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The Power of Caricature: The Metamorphosis of Citizen King Louis-Philippe into Pear King

Year 2020, Volume: 26 Issue: 45, 639 - 649, 22.10.2020
https://doi.org/10.32547/ataunigsed.772902

Abstract

The aim of this study is to review the image of the pear that Charles Philipon, who was on the trial because of a caricature published in his journal, La Caricature, drew at the court to support his argument defending the freedom of press and speech. It also intends to show how this image became synonymous with King Louis-Philippe and spread throughout France. This paper which will focus on Philipon’s resemblance argument in his defense at the court and the rise of the pear image is important since it shows how beyond the political power of caricature extended in the 19th century France as a means of oppositional speech. It also has importance for presenting contributions of lithography to the spread of political caricatures at the time. This paper used qualitative research model as a method. Therefore, sources related to this subject, notably the La Caricature articles on the defense at the court and the pear written by Philipon, were reviewed in literature. As a result of the paper, it has been found that the pear image created by Philipon soon spread throughout the country. Louis-Philippe known as Citizen King turned into Pear King, and this image was etched on minds of the French despite of strict censors forbidding it. Also, it has been understood that Philipon’s projection about what would happen if physical appearance or resemblance instead of royal symbols or insignia was used as a base for accusing someone of offending the person of the king actually came true at the country. Moreover, it has been observed that Louis-Philippe’s regime being completely aware that the political impact of lithographic caricatures were extremely threatening for themselves suspected any kind of objects resembling pear (even if resemblance was so slight or even irrelevant) and found them guilty.

References

  • Altan, Ç. (2014, 6 Kasım). Karikatürler. Milliyet. Erişim adresi: https://www.milliyet.com.tr/yazarlar/cetin-altan/karikaturler-1965553
  • Botton, A. D. (2005). Statü endişesi (3. baskı) (A. S. Bayer, Çev.). İstanbul: Sel Yayıncılık.
  • Childs, E. (1992). Big trouble: Daumier, Gargantua and the censorship of political caricature. Art Journal, 51(1), 26-37. doi: http://doi.org/10.2307/777251
  • Cuno, J. B. (1985). Charles Philipon and La Mason Aubert: The business, politics and public of caricature in Paris, 1820-1840. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Dailey, V. (2017, 21 Ağustos). A pear, a bear and some hair: Caricature and freedom of the press. Los Angeles Review of Books. Erişim adresi: https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/a-pear-a-bear-and-some-hair-caricature-and-freedom-of-the-press/
  • Goldstein, R. J. (1988). Approval first, caricature second: French caricaturists, 1852-81. The Print Collector's Newsletter, 19(2), 48-50.
  • Goldstein, R. J. (1989a). The debate over censorship of caricature in nineteenth-century France. Art Journal, 48(1), 9-15. Erişim adresi: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00043249.1989.10792581
  • Goldstein, R. J. (1989b). Censorship of political caricature in nineteenth-century France. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press.
  • Gönenç, Ö. (2012). Fransa'da basın hukuku. İstanbul Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi(26), 51-59. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/212229
  • Haine, W. S. (2019). The history of France (2 baskı). California: ABC-CLIO.
  • Hall, A. (1977). Scandal, Sensation and social democracy: The SPD press and Wilhelmine Germany, 1890-1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hugo, V. (2004). Sefiller (N. Tunç, Çev.). İstanbul: Oda Yayınları.
  • Johnson, I. S. (1937). Cartoons. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 1(3), 21-44. doi: https://doi.org/10.1086/265090 Le Charivari : publiant chaque jour un nouveau dessin. (1835, 24 Eylül). Erişim adresi: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/ 12148/bpt6k3051371c/f2.item
  • Mainardi, P. (2020, 9 Ocak). Of pears and kings. The Public Domain Review. Erişim adresi: https://publicdomainreview.org/essay/of-pears-and-kings#fn3
  • Newth, M. (2010). The Long History of Censorship. Beacon for Freedom of Expression. Erişim adresi: http://www.beaconforfreedom.org/liste.html?tid=415&art_id=475
  • Petrey, S. (1991). Pears in history. Representations, (35), 52-71. doi: http://doi.org/10.2307/2928716
  • Philipon, C. (1831a). Cour d’Assises. La Caricature, 1831, 437-442. Erişim adresi: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/ 12148/bpt6k1048888v/f4.item
  • Philipon, C. (1831b). Deux mots sur ma condamnation. La Caricature, 1831, 443-450. Erişim adresi: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1048890x/f1.item
  • Philipon, C. (1832). Invasion de la poire et mesures tendantes a répriemer Icelle. La Caricature, 1832, 835-842. Erişim adresi: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k10489389/f3.item
  • Popkin, J. D. (1990). Revolutionary news: The press in France, 1789-1799. Durham & Londra: Duke University Press.
  • Thackeray, W. M. (1870). The Paris sketch book. Londra: Smith, Elder & Co.
  • Wechsler, J. (2012). Daumier and censorship, 1866-1872. Yale French Studies, (122), 53-78.

