Of Intellectual Capital, Vol.5 No. 1.
  • BONTIS, Nick (2010), “Intellectual Capital And Business Performance In The Pharmaceutical Sector Of Jordan”. Management Decision, Vol. 48, s. 105- 131.
  • BOUNFOUR, Ahmed (1998), Intangible Investments, Single Market Review Series,
  • Kogan Page, London, And Office For Official Publications Of The European Communities, Luxembourg. BOUNFOUR, Ahmed (2003), " The IC-dVAL Approach", Journal Of Intellectual Capital, Vol.4, no3, s. 393-413.
  • BOUNFOUR, Ahmed ve Pirjo STAHLE (2008)," Understanding Dynamics Of Intellectual
  • Capital Of Nations", Journal Of Intellectual Capital, Vol. 9, No. 2, s. 164- 177. CARLSSON, Bo (1995), Technological Systems And Economic Performance - The Case
  • Of Factory Automation, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, Dordrecht And London. CARLSSON, Bo ve Erol TAYMAZ (1991), “The Role Of Technological Progress And Economic Competence In Economic Growth”, Working Paper Series from
  • Research Institude Of Industrial Economics, No 311. CORRADO, Carol; Charles HULTEN ve Daniel SICHEL (2005), "Measuring Capital And Technology: An Expanded Framework", Corrado, Carol- Haltiwanger, John
  • Sichel, Dan (Eds), Measuring Capital In The New Economy, University of Chicago Press, s. 11 - 46. CORRADO, Carol, Charles HULTEN ve Daniel SICHEL, (2009), " Intangible Capital And U.S. Economic Growth", Review Of Income And Wealth, 55, s. 661-685.
  • DOSI, Giovanni(1988), "Sources, Procedures And Microeconomic Effects Of Innovation",
  • Journal Of Economic Literature, Vol.26, No.3. DPT (2003), İllerin Ve Bölgelerin Sosyo-ekonomik Gelişmişlik Sıralaması Araştırması
  • (2003), Bölgesel Gelişme Ve Yapısal Uyum Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
  • EDQUIST, Charles (2005), "Systems Of Innovation: Perspectives And Challenges",
  • Fagerberg, Jan- Mowery, David C.- Nelson, Richard R. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook Of Innovation, , s. 181-207. EDVINSSON, Leif ve Michael S. MALONE (1997), Intellectual Capital, New York:
  • Harper Collins Publishers Inc. FREEMAN, Christopher ve Carlota PEREZ (1988), "Structural Crises Of Adjustment:
  • Business Cycles And İnvestment Behaviour", Dosi, Giovanni vd. (ed.), Technical Change And Economic Theory, 3. Baskı, London, Pinter Publishers. GOLDWIN, Claudia (2001), "The Human-Capital Century And American Leadership:
  • Virtues Of The Past", The Journal Of Economic History, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 61(02), s. 263-292. GRILICHES, Zvi (1957), "Hybrid Corn: An Exploration In The Economics Of
  • Technological Change", Econometrica, vol.25 (Ekim). HALIM, Siana (2010), "Statistical Analysis On The Intellectual Capital Statement", Journal
  • Of Intellectual Capital, Vol. 11 No. 1, s. 61-73. INSEAD (2010), Global Innovation Index 2009/10, İnternet Adresi: http://www.globalinnovationindex.org/userfiles/file/GII-2009-2010-Report.pdf . Erişim Tarihi: 01.04.2014.
  • FURMAN, Jeffrey L.; Michael E. PORTER ve Scott STERN, (2002), "The Determinants
  • Of National Innovative Capacity", Research Policy 31, s. 899–933. JONES, Charles I. (2005), "Growth And Ideas", Aghion, Philippe- Durlauf, Steven.N.
  • (Eds.), Handbook Of Economic Growth, vol. 1A. Elsevier, Amsterdam,s.1064- 1
  • KANIBIR, Huseyin (2004), "Yeni Bir Rekabet Gücü Kaynağı Olarak Entelektüel Sermaye
  • Ve Organizasyonel Performansa Yansımaları", Havacılık Ve Uzay Teknolojileri Dergisi, Cilt,1, S.3, s. 77-85. KERIMOV, Ruslan (2011), Entelektüel Sermayenin Ölçülmesi, Raporlanması Ve İşletme
  • Performansına Etkisi: Örnek Bir Uygulama, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. KHAN, Mosahid (2001), "Investment In Knowledge". STI Review, 42, s. 19-48.
