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Fuel Wood Marketing System & The Need for Eco-tax Policy in Nigeria

Year 2020, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 385 - 397, 13.03.2020

Abstract

What obligations do fuelwood suppliers and end-users have to the environment in the market-driven economy? Can fuelwood supply and demand behaviors be managed through tax governance to preserve the ecosystem? To provide answers to the questions, this study investigates the environmental conscious supply and demand for fuelwood in rural and urban areas and implications for ethical argument and tax governance in Nigeria. To achieve the stated objective, primary data collected with a questionnaire from randomly selected fuelwood suppliers and end-users were analyzed with mean, percentage, standard deviation, and t-statistics. The findings show that respondents were mainly young females (45years), literate (64%), married with relatively large family size (8 persons). They depend on farming (41%) and trading (41%) as major sources of livelihood. Fuelwood market participants and channel involve fuelwood gatherers, wholesalers, retailers, and end-users. The markets assume a competitive structure. The per capita fuelwood consumption in rural areas (19kg) is significantly (p<0.05) higher than the value (9.8kg) obtained in urban areas. Households’ per capita expenditure on fuelwood was ₦3,800 (US$108.57) and ₦1,960 (US$5.60) in rural and urban areas, respectively. Environmentally consciousness of fuelwood end-users should be fine-tuned by eco-tax and eco-subsidy governance in Nigeria.

References

  • Agarwal, B. (1986). Cold Hearths and Barren Scopes. London: Zed Press. https://www.amazon.com/cold-hearths-Barren-scope-woodfuel/dp/0862325390
  • Armitage, J., and Schranm, G. (1989). “Managing the Supply of and Demand for Fuel wood in Africa”. In Environmental Management and Economic Development, eds. G. Schramm and J. Warford. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
  • DFID (1999). Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheefs London Department for International Development.
  • Eckholm, E., Foley, G., Barnard, G., and L. Timberlake. (1984). Fuel wood: The Energy Crisis that won’t go away. London Earfriscan Publications.
  • Endres, A. (2011). Environmenta l economics: Theory and policy (1st ed.).Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • FAO (2000). Forests, Fuels and the Future. Forestry Tropics, Report No.5, FAO, Rome.
  • Fearnside, P. (1986). “Spatial Concentration of Deforestation I, The Brazilian Amazon” 15:74-81.
  • IEA (2010). World Energy Outlook. Paris, International Energy Agency. www.worldenergyoutlook.org/media/we01010pdf).
  • Kombat AM, Wätzold F. (2019) The emer-gence of environmental taxes in Ghana—A public choice anal-ysis. Environmental Policy Governance. 29: 46–54.https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1829
  • Larinde, S.L. and Olasupo, O.O. (2011). Socio-Economical Importance of Fuel Wood Production in Gombari Forest Reserve Area, Oyo State, Journal of Agriculture and Social Research. 11(1).
  • Leach, G., and Means R. (1988). Beyond the Fuel Wood Crisis: People, Land and Trees in Africa. London: Earthscan Publication.
  • Li, Y., Deng, Q., Zhou, C. Feng, L. (2018) Environmental governance strategies in a two-echelon supply chain with tax and subsidy interactions, Annals of Operations Research, 270, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-018-2975-z
  • Li, Y., Xu, F., & Zhao, X. (2016b). Governance mechanisms of dual-channel reverse supply chains with informal collection channel. Journal of Cleaner Production, 155, 125–140.
  • Macdonald, D., Adamowicz, W., Luckert, M. (2001). Fuel wood Collection in North –Eastern Zimbabwe; Valuation and Catoric Expenditures. J. Forest Econ 7:29-52. www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/200/30/19924.
  • Monhiot, G. (1989). The Transmigration Fiasco. Geographical Magazine (May): 26-30.
  • OECD. (2006). The political economy of environmentally related taxes. Paris:OECD.
  • Soussan, J. (1984). “Fuel wood Strategies and Action Programmes Asia Bangkok: AIT. Soussan 1988 Primary Resources and Energy in the third world. London: Routledge.
  • Tyler, C. (1990). “The Sense of Sustainability” Geographical Magazine (February): 8-13.
  • UNEP,2005 and Opiro (2006) Rural Household’s Fuel Wood Demand Determinants in Dry land Areas https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/155672410037166887.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2017). Subsidies for Pollution Control (online). http://yosemite.epa.gov/ee/epa/eerm.nsf/vwAN/EE-0216B-08.pdf/$file/EE-0216B-08.pdf.
  • Warner, K. (2000). Forestry and Sustainable Livelihoods Unsasylva, 51:3-12 www.fao.org/docrep/7273eo2htm4p0.0

Fuel Wood Marketing System & The Need for Eco-tax Policy in Nigeria

Year 2020, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 385 - 397, 13.03.2020

Abstract

What obligations do fuelwood suppliers and end-users have to the environment in the market-driven economy? Can fuelwood supply and demand behaviors be managed through tax governance to preserve the ecosystem? To provide answers to the questions, this study investigates the environmental conscious supply and demand for fuelwood in rural and urban areas and implications for ethical argument and tax governance in Nigeria. To achieve the stated objective, primary data collected with a questionnaire from randomly selected fuelwood suppliers and end-users were analyzed with mean, percentage, standard deviation, and t-statistics. The findings show that respondents were mainly young females (45years), literate (64%), married with relatively large family size (8 persons). They depend on farming (41%) and trading (41%) as major sources of livelihood. Fuelwood market participants and channel involve fuelwood gatherers, wholesalers, retailers, and end-users. The markets assume a competitive structure. The per capita fuelwood consumption in rural areas (19kg) is significantly (p<0.05) higher than the value (9.8kg) obtained in urban areas. Households’ per capita expenditure on fuelwood was ₦3,800 (US$108.57) and ₦1,960 (US$5.60) in rural and urban areas, respectively. Environmentally consciousness of fuelwood end-users should be fine-tuned by eco-tax and eco-subsidy governance in Nigeria.

