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Asgari Ücret ve Ekonomik Büyüme Hızının Emek ve Sermaye Gelirlerine Etkisi: OECD Ülkeleri için Sistem GMM Yaklaşımı

Year 2024, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 145 - 170, 29.02.2024
https://doi.org/10.25229/beta.1309833

Abstract

Çalışmanın amacı OECD ülkelerinde 2008 Küresel Kriz sonrasında emek ve sermaye gelirlerinin gelişimini incelemek, asgari ücretteki ve büyüme hızındaki değişimin, emek ve sermaye gelirlerini nasıl etkilediğini ortaya çıkarmaktır. Ayrıca, COVİD- 19 pandemisinin emek ve sermaye gelirleri üzerinde bir kırılma oluşturup oluşturmadığını belirlemektir. Bazı OECD ülkelerinde asgari ücret uygulamasının olmaması, bazılarında da veri eksikliği nedeniyle, bu çalışma sadece 24 OECD ülkesini kapsamaktadır. Bu çalışmada 2010-2021 dönemini kapsayan yıllık verilerle 24 OECD ülkesi için ekonomik büyüme hızı, asgari ücret artış hızı, enflasyon oranı ve COVID-19 pandemisinin sermaye ve emek gelirlerini hangi düzeyde etkilediği dinamik panel ekonometrisi yaklaşımıyla araştırılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada İki Aşamalı Sistem Genelleştirilmiş Momentler Metodu (GMM) yöntemi kullanılmış olup, oluşturulan iki model çerçevesinde analiz gerçekleştirilmektedir. Birinci modelde sermaye gelirleri bağımlı değişken, sermaye gelirlerinin bir gecikmeli değeri ile ekonomik büyüme hızı, asgari ücret artış hızı, enflasyon oranı ve COVID-19 pandemi kuklası (Dummy) bağımsız değişkendir. İkinci modelde ise emek gelirleri bağımlı değişken, emek gelirlerinin bir gecikmeli değeri ile ekonomik büyüme hızı, asgari ücret artış hızı, enflasyon oranı ve COVID-19 pandemi kuklası (Dummy) bağımsız değişkendir. Çalışmadan elde edilen bulgular ise şunlardır: Asgari ücret artış hızı ile sermaye gelirlerinin payı arasında negatif, emek gelirlerinin payı arasında ise pozitif ilişki bulunmuştur. Büyüme hızı, enflasyon ve pandemi sermaye gelirlerinin payını arttırırken, emek gelirlerinin payını olumsuz etkilediği görülmüştür.