  • LEV, Baruch (2001), Intangibles: Management, Measurement And Reporting, Washington:
  • Brookings Institution. LIN, Carol Yeh-Yun ve Leif EDVINSSON (2008), "National Intellectual Capital:
  • Comparison Of The Nordic Countries", Journal Of Intellectual Capital, 9(4), s. 525-5
  • LIN, Carol Yeh-Yun ve Te Yi LIN (2008), "National Intellectual Capital: Exploring
  • Taiwan’s Standing", Int. J. Learning And Intellectual Capital, Vol. 5, Nos. 3/4. LJUNGBERG, Jonas ve Anders NILSSON (2009), "Human Capital And Growth: Sweden 1870-2000", Cliometrica, Journal Of Historical Economics And Econometric History, vol. 3(1), s. 71-95.
  • LUCAS, Robert E. (1988), "On The Mechanics Of Economic Development", Journal Of
  • Monetary Economics 22, s. 3-42. LUNDVALL, Bengt (1992), National Systems Of Innovation: Towards A Theory Of
  • Innovation And Interactive Learning, London: Pinter. MACHLUP, Fritz (1962), The Production And Distribution Of Knowledge In The United
  • States, Princeton, Princeton University Press. MANKIW, N.Gregory; David ROMER ve David N. WEIL (1992), "A Contribution To
  • The Empirics Of Economic Growth", Quarterly Journal Of Economics 107, s. 407–437. MOWERY, David C., (1984), "Firm Structure, Government Policy, And The Organization
  • Of Industrial Research: Great Britain And The United States, 1900–1950".
  • Business History Review 58, s. 504–531. NELSON, Richard R .ve Sidney G. WINTER, (1982), An Evolutionary Theory Of
  • Economic Change, Belknap Press And Harvard University Press. NELSON, Richard R. (1993), National Innovation Systems: A Comparative Analysis, New
  • York: Oxford University Press NELSON, Richard R. ve Nathan ROSENBERG (1993),"Technical Innovation And National Systems", Nelson Richard R. (ed.). National Innovation Systems: A
  • Comparative Analysis, New York, Oxford: Oxford University. PASHER, Edna ve Sigal SHACHAR (2005), "The Intellectual Capital Of The Stat of
  • Israel", Bounfour, Ahmed- Edvinsson, Leif (Eds.), Intellectual Capital For Communities, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Burlington USA. POMEDA, Jesus Rodríguez; Carlos Merino MORENO; Cecilia Murcia RIVERA ve Lidia Villar MARTIL, (2002), "Towards An Intellectual Capital Report Of Madrid: New
  • Insights And Developments", paper presented at The Transparent Entreprise. The Value Of Intangibles, Madrid, 25-26 November 2002.
  • PULIC, Ante (2005), "Value Creation Efficiency At National And Regional Levels: Case
  • Study – Croatia And The European Union", Bounfour, Ahmed- Edvinsson, Leif (Eds.), Intellectual Capital For Communities, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, s. 197-2
  • REMBE, Annika (1999), Invest In Sweden: Report 1999, Halls Offset AB: Stockholm, Sweden.
  • ROMER, Paul.M. (1986), "Increasing Returns And Long-run Growth", Journal Of Political Economy 94, s. 1002–1037.
  • ROSLAN, Mohamad M.K. ve M.I. NURASHIKIN (2012)," Public Parks Aesthetic Value Index", Sangyansat,
  • Multidisciplinary Applications,InTech, Croatia, s.187-200. Parinya (Ed.), Principal Component Analysis- RUIZ, Lopez,V.; J. Alfaro NAVARRO ve D. Nevado PENA, (2011), “ Economic
  • Development And Intellectual Capital An International Study”, Revista De Economia Mundial, 29, s. 211- 236. SAYGILI, Şeref; Cengiz CİHAN ve Hasan YURTOĞLU, (2002), Türkiye Ekonomisinde
  • Sermaye Birikimi, Büyüme Ve Verimlilik: 1972-2000, Ekonomik Modeller Ve Stratejik Araştırmalar Genel Müdürlüğü, Yayın No: DPT. 2665,Aralık.
