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An Investigation of the Deformation Patterns Due to the High-Speed Micro-Laser Drilling Process for Ti-6Al-4V Used in Aerospace Applications

Year 2020, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 316 - 325, 26.05.2020
https://doi.org/10.21541/apjes.576629

Abstract

Hybrid Laminar Flow Control (HLFC) is used in the aviation industry to reduce fuel consumption of civil jet aircrafts. Small holes are required at the leading edges of the aircraft wings and tail planes to reduce friction caused by boundary layer suction. Much research has been made in the application of drilling small holes to Ti-6Al-4V alloys. The most important of these investigations is that the thermal distortion cannot be controlled during the application of a large number of holes in huge areas and thus, it causes deformation as a result of thermal deterioration. When micro drilling is applied, some problems arise due to close proximity of drilled holes. The aim of this investigation is to evaluate the deformation due to the micro laser drilling process and develop an efficient set of certain laser parameters to minimize it. 50 W power pulsed Ytterbium fiber laser having a galvo scanner have been used during the process. The effects of increased waiting time, use of weight on both sides of the specimens and nitrogen cooling upon the deformation of the drilled samples have been investigated. Before and after the drilling process the samples have been scanned by a 6-axis arm CMM having an integrated 3D laser scanner. The deformation patterns have been obtained with the use of PC-DMIS software. As a result, as the waiting time is increased, less deformation has been observed in the samples. In addition, addition of nitrogen gas to the process has positively influenced the deformation minimization efforts.  

References

  • References
  • [1] H. Yagishita ve J. Osawa, «Highly accurate hole making technology of Ti6Al4V by orbital drilling: Effect of oil mist,» Procedia Manufacturing, cilt 5, pp. 195-204, 2016. [2] M. Sen ve H. S. Shan, «A review of electrochemical macro- to micro-hole drilling processes,» International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, cilt 45, no. 2, pp. 137-152, 2005. [3] R. Biswas, A. S. Kuar ve S. Mitra, «Process optimization in Nd:YAG laser microdrilling of alumina–aluminium interpenetrating phase composite,» Journal of Materials Research and Technology, cilt 4, no. 3, pp. 323-332, 2015. [4] H. Huang, . L.-M. Yang ve J. Liu, «Huan Huang,* Lih-Mei Yang, and Jian Liu,» Micro-hole drilling and cutting using femtosecond fiber laser, cilt 3, no. 53, 2014. [5] C.-Y. Wu, C.-W. Shu ve Z.-C. Yeh, «Effects of excimer laser illumination on microdrilling into an oblique polymer surface,» Optics and Lasers in Engineering, cilt 44, no. 8, pp. 842-857, 2006. [6] T. M. Young, B. Humpherys ve J. P. Fielding, «Investigation of hybrid laminar flow control (HLFC) surfaces,» Aircraft Design, cilt 4, no. 2-3, pp. 127-146, 2001. [7] S. U. S. ve P. S. Jagtap, «Optimization of micro EDM drilling process parameters for titanium alloy by rotating electrode,» Procedia Manufacturing, cilt 20, pp. 119-126, 2018. [8] «Statistical analysis and modelling of an Yb: KGW femtosecond laser micro-drilling process,» Procedia CIRP, cilt 62, pp. 275-280, 2017. [9] «Sequential laser and EDM micro-drilling for next generation fuel injection nozzle manufacture,» CIRP Annals, cilt 55, no. 1, pp. 179-182, 2006. [10] J. Tu, A. G. Paleocrassas, N. Reeves ve N. Rajule, «Experimental characterization of a micro-hole drilling process with short micro-second pulses by a CW single-mode fiber laser,» Optics and Lasers in Engineering, cilt 55, pp. 275-283, 2014. [11] D. Ashkenasi, T. Kaszemeikata, N. Muellera ve R. Dietrich, «Laser trepanning for industrial applications,» Physics Procedia, cilt 23, no. Part B, pp. 323-331, 2011. [12] W. Schulz, U. Eppelt ve R. Poprawe, «Review on laser drilling I. Fundamentals, modeling, and simulation,» Journal of Laser Applications, cilt 25, no. 1, 2013. [13] I. Arrizubieta, A. Lamikiz, S. Martínez , E. Ukar, I. Tabernero ve F. Girotab, «Internal characterization and hole formation mechanism in the laser percussion drilling process,» International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, cilt 75, pp. 55-62, 2013. [14] K. H. Leitz, B. Redlingshöfer, Y. Reg, A. Otto ve M. Schmidt, «Metal ablation with short and ultrashort laser pulses,» Physics Procedia, cilt 12, no. Part B, pp. 230-23, 2011. [15] P. Rajesh, U. Nagaraju, G. H. Gowd ve T. V. Vardhan, «Experimental and parametric studies of Nd:YAG laser drilling on austenitic stainless steel,» The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, cilt 93, no. 1-4, pp. 65-71, 2017. [16] G. H. S. J. S. S. J. S. Badyopadhyay S, «A statistical approach to determine process parameter impact in Nd:YAG laser drilling of IN718 and Ti-6Al-4V sheets,» Optic and Lasers Engineering, no. 43, p. 163, August 2005. [17] «HP-L-8.9 Laser Scanner Brochure,» ., «http://apps.hexagon.se/downloads123/hxmt/romer/HPL89/brochures/HP-L-8.9_brochure_en.pdf,» Hexagon Metrology, 2016. [Çevrimiçi]. [Erişildi: 01 2018].[18] C. Fry ve A. Faulkner, Current concepts in aesthetic and reconstructive oculoplastic surgery, cilt 54, Current Concepts in Aesthetic and Reconstructive Oculoplastic Surgery, 2000, pp. 957-967.[19] S. Panda, D. Mishra ve B. B. Biswal, «Determination of optimum parameters with multi-performance characteristics in laser drilling—A grey relational analysis approach,» The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, cilt 54, no. 9-12, pp. 957-967, 2011. [20] G. D. Gautam ve A. K. Pandey, «Pulsed Nd:YAG laser beam drilling: A review,» Optics & Laser Technology, cilt 100, pp. 183-215, 2018. [21] . A. Stephen, G. Schrauf, . S. Mehrafsun ve F. Vollertsen, «High speed laser micro drilling for aerospace applications,» Procedia CIRP, cilt 24, pp. 130-133, 2014.[22] Elijah Kannatey-Asibu, Jr., Principles of Laser Materials Processing, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, USA, 231-280p., 361-383p, 2009.[23] A. Bharatish, H.N. Narasimha Murthyn, G. Aditya, B. Anand, B.S. Satyanarayana, M. Krishna, Evaluation of thermal residual stresses in laser drilled alumina ceramics using Micro-Raman spectroscopy and COMSOL Multiphysics, Optics & Laser Technology, Volume 70, Pages 76-84, , July 2015[24] X. Zhao ve Y. C. Shin, «Femtosecond laser drilling of high-aspect ratio microchannels,» Appl. Phys. A, cilt 104, pp. 713-719, 2011.