Karikatürün Gücü: Yurttaş Kral Louis-Philippe’nin Armut Krala Dönüşümü

Year 2020, Volume: 26 Issue: 45, 639 - 649, 22.10.2020
https://doi.org/10.32547/ataunigsed.772902

Abstract

Bu araştırma makalesi, La Caricature dergisinde yayımlanan bir karikatür nedeniyle yargılanan Charles Philipon’un mahkemede basın ve ifade özgürlüğünü savunurken argümanını örneklemek amacıyla kullandığı armut imgesi, bu imgenin nasıl kral Louis-Philippe ile eş anlamlı hâle geldiğini ve tüm Fransa’ya yayıldığını incelemeyi hedeflemektedir. Mahkemede yaptığı savunmasındaki benzerlik argümanının ve armut imgesinin doğuşunun inceleneceği bu makale, karikatürün 19. yüzyıl Fransa’sında muhalif bir ifade aracı olarak siyasi gücünün ne denli aşkın boyutlara ulaşabildiğini göstermesi ve taş baskının dönemin siyasi karikatürlerinin yayılmasına yaptığı katkıları ortaya koyması açısından önemlidir. Araştırma makalesinde yöntem olarak nitel araştırma modeli kullanılmıştır. Philipon’un La Caricature dergisinde mahkeme savunmasıyla ve armutla ilgili kaleme aldığı makaleler başta olmak üzere, literatürde konuyla bağlantılı mevcut kaynaklar taranmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda, Philipon’un yarattığı armut imgesinin kısa sürede tüm Fransa’ya yayıldığı, Yurttaş Kral olarak bilinen Louis-Philippe’nin Armut Kral’a dönüştüğü ve bu tasvirin katı sansürlere rağmen Fransa halkının zihnine kazındığı gözlenmiştir. Philipon’un bir kişiyi krala hakaret suçuyla suçlarken kraliyetle ilgili sembol ya da nişanlar yerine dış görünüşün/benzerliğin temel alınması durumunda yaşanacaklara dair öngörülerinin tamamen gerçeğe dönüştüğü görülmüştür. Ayrıca taş baskı karikatürlerin etki gücünün kendileri için son derece tehlikeli olduğunun bilincinde olan Louis-Philippe yönetiminin armutla uzaktan yakından bağlantılı her türlü imgeyi sakıncalı bulduğu görülmüştür.

References

  • Altan, Ç. (2014, 6 Kasım). Karikatürler. Milliyet. Erişim adresi: https://www.milliyet.com.tr/yazarlar/cetin-altan/karikaturler-1965553
  • Botton, A. D. (2005). Statü endişesi (3. baskı) (A. S. Bayer, Çev.). İstanbul: Sel Yayıncılık.
  • Childs, E. (1992). Big trouble: Daumier, Gargantua and the censorship of political caricature. Art Journal, 51(1), 26-37. doi: http://doi.org/10.2307/777251
  • Cuno, J. B. (1985). Charles Philipon and La Mason Aubert: The business, politics and public of caricature in Paris, 1820-1840. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
  • Dailey, V. (2017, 21 Ağustos). A pear, a bear and some hair: Caricature and freedom of the press. Los Angeles Review of Books. Erişim adresi: https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/a-pear-a-bear-and-some-hair-caricature-and-freedom-of-the-press/
  • Goldstein, R. J. (1988). Approval first, caricature second: French caricaturists, 1852-81. The Print Collector's Newsletter, 19(2), 48-50.
  • Goldstein, R. J. (1989a). The debate over censorship of caricature in nineteenth-century France. Art Journal, 48(1), 9-15. Erişim adresi: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00043249.1989.10792581
  • Goldstein, R. J. (1989b). Censorship of political caricature in nineteenth-century France. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press.
  • Gönenç, Ö. (2012). Fransa'da basın hukuku. İstanbul Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi(26), 51-59. Erişim adresi: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/212229
  • Haine, W. S. (2019). The history of France (2 baskı). California: ABC-CLIO.
  • Hall, A. (1977). Scandal, Sensation and social democracy: The SPD press and Wilhelmine Germany, 1890-1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hugo, V. (2004). Sefiller (N. Tunç, Çev.). İstanbul: Oda Yayınları.
  • Johnson, I. S. (1937). Cartoons. The Public Opinion Quarterly, 1(3), 21-44. doi: https://doi.org/10.1086/265090 Le Charivari : publiant chaque jour un nouveau dessin. (1835, 24 Eylül). Erişim adresi: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/ 12148/bpt6k3051371c/f2.item
  • Mainardi, P. (2020, 9 Ocak). Of pears and kings. The Public Domain Review. Erişim adresi: https://publicdomainreview.org/essay/of-pears-and-kings#fn3
  • Newth, M. (2010). The Long History of Censorship. Beacon for Freedom of Expression. Erişim adresi: http://www.beaconforfreedom.org/liste.html?tid=415&art_id=475
  • Petrey, S. (1991). Pears in history. Representations, (35), 52-71. doi: http://doi.org/10.2307/2928716
  • Philipon, C. (1831a). Cour d’Assises. La Caricature, 1831, 437-442. Erişim adresi: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/ 12148/bpt6k1048888v/f4.item
  • Philipon, C. (1831b). Deux mots sur ma condamnation. La Caricature, 1831, 443-450. Erişim adresi: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1048890x/f1.item
  • Philipon, C. (1832). Invasion de la poire et mesures tendantes a répriemer Icelle. La Caricature, 1832, 835-842. Erişim adresi: https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k10489389/f3.item
  • Popkin, J. D. (1990). Revolutionary news: The press in France, 1789-1799. Durham & Londra: Duke University Press.
  • Thackeray, W. M. (1870). The Paris sketch book. Londra: Smith, Elder & Co.
  • Wechsler, J. (2012). Daumier and censorship, 1866-1872. Yale French Studies, (122), 53-78.
There are 22 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Burçak Balamber 0000-0003-1098-6128

Publication Date October 22, 2020
Submission Date July 24, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 26 Issue: 45

Cite

APA Balamber, B. (2020). Karikatürün Gücü: Yurttaş Kral Louis-Philippe’nin Armut Krala Dönüşümü. Güzel Sanatlar Enstitüsü Dergisi, 26(45), 639-649. https://doi.org/10.32547/ataunigsed.772902

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