  • SEYFULLAHOĞULLARI, Ayhan (2003), "Ülkelerin Sanayileşmelerinde Etkili Olan
  • Bileşenler", T.C. Marmara Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, Cilt 18, s.397-407. SILVERBERG, Gerald ve Bart VERSPAGEN(1998), "Economic Growth: An Evolutionary
  • Perspective", Reijnders, Jan (Ed.), Economics And Evolution, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 1998, s. 137-170.
  • SMEDLUND, Anssi ve Aino PÖYHÖNEN (2005), "Intellectual Capital Creation In
  • Regions: A Knowledge System Approach", Bounfour, Ahmed, Edvinsson, Leif (Eds.), Intellectual Capital For Communities: Nations, Regions And Cities, Burlington, MA and Oxford:Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, s. 227-252. SOETE, Luc (1987)," The Impact Of Technological Innovation On International Trade
  • Patterns: The Evidence Reconsidered", Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 16 (2-4), s. 101- SOLOW, Robert (1957), "Technical Change And The Aggregate Production Function",
  • The Review Of Economics And Statistics, 39, s. 312-320. STAHLE, Pirjo ve Aino PÖYHÖNEN (2005), " Intellectual Capital And National
  • Competitiveness: A Critical Examination. Case Finland", In proceeding of: 6th European Conference On Knowledge Management, September 8-9, 2005,
  • University Of Limerick, Ireland. STAM, Christiaan ve Daan ANDRIESSEN (2008), "Intellectual Capital Of The European
  • Union 2008: Measuring The Lisbon Strategy For Growth And Jobs", Electronic
  • Journal Of Knowledge Management , Volume 7, Issue 4, s. 489 -500. STEWART, Thomas A. (1991), "Brainpower: How Intellectual Capital Is Becoming
  • America's Most Valuable Asset", Fortune, June 3, s.44-60. ŞEN, Hülya; Fatih ÇEMREK ve Özer ÖZAYDIN (2006), "Türkiye'deki İllerin Sosyo
  • Ekonomik Gelişmişlik Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi", Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, Sayı 11, s. 155-171. TUNÇ, Azmi (2010), Türkiye Ulusal Entelektüel Sermaye Endeksi: TOBB’dan TÜSİAD’a,
  • Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Gebze İleri Teknoloji Enstitüsü. VAN LEEUWEN, Bas (2007), Human Capital And Economic Growth ın India, Indonesia,
  • And Japan: A Quantitative Analysis, 1890-2000, Box Press Shop, Netherlands.
  • VAN LEEUWEN, Bas ve Peter FOLDVARI ( 2008), "How Much Human Capital Does
  • Eastern Europe Have? Measurement Methods And Results", Post- Communist Economies, Taylor And Francis Journals, vol. 20(2), s. 189-201. WILLIAMS, Brett; Ted BROWN ve Andrys ONSMAN(2010), "Exploratory Factor
  • Analysis: A Five-Step Guide For Novices", Australasian Journal Of Paramedicine, 8(3), s.1-13. WorldBank (2014), The World DataBank, İnternet Adresi: http://databank.worldbank.org/data/databases.aspx.Erişim Tarihi: 01.04.2014. WorldBank (2015), Knowledge Economy Index, İnternet Adresi: http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/KEI Erişim Tarihi: 01.04.2015.