References

  • Akın, F. (2015). Gelir dağılımı ve gelir dağılımı müdahale gereği. İş ve Hayat, 1 (1), 9-24. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/isvehayat/issue/29030/310432
  • Arellano M., & Bond S. (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. Review of Economic Studies 58, 277–297.
  • Arellano M., & Bover O. (1995). Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models. Journal of Econometrics, 68, 29–51.
  • Artner, A. (2017). Inequalities of accumulation: the case of central and eastern Europe. In Foreign Direct Investment in Central and Eastern Europe – Post-Crisis Perspectives, edited by B. Szent-Iványi, 151–169. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Autor D, D Dorn, LF Katz, C Patterson & J Van Reenen (2017). Concentrating on the fall of the labor share’, American Economic Review, 107(5), 180–185.
  • Autor, D. H, Manning, D. A., & Smith, C. (2016). The contribution of the minimum wage to US wage inequality over three decades: A reassessment. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 8(1), 58-99.
  • Baltagi, B. H. (2008). Econometric analysis of panel data (Vol. 4). Chichester: Wiley.
  • Blundell R., & Bond S. (1998). Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models. Journal of Econometrics, 87, 115–143.
  • Bozkurt, K. (2007). İçsel Büyüme Modelleri Bağlamında Türk İmalat Sanayinde Teknolojik Gelişme ve Ekonomik Büyüme. Finans&Politik ve Ekonomik Yorumlar, 44, 71-81.
  • Card, D., & Krueger, A. B. (1994). Minimum wages and employment: A case study of the fast-food industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. The American Economic Review, 84(4), 772-793
  • Card, D., & Krueger, A. B. (1995). Myth and measurement: The new economics of the minimum wage. Princeton University Press
  • Cava, G.L. (2019). The labour and capital shares of ıncome in Australia - Semantic Scholar. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Labour-and-Capital-Shares-of-Income-in-%7C-%E2%80%93-2019-Cava/134b2f50544760ecd7c5bb6e5090edc40aa4057e
  • Cengiz, D., Dube, A., Lindner, A., & Zipperer, B. (2019). The effect of minimum wages on low-wage jobs: Evidence from the United States using a bunching estimator. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 134(3), 1405-1454
  • Çelik, A. (2020). Kapitalizmin merkez ülkelerinde verimlilik, sendikalaşma yoğunluğu ve ücretli emek ilişkisi: neoliberalizm çerçevesinde yapısal kırılmalı bir analiz. Fiscaoeconomia, 4(2), 216-240.
  • DİSK-AR (2021). Türkiye Devrimci İşçi Sendikaları Konfederasyonu Araştırma Merkezi, “2022 Asgari Ücret Araştırması”. İstanbul. https://arastirma.disk.org.tr/
  • Dube, A., Lester, T. W., & Reich, M. (2010). Minimum wage effects across state borders: Estimates using contiguous counties. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 92(4), 945-964
  • Gomme, P., and P. Rupert. (2004). Measuring Labor’s Share of Income. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, Policy Discussion Papers No. 7. Accessed November 7, 2021. www.clevelandfed.org/~/media/content/newsroom%20and%20events/publications/discontinued%20publications/policy%20discussion%20papers/ pdp%20200407%20measuring%20labors%20share%20of%20income%20pdf.pdf?la=en.
  • Guscina, Anastasia (2006). Effects of Globalization on Labor’s Share in National Income. IMF Working Papers 2006/294, International Monetary Fund.
  • Harrison, A. (2005). Has Globalization Eroded Labour’s Share? Some Cross-Country Evidence. Munich Personal RePEc Archive, MPRA Paper No. 39649. Accessed July 4, 2021. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/39649/1/MPRA_paper_39649.pdf.
  • Howell, D. R., & Azar, A. (2011). The elusive effects of minimum wages. Industrial Relations. Journal of Economy and Society, 50(3), 434-456
  • Jayadev, A. (2007). Capital account openness and the labor share of income. Cambridge Journal of Economics 21 (1). Accessed January 17, 2022. https://people.umass.edu/econ721/arjun_cje_cap_acct_open.pdf.
  • Kazgan G. (2021). İktisadî Düşünce Politik İktisadın Evrimi. Remzi Kitabevi, İstanbul.
  • Koç A., & Sarıca D. (2016). Seçilmiş OECD ülkelerinde neo liberal dönemde emek gelirlerinin payı ile sendikal örgütlenme düzeyi arasındaki ilişkinin analizi. Journal of Current Researches on Business and Economics (JoCReBE), 6, 29-56.
  • Krueger, A. (1999). Measuring Labour’s Share. NBER Working Paper No. 7006. Accessed January 17, 2022. www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w7006/w7006.pdf.
  • Litwin, B. S. (2015). Determining the Effect of the Minimum Wage on Income Inequality. Student Publications. 300. https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship/300
  • Marx K. (2011) [1867]. Kapital 3. Cilt. Sol Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Neumark, D., & Wascher, W. (2000). Minimum wages and employment: A case study of the fast-food industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania: Reply. The American Economic Review, 90 (5), 1397-1420
  • Özcan, B. (2014). gelişmekte olan ekonomilerde enflasyonun belirleyenleri: dinamik panel veri analizi. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 15 (1), 33-53. Retrieved from http://esjournal.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/tr/pub/issue/4265/57344
  • Öztürk, N. (2010). Klasik ve neoklasik iktisatta gelir bölüşümü. Çalışma ve Toplum, 1(24), 1-24.
  • Ricardo D. (2018) [1817]. Siyasal İktisadın ve Vergilendirmenin İlkeleri. İş Bankası Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Roodman D. M. (2009). A note on the theme of too many instruments. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 71: 135–158.
  • Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2020). İleri panel veri analizi: Stata uygulamalı. Beta.