An Investigation of the Deformation Patterns Due to the High-Speed Micro-Laser Drilling Process for Ti-6Al-4V Used in Aerospace Applications

Year 2020, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 316 - 325, 26.05.2020
https://doi.org/10.21541/apjes.576629

Abstract

Hibrit Laminer Akış Kontrolü
(HLFC), sivil jet taşımacılığı uçaklarının yakıt tüketimini azaltmak için
havacılık endüstrisindeki en önemli teknolojilerden biridir. Sınır tabaka
emişinin neden olduğu sürtünmeyi azaltmak için uçak kanatlarının ve kuyruk
düzlemlerinin ön kenarlarında küçük deliklere ihtiyaç vardır. Bu küçük
deliklerin Ti-6Al-4V alaşımlarına uygulanması için çok fazla çalışmalar
yapılmıştır. Mikro lazer delme işlemi uygulandığında, delinmiş deliklerin
yakınlığına bağlı olarak bazı problemler ortaya çıkmaktadır. Ek olarak, geniş
alanlara çok sayıda delik açarken ısıl bozulmanın en aza indirilmesi daha da
zorlaşmaktadır. Bu araştırmanın amacı, mikro lazer delme işleminden kaynaklanan
deformasyonu değerlendirmek ve en aza indirmek için etkili bir dizi çalışmalar
geliştirmektir. Bu çalışma kapsamında galvo tarayıcıya sahip 50 W güç darbeli
Ytterbium fiber lazer kullanılmıştır. Her mikro delme işlemi için atılan
lazerler arası bekleme süresinin arttırılması, numunelerin her iki tarafında
ağırlık kullanımının ve delinmiş numunelerin deformasyonu üzerine azot
soğutmanın etkileri incelenmiştir. Delme işleminden önce ve sonra örnekler,
entegre bir 3D lazer tarayıcısına sahip 6 eksenli bir kol CMM ile taranmıştır.
PC-DMIS yazılımı kullanılarak deformasyon eğrileri elde edilmiştir. Sonuç
olarak, bekleme süresi arttıkça numunelerde daha az deformasyon gözlenmiştir.
Ek olarak, sürece azot gazı eklenmesi deformasyon minimuma indirgeme çabalarını
olumlu yönde etkilemiştir.