  • World Health Organization (WHO) (2014), Health Financing: Health Expenditure Per
  • Capita Data By Country, İnternet Adresi: http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.78?lang=en. Erişim Tarihi: 01.04.2014

ULUSAL ENTELEKTÜEL SERMAYE ENDEKSİNE YENİ BİR YAKLAŞIM

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2, 83 - 106, 17.05.2015

Altuğ Kazar Görkemli Kazar

Öz

Günümüzde bilgiye ulaşma olanaklarının artması ile birlikte, bu bilginin değerlendirilerek ekonomik değere dönüştürülebilmesi büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada amaçlanan 2009 yılı için daha fazla gösterge ve daha fazla ülkeyi kapsayan tutarlı bir Ulusal Entelektüel Sermaye Endeksinin oluşturulmasıdır. Çalışma veri bulunabilen 112 ülkeyle sınırlı tutulmuştur. Çalışmada Temel Bileşenler Analizi uygulanarak, elde edilen ağırlıklara göre endeksler hesaplanmış ve ülkeler açısından karşılaştırılmıştır. Önerilen hesaplama yöntemiyle elde edilen ülke sıralaması Dünya Bilgi Endeksi, Dünya Bilgi Ekonomisi Endeksi, Lin ve Edvinsson(2008) ve Ruiz, Navaro ve Pena (2011) çalışmalarıyla karşılaştırıldığında endeks sonuçlarının tutarlı olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca, entelektüel sermayenin ekonomik ve sosyal küreselleşmenin arttırılmasıyla gelişebileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

-

Kaynakça

  • AMENDOLA, Mario ve Jean-Luc GAFFARD (1988), The Innovative Choice, Basil Blackwell Oxford.
  • ANDRIESSEN, Daniel (2004), "IC Valuation And Measurement: Classifying The State Of
  • The Art", Journal Of Intellectual Capital, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp 230-242. ANDRIESSEN, Daniel ve Christiaan STAM (2004), "IC Of The EU", Measuring The Lisbon Agenda, Center For Research Of Intellectual Capital, Diemen.
  • ARROW, Kenneth J. (1962), “The Economic Implications Of Learning By Doing,”
  • Review Of Economic Studies, 29, 3, s. 155-173. BARRO, Robert J. ve Xavier SALA-I-MARTIN, (1995), Economic Growth, McGraw-Hill, New York.
  • BECKER, Gary S. (1975), Human Capital, 2nd Edition, New York, Columbia University Press.
  • BASU, Susanto; John G. FERNALD; Nicholas OULTON ve Sylaja SRINIVASAN (2004),
  • "The Case Of The Missing Productivity Growth, Or Does Information Technology Explain Why Productivity Accelerated In The United States But Not In The United Kingdom?", NBER Macroeconomics Annual, 18,s. 9-82. BERNSTEIN, Jeffrey ve M. Ishaq NADIRI (1989), "Research And Development And Intra-Industry Spillovers: An Empirical Application Of Dynamic Duality", Review
  • Of Economic Studies, Wiley Balckwell, Vol. 56(2), s. 249-69. BONTIS, Nick (1997), Intellectual Capital Questionnaire, Institute for Intellectual Capital
  • Research, Hamilton, Canada. BONTIS, Nick (1998), “Intellectual Capital: An Exploratory Study That Develops
  • Measures And Models”, Management Decision, Vol 36, No.2, s. 63-76. BONTIS, Nick - Girardi, John (2000), "Teaching Knowledge Management And Intellectual
  • Capital Lessons: An Empirical Examination Of The Tango Simulation", Int. J. Technology Management, Vol. 20, 5, s. 545- 555. BONTIS, Nick; William CHUA ve Stanley RICHARDSON, (2000), “Intellectual Capital
  • And The Nature Of Business In Malaysia”, Journal Of Intellectual Capital, 1, 1, s. 85- BONTIS, Nick (2001), “Assessing Knowledge Assets: A Review Of The Models Used To
  • Measure Intellectual Capital”, International Journal Of Management Reviews, Vol.3, No. 1, s. 41-60. BONTIS, Nick (2002), “National Intellectual Capital Index: The Benchmarking Of Arab
  • Countries” , Journal Of Intellectual Capital, s. 1- 32. BONTIS, Nick (2004), “National Intellectual Capital Index”, Journal Of Intellectual Capital, Vol.5 No. 1.
  • BONTIS, Nick (2010), “Intellectual Capital And Business Performance In The Pharmaceutical Sector Of Jordan”. Management Decision, Vol. 48, s. 105- 131.