The Impact of Minimum Wage And Economic Growth Rate on Labor And Capital Incomes: System GMM Approach For OECD Countries

Year 2024, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 145 - 170, 29.02.2024
https://doi.org/10.25229/beta.1309833

Abstract

This study examines the development of labor and capital incomes in OECD countries after the 2008 Global Crisis and to reveal how the change in the minimum wage and the growth rate affect labor and capital incomes. In addition, it is to determine whether the COVID-19 pandemic has created a break in labor and capital incomes. This study covers only 24 OECD countries due to the lack of a minimum wage in some OECD countries and the lack of data in others. This study investigates the effects of economic growth rate, minimum wage increase rate, inflation rate, and COVID-19 pandemic on capital and labor incomes for 24 OECD countries with annual data covering the period 2010-2021 using dynamic panel econometrics approach. In this study, the two-stage system Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) method is used and the analysis is carried out within the framework of two models. In the first model, capital incomes are the dependent variable and the lagged value of capital incomes, economic growth rate, minimum wage increase rate, inflation rate, and COVID-19 pandemic dummy are the independent variables. In the second model, labor incomes are the dependent variable, one lagged value of labor incomes, economic growth rate, minimum wage increase rate, inflation rate, and COVID-19 pandemic dummy are the independent variables. The findings of the study are as follows: There is a negative relationship between the rate of increase in the minimum wage and the share of capital income and a positive relationship between the share of labor income. While the growth rate, inflation, and pandemic increased the share of capital income, they negatively affected the share of labor income.