References

  • References
  • [1] H. Yagishita ve J. Osawa, «Highly accurate hole making technology of Ti6Al4V by orbital drilling: Effect of oil mist,» Procedia Manufacturing, cilt 5, pp. 195-204, 2016. [2] M. Sen ve H. S. Shan, «A review of electrochemical macro- to micro-hole drilling processes,» International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, cilt 45, no. 2, pp. 137-152, 2005. [3] R. Biswas, A. S. Kuar ve S. Mitra, «Process optimization in Nd:YAG laser microdrilling of alumina–aluminium interpenetrating phase composite,» Journal of Materials Research and Technology, cilt 4, no. 3, pp. 323-332, 2015. [4] H. Huang, . L.-M. Yang ve J. Liu, «Huan Huang,* Lih-Mei Yang, and Jian Liu,» Micro-hole drilling and cutting using femtosecond fiber laser, cilt 3, no. 53, 2014. [5] C.-Y. Wu, C.-W. Shu ve Z.-C. Yeh, «Effects of excimer laser illumination on microdrilling into an oblique polymer surface,» Optics and Lasers in Engineering, cilt 44, no. 8, pp. 842-857, 2006. [6] T. M. Young, B. Humpherys ve J. P. Fielding, «Investigation of hybrid laminar flow control (HLFC) surfaces,» Aircraft Design, cilt 4, no. 2-3, pp. 127-146, 2001. [7] S. U. S. ve P. S. Jagtap, «Optimization of micro EDM drilling process parameters for titanium alloy by rotating electrode,» Procedia Manufacturing, cilt 20, pp. 119-126, 2018. [8] «Statistical analysis and modelling of an Yb: KGW femtosecond laser micro-drilling process,» Procedia CIRP, cilt 62, pp. 275-280, 2017. [9] «Sequential laser and EDM micro-drilling for next generation fuel injection nozzle manufacture,» CIRP Annals, cilt 55, no. 1, pp. 179-182, 2006. [10] J. Tu, A. G. Paleocrassas, N. Reeves ve N. Rajule, «Experimental characterization of a micro-hole drilling process with short micro-second pulses by a CW single-mode fiber laser,» Optics and Lasers in Engineering, cilt 55, pp. 275-283, 2014. [11] D. Ashkenasi, T. Kaszemeikata, N. Muellera ve R. Dietrich, «Laser trepanning for industrial applications,» Physics Procedia, cilt 23, no. Part B, pp. 323-331, 2011. [12] W. Schulz, U. Eppelt ve R. Poprawe, «Review on laser drilling I. Fundamentals, modeling, and simulation,» Journal of Laser Applications, cilt 25, no. 1, 2013. [13] I. Arrizubieta, A. Lamikiz, S. Martínez , E. Ukar, I. Tabernero ve F. Girotab, «Internal characterization and hole formation mechanism in the laser percussion drilling process,» International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, cilt 75, pp. 55-62, 2013. [14] K. H. Leitz, B. Redlingshöfer, Y. Reg, A. Otto ve M. Schmidt, «Metal ablation with short and ultrashort laser pulses,» Physics Procedia, cilt 12, no. Part B, pp. 230-23, 2011. [15] P. Rajesh, U. Nagaraju, G. H. Gowd ve T. V. Vardhan, «Experimental and parametric studies of Nd:YAG laser drilling on austenitic stainless steel,» The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, cilt 93, no. 1-4, pp. 65-71, 2017. [16] G. H. S. J. S. S. J. S. Badyopadhyay S, «A statistical approach to determine process parameter impact in Nd:YAG laser drilling of IN718 and Ti-6Al-4V sheets,» Optic and Lasers Engineering, no. 43, p. 163, August 2005. [17] «HP-L-8.9 Laser Scanner Brochure,» ., «http://apps.hexagon.se/downloads123/hxmt/romer/HPL89/brochures/HP-L-8.9_brochure_en.pdf,» Hexagon Metrology, 2016. [Çevrimiçi]. [Erişildi: 01 2018].[18] C. Fry ve A. Faulkner, Current concepts in aesthetic and reconstructive oculoplastic surgery, cilt 54, Current Concepts in Aesthetic and Reconstructive Oculoplastic Surgery, 2000, pp. 957-967.[19] S. Panda, D. Mishra ve B. B. Biswal, «Determination of optimum parameters with multi-performance characteristics in laser drilling—A grey relational analysis approach,» The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, cilt 54, no. 9-12, pp. 957-967, 2011. [20] G. D. Gautam ve A. K. Pandey, «Pulsed Nd:YAG laser beam drilling: A review,» Optics & Laser Technology, cilt 100, pp. 183-215, 2018. [21] . A. Stephen, G. Schrauf, . S. Mehrafsun ve F. Vollertsen, «High speed laser micro drilling for aerospace applications,» Procedia CIRP, cilt 24, pp. 130-133, 2014.[22] Elijah Kannatey-Asibu, Jr., Principles of Laser Materials Processing, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, USA, 231-280p., 361-383p, 2009.[23] A. Bharatish, H.N. Narasimha Murthyn, G. Aditya, B. Anand, B.S. Satyanarayana, M. Krishna, Evaluation of thermal residual stresses in laser drilled alumina ceramics using Micro-Raman spectroscopy and COMSOL Multiphysics, Optics & Laser Technology, Volume 70, Pages 76-84, , July 2015[24] X. Zhao ve Y. C. Shin, «Femtosecond laser drilling of high-aspect ratio microchannels,» Appl. Phys. A, cilt 104, pp. 713-719, 2011.
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ahu Çelebi 0000-0003-0401-5384

Halil Tosun

Ali Çağlar Önçağ

Publication Date May 26, 2020
Submission Date June 12, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 8 Issue: 2

Cite

IEEE A. Çelebi, H. Tosun, and A. Ç. Önçağ, “An Investigation of the Deformation Patterns Due to the High-Speed Micro-Laser Drilling Process for Ti-6Al-4V Used in Aerospace Applications”, APJES, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 316–325, 2020, doi: 10.21541/apjes.576629.