  • BOUNFOUR, Ahmed (1998), Intangible Investments, Single Market Review Series,
  • Kogan Page, London, And Office For Official Publications Of The European Communities, Luxembourg. BOUNFOUR, Ahmed (2003), " The IC-dVAL Approach", Journal Of Intellectual Capital, Vol.4, no3, s. 393-413.
  • BOUNFOUR, Ahmed ve Pirjo STAHLE (2008)," Understanding Dynamics Of Intellectual
  • Capital Of Nations", Journal Of Intellectual Capital, Vol. 9, No. 2, s. 164- 177. CARLSSON, Bo (1995), Technological Systems And Economic Performance - The Case
  • Of Factory Automation, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, Dordrecht And London. CARLSSON, Bo ve Erol TAYMAZ (1991), “The Role Of Technological Progress And Economic Competence In Economic Growth”, Working Paper Series from
  • Research Institude Of Industrial Economics, No 311. CORRADO, Carol; Charles HULTEN ve Daniel SICHEL (2005), "Measuring Capital And Technology: An Expanded Framework", Corrado, Carol- Haltiwanger, John
  • Sichel, Dan (Eds), Measuring Capital In The New Economy, University of Chicago Press, s. 11 - 46. CORRADO, Carol, Charles HULTEN ve Daniel SICHEL, (2009), " Intangible Capital And U.S. Economic Growth", Review Of Income And Wealth, 55, s. 661-685.
  • DOSI, Giovanni(1988), "Sources, Procedures And Microeconomic Effects Of Innovation",
  • Journal Of Economic Literature, Vol.26, No.3. DPT (2003), İllerin Ve Bölgelerin Sosyo-ekonomik Gelişmişlik Sıralaması Araştırması
  • (2003), Bölgesel Gelişme Ve Yapısal Uyum Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
  • EDQUIST, Charles (2005), "Systems Of Innovation: Perspectives And Challenges",
  • Fagerberg, Jan- Mowery, David C.- Nelson, Richard R. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook Of Innovation, , s. 181-207. EDVINSSON, Leif ve Michael S. MALONE (1997), Intellectual Capital, New York:
  • Harper Collins Publishers Inc. FREEMAN, Christopher ve Carlota PEREZ (1988), "Structural Crises Of Adjustment:
  • Business Cycles And İnvestment Behaviour", Dosi, Giovanni vd. (ed.), Technical Change And Economic Theory, 3. Baskı, London, Pinter Publishers. GOLDWIN, Claudia (2001), "The Human-Capital Century And American Leadership:
  • Virtues Of The Past", The Journal Of Economic History, Cambridge University Press, Vol. 61(02), s. 263-292. GRILICHES, Zvi (1957), "Hybrid Corn: An Exploration In The Economics Of
  • Technological Change", Econometrica, vol.25 (Ekim). HALIM, Siana (2010), "Statistical Analysis On The Intellectual Capital Statement", Journal
  • Of Intellectual Capital, Vol. 11 No. 1, s. 61-73. INSEAD (2010), Global Innovation Index 2009/10, İnternet Adresi: http://www.globalinnovationindex.org/userfiles/file/GII-2009-2010-Report.pdf . Erişim Tarihi: 01.04.2014.
  • FURMAN, Jeffrey L.; Michael E. PORTER ve Scott STERN, (2002), "The Determinants
  • Of National Innovative Capacity", Research Policy 31, s. 899–933. JONES, Charles I. (2005), "Growth And Ideas", Aghion, Philippe- Durlauf, Steven.N.
  • (Eds.), Handbook Of Economic Growth, vol. 1A. Elsevier, Amsterdam,s.1064- 1
  • KANIBIR, Huseyin (2004), "Yeni Bir Rekabet Gücü Kaynağı Olarak Entelektüel Sermaye
  • Ve Organizasyonel Performansa Yansımaları", Havacılık Ve Uzay Teknolojileri Dergisi, Cilt,1, S.3, s. 77-85. KERIMOV, Ruslan (2011), Entelektüel Sermayenin Ölçülmesi, Raporlanması Ve İşletme
  • Performansına Etkisi: Örnek Bir Uygulama, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. KHAN, Mosahid (2001), "Investment In Knowledge". STI Review, 42, s. 19-48.
