Tea Tree Oil and Its Use in Aromatherapy

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 2, 90 - 102, 31.12.2018

Ufuk Çalışkan Müjgan Özfenerci

Öz

Tea tree oil or TTO as it is widely known, is an essential oil with a
pale yellow color and distinctive odor, obtained by steam distillation from the
leaves of Melaleuca alternifolia, which is a native Australian plant.
In vitro and in vivo research have shown that it has mainly,
antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal as well as anti-inflammatory properties. TTO
is composed of terpene hydrocarbons, namely the main monoterpenes,
sesquiterpenes and their associated alcohols. Three of its well-known compounds
are 1.8-cineol, α-terpineol and terpinen-4-ol, the latter being the most active
one. The ability of these components to disrupt the permeability of cytoplasmic
membrane structures of bacteria makes TTO effective on methicillin-resistant
bacteria and predominant especially in hospital-acquired Staphylococcus
aureus infections. In this review historical, and morphological information
about M. alternifolia plant, chemical properties related to TTO and the
mechanism of antimicrobial, antiviral and antifungal actions will be explained,
relying extensively on existing literature.  Diverse mixtures made of fixed and essential oils relating to TTO that are used as a
broad-spectrum antibacterial for some skin infections and acne; for some
vaginal fungus infections; for throat infections; for aphthae and cold sore on
the basis of the oil’s antiviral effect; for skin and nail fungus on the basis
of its antifungal property as well as TTO’s use in aromatherapy and
phytocosmetics will also be illustrated.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Aromatherapy, Melaleuca alternifolia, TTO, Tea tree, phytotherapy