References

  • Akın, F. (2015). Gelir dağılımı ve gelir dağılımı müdahale gereği. İş ve Hayat, 1 (1), 9-24. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/isvehayat/issue/29030/310432
  • Arellano M., & Bond S. (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. Review of Economic Studies 58, 277–297.
  • Arellano M., & Bover O. (1995). Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models. Journal of Econometrics, 68, 29–51.
  • Artner, A. (2017). Inequalities of accumulation: the case of central and eastern Europe. In Foreign Direct Investment in Central and Eastern Europe – Post-Crisis Perspectives, edited by B. Szent-Iványi, 151–169. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Autor D, D Dorn, LF Katz, C Patterson & J Van Reenen (2017). Concentrating on the fall of the labor share’, American Economic Review, 107(5), 180–185.
  • Autor, D. H, Manning, D. A., & Smith, C. (2016). The contribution of the minimum wage to US wage inequality over three decades: A reassessment. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 8(1), 58-99.
  • Baltagi, B. H. (2008). Econometric analysis of panel data (Vol. 4). Chichester: Wiley.
  • Blundell R., & Bond S. (1998). Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models. Journal of Econometrics, 87, 115–143.
  • Bozkurt, K. (2007). İçsel Büyüme Modelleri Bağlamında Türk İmalat Sanayinde Teknolojik Gelişme ve Ekonomik Büyüme. Finans&Politik ve Ekonomik Yorumlar, 44, 71-81.
  • Card, D., & Krueger, A. B. (1994). Minimum wages and employment: A case study of the fast-food industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. The American Economic Review, 84(4), 772-793
  • Card, D., & Krueger, A. B. (1995). Myth and measurement: The new economics of the minimum wage. Princeton University Press
  • Cava, G.L. (2019). The labour and capital shares of ıncome in Australia - Semantic Scholar. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Labour-and-Capital-Shares-of-Income-in-%7C-%E2%80%93-2019-Cava/134b2f50544760ecd7c5bb6e5090edc40aa4057e
  • Cengiz, D., Dube, A., Lindner, A., & Zipperer, B. (2019). The effect of minimum wages on low-wage jobs: Evidence from the United States using a bunching estimator. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 134(3), 1405-1454
  • Çelik, A. (2020). Kapitalizmin merkez ülkelerinde verimlilik, sendikalaşma yoğunluğu ve ücretli emek ilişkisi: neoliberalizm çerçevesinde yapısal kırılmalı bir analiz. Fiscaoeconomia, 4(2), 216-240.
  • DİSK-AR (2021). Türkiye Devrimci İşçi Sendikaları Konfederasyonu Araştırma Merkezi, “2022 Asgari Ücret Araştırması”. İstanbul. https://arastirma.disk.org.tr/
  • Dube, A., Lester, T. W., & Reich, M. (2010). Minimum wage effects across state borders: Estimates using contiguous counties. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 92(4), 945-964
  • Gomme, P., and P. Rupert. (2004). Measuring Labor’s Share of Income. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, Policy Discussion Papers No. 7. Accessed November 7, 2021. www.clevelandfed.org/~/media/content/newsroom%20and%20events/publications/discontinued%20publications/policy%20discussion%20papers/ pdp%20200407%20measuring%20labors%20share%20of%20income%20pdf.pdf?la=en.
  • Guscina, Anastasia (2006). Effects of Globalization on Labor’s Share in National Income. IMF Working Papers 2006/294, International Monetary Fund.
  • Harrison, A. (2005). Has Globalization Eroded Labour’s Share? Some Cross-Country Evidence. Munich Personal RePEc Archive, MPRA Paper No. 39649. Accessed July 4, 2021. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/39649/1/MPRA_paper_39649.pdf.
  • Howell, D. R., & Azar, A. (2011). The elusive effects of minimum wages. Industrial Relations. Journal of Economy and Society, 50(3), 434-456
  • Jayadev, A. (2007). Capital account openness and the labor share of income. Cambridge Journal of Economics 21 (1). Accessed January 17, 2022. https://people.umass.edu/econ721/arjun_cje_cap_acct_open.pdf.
  • Kazgan G. (2021). İktisadî Düşünce Politik İktisadın Evrimi. Remzi Kitabevi, İstanbul.
  • Koç A., & Sarıca D. (2016). Seçilmiş OECD ülkelerinde neo liberal dönemde emek gelirlerinin payı ile sendikal örgütlenme düzeyi arasındaki ilişkinin analizi. Journal of Current Researches on Business and Economics (JoCReBE), 6, 29-56.
  • Krueger, A. (1999). Measuring Labour’s Share. NBER Working Paper No. 7006. Accessed January 17, 2022. www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w7006/w7006.pdf.
  • Litwin, B. S. (2015). Determining the Effect of the Minimum Wage on Income Inequality. Student Publications. 300. https://cupola.gettysburg.edu/student_scholarship/300
  • Marx K. (2011) [1867]. Kapital 3. Cilt. Sol Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Neumark, D., & Wascher, W. (2000). Minimum wages and employment: A case study of the fast-food industry in New Jersey and Pennsylvania: Reply. The American Economic Review, 90 (5), 1397-1420
  • Özcan, B. (2014). gelişmekte olan ekonomilerde enflasyonun belirleyenleri: dinamik panel veri analizi. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 15 (1), 33-53. Retrieved from http://esjournal.cumhuriyet.edu.tr/tr/pub/issue/4265/57344
  • Öztürk, N. (2010). Klasik ve neoklasik iktisatta gelir bölüşümü. Çalışma ve Toplum, 1(24), 1-24.
  • Ricardo D. (2018) [1817]. Siyasal İktisadın ve Vergilendirmenin İlkeleri. İş Bankası Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Roodman D. M. (2009). A note on the theme of too many instruments. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 71: 135–158.
  • Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2020). İleri panel veri analizi: Stata uygulamalı. Beta.
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Econometrics Theory, Panel Data Analysis, Applied Macroeconometrics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ali Çelik 0000-0003-3794-7786

Abdilcelil Koç 0000-0002-9952-9830

Early Pub Date February 29, 2024
Publication Date February 29, 2024
Submission Date June 5, 2023
Acceptance Date December 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Çelik, A., & Koç, A. (2024). Asgari Ücret ve Ekonomik Büyüme Hızının Emek ve Sermaye Gelirlerine Etkisi: OECD Ülkeleri için Sistem GMM Yaklaşımı. Bulletin of Economic Theory and Analysis, 9(1), 145-170. https://doi.org/10.25229/beta.1309833