  • LEV, Baruch (2001), Intangibles: Management, Measurement And Reporting, Washington:
  • Brookings Institution. LIN, Carol Yeh-Yun ve Leif EDVINSSON (2008), "National Intellectual Capital:
  • Comparison Of The Nordic Countries", Journal Of Intellectual Capital, 9(4), s. 525-5
  • LIN, Carol Yeh-Yun ve Te Yi LIN (2008), "National Intellectual Capital: Exploring
  • Taiwan’s Standing", Int. J. Learning And Intellectual Capital, Vol. 5, Nos. 3/4. LJUNGBERG, Jonas ve Anders NILSSON (2009), "Human Capital And Growth: Sweden 1870-2000", Cliometrica, Journal Of Historical Economics And Econometric History, vol. 3(1), s. 71-95.
  • LUCAS, Robert E. (1988), "On The Mechanics Of Economic Development", Journal Of
  • Monetary Economics 22, s. 3-42. LUNDVALL, Bengt (1992), National Systems Of Innovation: Towards A Theory Of
  • Innovation And Interactive Learning, London: Pinter. MACHLUP, Fritz (1962), The Production And Distribution Of Knowledge In The United
  • States, Princeton, Princeton University Press. MANKIW, N.Gregory; David ROMER ve David N. WEIL (1992), "A Contribution To
  • The Empirics Of Economic Growth", Quarterly Journal Of Economics 107, s. 407–437. MOWERY, David C., (1984), "Firm Structure, Government Policy, And The Organization
  • Of Industrial Research: Great Britain And The United States, 1900–1950".
  • Business History Review 58, s. 504–531. NELSON, Richard R .ve Sidney G. WINTER, (1982), An Evolutionary Theory Of
  • Economic Change, Belknap Press And Harvard University Press. NELSON, Richard R. (1993), National Innovation Systems: A Comparative Analysis, New
  • York: Oxford University Press NELSON, Richard R. ve Nathan ROSENBERG (1993),"Technical Innovation And National Systems", Nelson Richard R. (ed.). National Innovation Systems: A
  • Comparative Analysis, New York, Oxford: Oxford University. PASHER, Edna ve Sigal SHACHAR (2005), "The Intellectual Capital Of The Stat of
  • Israel", Bounfour, Ahmed- Edvinsson, Leif (Eds.), Intellectual Capital For Communities, Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, Burlington USA. POMEDA, Jesus Rodríguez; Carlos Merino MORENO; Cecilia Murcia RIVERA ve Lidia Villar MARTIL, (2002), "Towards An Intellectual Capital Report Of Madrid: New
  • Insights And Developments", paper presented at The Transparent Entreprise. The Value Of Intangibles, Madrid, 25-26 November 2002.
  • PULIC, Ante (2005), "Value Creation Efficiency At National And Regional Levels: Case
  • Study – Croatia And The European Union", Bounfour, Ahmed- Edvinsson, Leif (Eds.), Intellectual Capital For Communities, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, s. 197-2
  • REMBE, Annika (1999), Invest In Sweden: Report 1999, Halls Offset AB: Stockholm, Sweden.
  • ROMER, Paul.M. (1986), "Increasing Returns And Long-run Growth", Journal Of Political Economy 94, s. 1002–1037.
  • ROSLAN, Mohamad M.K. ve M.I. NURASHIKIN (2012)," Public Parks Aesthetic Value Index", Sangyansat,
  • Multidisciplinary Applications,InTech, Croatia, s.187-200. Parinya (Ed.), Principal Component Analysis- RUIZ, Lopez,V.; J. Alfaro NAVARRO ve D. Nevado PENA, (2011), “ Economic
  • Development And Intellectual Capital An International Study”, Revista De Economia Mundial, 29, s. 211- 236. SAYGILI, Şeref; Cengiz CİHAN ve Hasan YURTOĞLU, (2002), Türkiye Ekonomisinde
  • Sermaye Birikimi, Büyüme Ve Verimlilik: 1972-2000, Ekonomik Modeller Ve Stratejik Araştırmalar Genel Müdürlüğü, Yayın No: DPT. 2665,Aralık.