Kaynakça

• REFERENCES:
• -Ali, B., Al-Wabel, N.A., Shams, S., Ahamad, A., Khan, S.A., Anwar, F., 2015. Essential oils used in aromatherapy: A systemic review. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 5 (8), 601-611.
• -Giacinto, B., Cosentino, M., Sakurada, T., 2016. Aromatherapy: Basic Mechanisms and Evidence Based Clinical Use 2015, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton London New York, 174.
• -Bishop, C.D., 1995. Antiviral activity of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia. (Maiden and Betche) Cheel (Tea Tree) Against Tobacco Mosaic Virus. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 7(6), 641-644.
• -Brady, A., Loughlin, R., Gilpin, D., Kearney, P., Tunney, M., 2006. In vitro activity of tea-tree oil against clinical skin isolates of meticillin-resistant and-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci growing planktonically and as biofilms. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 55 (10), 1375-1380.
• -Buckle, J. 2016. Clinical Aromatherapy. Essential oils in healthcare. Third edition, 432, Elsevier, Pages London, UK, 20-21.
• -Carson, C.F., Hammer, K.A., Riley, T.V., 2006. Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree Oil): A Review of Antimicrobial and Other Medicinal Properties. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 19 (1), 50-62.
• -Carson, C.F., Mee, B.J., Riley, T.V., 2002. Mechanism of Action of Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) Oil on Staphylococcus aureus Determined by Time-Kill, Lysis, Leakage, and Salt Tolerance Assays and Electron Microscopy. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 46 (6), 1914-1920.
• -Carson, C.F., Riley, T.V., 1993. Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 16(2), 49-55.
• -Carson, C.F., Riley, T.V., 2001. Safety, efficacy and provenance of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) oil. Contact Dermatitis environmental and occupational dermatitis, 45 (2), 65-67.
• -Cox, S.D., Mann, C.M., Markham, J.L., Bell, H.C., Gustafson, J.E., Warmington, J.R., Wyllie, S.G., 2000. The mode of antimicrobial action of the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree oil), Journal of Applied Microbiology, 88 (1), 170-175.
• -Çakır, N.T., Kaleağasi, S., Kökdil, G., 2005. Tea tree oil: As a promising antimicrobial agent: Tea Tree Oil. J. Fac. Pharm Ankara, 34 (4), 315 - 327.
• -Edris, A.E., 2007. Pharmaceutical and therapeutic potentials of essential oils and their individual essential constituents: a review. Phytotherapy Research, 21(4), 308-323.
• -Gupta, P.D., Birdi, T.J., 2017. Development of botanicals to combat antibiotic resistance. The Foundation for Medical Research, 84-A, R.G. Thadani Marg, Worli, Mumbai, 400 018, Maharashtra, India. Journal of Ayurveda and İntegrative Medicine, 8(4), 266-275.
• -Hammer, K.A., Carson, C.F., Riley, T.V., 2012. Effects of Melaleuca alternifolia (Tea Tree) Essential Oil and the Major Monoterpene Component Terpinen-4-ol on the Development of Single-and Multistep Antibiotic Resistance and Antimicrobial Susceptibility. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 56(2), 909–915.
• -Hammer, K.A., 2014. Review Treatment of acne with tea tree oil (melaleuca) products: A review of efficacy, tolerability and potential modes of action. Journal Of Antimicrobial Agents, 45(2), 106-110.
• -Herz, R.S., 2009. Aromatherapy Facts and Fictions: A Scientific Analysis of Olfactory Effects on Mood, Physiology and Behavior. International Journal of Neuroscience, 119(2), 263-90.
• -Lam, N. S. K., Long, X. X., Griffin, R. C., Chen, M.K., Doery, James C.G., 2018. Can the tea tree oil (Australian native plant: Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel) be an alternative treatment for human demodicosis on skin? Parasitology, 145 (12), 1510-1520.
• -Mertas, A., Garbusinska, A., Szliszka, E., Jureczko, A., Kowalska, M., Król, W., 2015. The Influence of Tea Tree Oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) on Fluconazole Activity against Fluconazole-Resistant Candida albicans Strains. BioMed Research International, 2015, Article ID 590470, 9.
• -Mikus, J. A.Q., Michae, H., Dietmar, S., Jürgen, R., 2000. In vitro Effect of Essential Oils and Isolated Mono- and Sesquiterpenes on Leishmania major and Trypanosoma brucei. Planta Medica, 66(4), 366-8.
• -Mumu, S.K., Hossain, M.M., 2018. Antimicrobial Activity of Tea Tree oil against Pathogenic Bacteria and Comparison of Its Effectiveness with Eucalyptus Oil, Lemongrass Oil and Conventional Antibiotics. American Journal of Microbiological Research, Volume 6(3), 73-78.
• -Pazyar, N., Reza, Y., Nooshin, B., and Afshin K., 2013. A review of applications of tea tree oil in dermatology. International Journal of Dermatology, 52(7), 784-790.
• -Rehman, R., Hanif, M.A., Mushtaq, Z., 2016. Biosynthetic Factories of Essential Oils: The Aromatic Plants Article• Journal Food Reviews International, 32(2), 117-160.
• -Sabir, S., Zahara, K., Tabassum, S., 2014. Pharmacological attributes and nutritional benefits of tea tree oil International. Journal of Biosciences, 5(2), 80-91.
• -Sharifi, J.R., Salehi, B., Varoni, E.M., Sharopov, F., Yousaf, Z., Ayatollahi, S.A., Kobarfard, F., Mehdi, S. R., Afdjei, M. H., Majid, S.R., and Iriti, M., 2017. Plants of the Melaleuca Genus as Antimicrobial Agents: From Farm to Pharmacy. Phytotherapy Research, 31(10), 1475-1494.
• -Shibamoto, K., Mochizuki, M., Kusuhara, M., 2010. Aromatherapy in Anti-Aging Medicine. Japanese Society of Anti-Aging Medicine, 7(6), 55-59.
• -Zhang, X., Guo, Y., Guo, L., Jiang, H., and Ji Q., 2018. In Vitro Evaluation of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Melaleuca alternifolia Essential Oil. BioMed Research International, 2018, Article ID 2396109, 8 pages.
• -SCCP- 2008
• -http://www.theplantlist.org/browse/A/Myrtaceae/Melaleuca/