References

  • Agarwal, B. (1986). Cold Hearths and Barren Scopes. London: Zed Press. https://www.amazon.com/cold-hearths-Barren-scope-woodfuel/dp/0862325390
  • Armitage, J., and Schranm, G. (1989). “Managing the Supply of and Demand for Fuel wood in Africa”. In Environmental Management and Economic Development, eds. G. Schramm and J. Warford. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press.
  • DFID (1999). Sustainable Livelihoods Guidance Sheefs London Department for International Development.
  • Eckholm, E., Foley, G., Barnard, G., and L. Timberlake. (1984). Fuel wood: The Energy Crisis that won’t go away. London Earfriscan Publications.
  • Endres, A. (2011). Environmenta l economics: Theory and policy (1st ed.).Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • FAO (2000). Forests, Fuels and the Future. Forestry Tropics, Report No.5, FAO, Rome.
  • Fearnside, P. (1986). “Spatial Concentration of Deforestation I, The Brazilian Amazon” 15:74-81.
  • IEA (2010). World Energy Outlook. Paris, International Energy Agency. www.worldenergyoutlook.org/media/we01010pdf).
  • Kombat AM, Wätzold F. (2019) The emer-gence of environmental taxes in Ghana—A public choice anal-ysis. Environmental Policy Governance. 29: 46–54.https://doi.org/10.1002/eet.1829
  • Larinde, S.L. and Olasupo, O.O. (2011). Socio-Economical Importance of Fuel Wood Production in Gombari Forest Reserve Area, Oyo State, Journal of Agriculture and Social Research. 11(1).
  • Leach, G., and Means R. (1988). Beyond the Fuel Wood Crisis: People, Land and Trees in Africa. London: Earthscan Publication.
  • Li, Y., Deng, Q., Zhou, C. Feng, L. (2018) Environmental governance strategies in a two-echelon supply chain with tax and subsidy interactions, Annals of Operations Research, 270, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-018-2975-z
  • Li, Y., Xu, F., & Zhao, X. (2016b). Governance mechanisms of dual-channel reverse supply chains with informal collection channel. Journal of Cleaner Production, 155, 125–140.
  • Macdonald, D., Adamowicz, W., Luckert, M. (2001). Fuel wood Collection in North –Eastern Zimbabwe; Valuation and Catoric Expenditures. J. Forest Econ 7:29-52. www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/200/30/19924.
  • Monhiot, G. (1989). The Transmigration Fiasco. Geographical Magazine (May): 26-30.
  • OECD. (2006). The political economy of environmentally related taxes. Paris:OECD.
  • Soussan, J. (1984). “Fuel wood Strategies and Action Programmes Asia Bangkok: AIT. Soussan 1988 Primary Resources and Energy in the third world. London: Routledge.
  • Tyler, C. (1990). “The Sense of Sustainability” Geographical Magazine (February): 8-13.
  • UNEP,2005 and Opiro (2006) Rural Household’s Fuel Wood Demand Determinants in Dry land Areas https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/155672410037166887.
  • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2017). Subsidies for Pollution Control (online). http://yosemite.epa.gov/ee/epa/eerm.nsf/vwAN/EE-0216B-08.pdf/$file/EE-0216B-08.pdf.
  • Warner, K. (2000). Forestry and Sustainable Livelihoods Unsasylva, 51:3-12 www.fao.org/docrep/7273eo2htm4p0.0
There are 21 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Felix Achoja 0000-0002-9705-4923

Publication Date March 13, 2020
Acceptance Date March 5, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 2 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Achoja, F. (2020). Fuel Wood Marketing System & The Need for Eco-tax Policy in Nigeria. BİLTÜRK Ekonomi Ve İlişkili Çalışmalar Dergisi, 2(2), 385-397.
AMA Achoja F. Fuel Wood Marketing System & The Need for Eco-tax Policy in Nigeria. BILTURK. March 2020;2(2):385-397.
Chicago Achoja, Felix. “Fuel Wood Marketing System & The Need for Eco-Tax Policy in Nigeria”. BİLTÜRK Ekonomi Ve İlişkili Çalışmalar Dergisi 2, no. 2 (March 2020): 385-97.
EndNote Achoja F (March 1, 2020) Fuel Wood Marketing System & The Need for Eco-tax Policy in Nigeria. BİLTÜRK Ekonomi ve İlişkili Çalışmalar Dergisi 2 2 385–397.
IEEE F. Achoja, “Fuel Wood Marketing System & The Need for Eco-tax Policy in Nigeria”, BILTURK, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 385–397, 2020.
ISNAD Achoja, Felix. “Fuel Wood Marketing System & The Need for Eco-Tax Policy in Nigeria”. BİLTÜRK Ekonomi ve İlişkili Çalışmalar Dergisi 2/2 (March 2020), 385-397.
JAMA Achoja F. Fuel Wood Marketing System & The Need for Eco-tax Policy in Nigeria. BILTURK. 2020;2:385–397.
MLA Achoja, Felix. “Fuel Wood Marketing System & The Need for Eco-Tax Policy in Nigeria”. BİLTÜRK Ekonomi Ve İlişkili Çalışmalar Dergisi, vol. 2, no. 2, 2020, pp. 385-97.
Vancouver Achoja F. Fuel Wood Marketing System & The Need for Eco-tax Policy in Nigeria. BILTURK. 2020;2(2):385-97.

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