  • SEYFULLAHOĞULLARI, Ayhan (2003), "Ülkelerin Sanayileşmelerinde Etkili Olan
  • Bileşenler", T.C. Marmara Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, Cilt 18, s.397-407. SILVERBERG, Gerald ve Bart VERSPAGEN(1998), "Economic Growth: An Evolutionary
  • Perspective", Reijnders, Jan (Ed.), Economics And Evolution, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham, 1998, s. 137-170.
  • SMEDLUND, Anssi ve Aino PÖYHÖNEN (2005), "Intellectual Capital Creation In
  • Regions: A Knowledge System Approach", Bounfour, Ahmed, Edvinsson, Leif (Eds.), Intellectual Capital For Communities: Nations, Regions And Cities, Burlington, MA and Oxford:Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, s. 227-252. SOETE, Luc (1987)," The Impact Of Technological Innovation On International Trade
  • Patterns: The Evidence Reconsidered", Research Policy, Elsevier, vol. 16 (2-4), s. 101- SOLOW, Robert (1957), "Technical Change And The Aggregate Production Function",
  • The Review Of Economics And Statistics, 39, s. 312-320. STAHLE, Pirjo ve Aino PÖYHÖNEN (2005), " Intellectual Capital And National
  • Competitiveness: A Critical Examination. Case Finland", In proceeding of: 6th European Conference On Knowledge Management, September 8-9, 2005,
  • University Of Limerick, Ireland. STAM, Christiaan ve Daan ANDRIESSEN (2008), "Intellectual Capital Of The European
  • Union 2008: Measuring The Lisbon Strategy For Growth And Jobs", Electronic
  • Journal Of Knowledge Management , Volume 7, Issue 4, s. 489 -500. STEWART, Thomas A. (1991), "Brainpower: How Intellectual Capital Is Becoming
  • America's Most Valuable Asset", Fortune, June 3, s.44-60. ŞEN, Hülya; Fatih ÇEMREK ve Özer ÖZAYDIN (2006), "Türkiye'deki İllerin Sosyo
  • Ekonomik Gelişmişlik Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi", Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, Sayı 11, s. 155-171. TUNÇ, Azmi (2010), Türkiye Ulusal Entelektüel Sermaye Endeksi: TOBB’dan TÜSİAD’a,
  • Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Gebze İleri Teknoloji Enstitüsü. VAN LEEUWEN, Bas (2007), Human Capital And Economic Growth ın India, Indonesia,
  • And Japan: A Quantitative Analysis, 1890-2000, Box Press Shop, Netherlands.
  • VAN LEEUWEN, Bas ve Peter FOLDVARI ( 2008), "How Much Human Capital Does
  • Eastern Europe Have? Measurement Methods And Results", Post- Communist Economies, Taylor And Francis Journals, vol. 20(2), s. 189-201. WILLIAMS, Brett; Ted BROWN ve Andrys ONSMAN(2010), "Exploratory Factor
  • Analysis: A Five-Step Guide For Novices", Australasian Journal Of Paramedicine, 8(3), s.1-13. WorldBank (2014), The World DataBank, İnternet Adresi: http://databank.worldbank.org/data/databases.aspx.Erişim Tarihi: 01.04.2014. WorldBank (2015), Knowledge Economy Index, İnternet Adresi: http://data.worldbank.org/data-catalog/KEI Erişim Tarihi: 01.04.2015.
  • World Health Organization (WHO) (2014), Health Financing: Health Expenditure Per
  • Capita Data By Country, İnternet Adresi: http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.78?lang=en. Erişim Tarihi: 01.04.2014
Toplam 84 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Altuğ Kazar

Görkemli Kazar

Yayımlanma Tarihi 17 Mayıs 2015
Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Mayıs 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015Cilt: 16 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Kazar, A., & Kazar, G. (2015). ULUSAL ENTELEKTÜEL SERMAYE ENDEKSİNE YENİ BİR YAKLAŞIM. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 16(2), 83-106.
 Kapak Resmi İndir

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