Evaluation of Aging Effects of Zinc Oxide on the Optical Properties of Porous Silicon-Zinc Oxide Heterojunction Photodetector Device

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 3, 566 - 574, 15.05.2024

Safiye Karaçam Meltem Gör Bölen

https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.1439777

Abstract

Porous silicon is very important for integrated technology because of its many superior properties, such as suitability for mass production, easy and controlled production, and adjustable electrical and optical properties. Semiconductors with metal oxides, such as indium oxide, indium tin oxide, tin oxide, and zinc oxide, are highly preferred in optical devices. Among these metal oxides, zinc oxide is preferred for photodetectors because of its stable crystal structure and large exciton binding energy of 60 meV. Researchers have conducted studies on photodetectors with porous silicon-zinc oxide heterojunction structures. The importance of the stable operation of devices has been emphasized. Therefore, in this study, a porous silicon-based zinc oxide heterojunction structure suitable for photodetector production was formed, and the effect of aging on zinc oxide was investigated over time. As a result of the investigation, it was observed that the intensity decreased approximately 2.5 times at the end of 365 days owing to the aging of zinc oxide. In addition, UV spectroscopy measurements were performed to investigate the optical properties that affect their operation as photodetectors. Because the PS-ZnO heterojunction functions as a detector in the UV region, the absorption and reflectivity of the PS-ZnO heterojunction were investigated, especially in the UV region. From the measurements, it was observed that aging decreased absorption and increased reflectance. These findings underscore the negative impact of aging on photodetector performance.

Keywords

Porous silicon, Zinc oxide, Photodedector, Aging

Supporting Institution

TUBİTAK,Erzurum Technical University

Project Number

2021/017 bap

Thanks

The authors would like to thank Kamer Özge Erişmiş for her assistance in the earlier stages of this study.

References

• Amara S, Slama IB, Mrad I, Rihane N, Khemissi W, El Mir L, Sakly M. 2014. Effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles and/or zinc chloride on biochemical parameters and mineral levels in rat liver and kidney. Human Exp Toxicol, 33(11): 1150-1157.
• Amudhavalli B, Mariappan R, Prasath M. 2023. Low-cost nebulizer spray deposited conduction mechanism of thin film ZnO nanoparticles. J Ovonic Res, 19(1): 53-63.
• An J, Le TSD, Lim CHJ, Tran VT, Zhan Z, Gao Y, Kim YJ. 2018. Single‐step selective laser writing of flexible photodetectors for wearable optoelectronics. Adv Sci, 5(8): 1800496.
• Ates ES, Kucukyildiz S, Unalan HE. 2012. Zinc oxide nanowire photodetectors with single-walled carbon nanotube thin-film electrodes. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 4(10): 5142-5146.
• Avasthi S, McClain WE, Man G, Kahn A, Schwartz J, Sturm JC. 2013. Hole-blocking titanium-oxide/silicon heterojunction and its application to photovoltaics. Appl Physics Lett, 102: 203901.
• Bacquian BCS, Gomez FRI. 2019. A study of wafer backgrinding tape selection for SOI wafers. J Eng Res Rep, 6(2): 1-6.
• Bakkers EP, Borgström MT, Verheijen MA. 2007. Epitaxial growth of III-V nanowires on group IV substrates. Mrs Bull, 32(2): 117-122.
• Belaid H, Nouiri M, Sayari A, Ben Ayadi Z, Djessas K, El Mir L. 2015. Structural and electrical characterizations of ZnO: In/PS/Si heterojunction deposited by rf-magnetron sputtering. J Electroceramics, 35: 141-147.
• Bloem J. 1979. Gas phase diffusion and surface reactions in the chemical vapour deposition of silicon. Pergamon, 1979: 435-447.
• Boruah BD, Ferry DB, Mukherjee A, Misra A. 2015. Few-layer graphene/ZnO nanowires based high performance UV photodetector. Nanotechnol, 26(23): 235703.
• Chang S, Ju BK, Yakuphanoglu F. 2012. Ultraviolet and visible light detection characteristics of amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide thin film transistor for photodetector applications. Int J Adv Smart Converg, 1: 61-64.
• Chang WC, Su SC, Wu, CC. 2016. The development of high-density vertical silicon nanowires and their application in a heterojunction diode. Materials, 9(7): 534.
• Chen C, Zhou P, Wang N, Ma Y, San H. 2018. UV-assisted photochemical synthesis of reduced graphene oxide/ZnO nanowires composite for photoresponse enhancement in UV photodetectors. Nanomaterials, 8(1): 26.
• Chikkanna MM, Neelagund SE, Rajashekarappa KK. 2019. Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) and their biological activity. SN Appl Sci, 1: 1-10.
• Ciolan MA, Motrescu I. 2022. Pulsed laser ablation: A facile and low-temperature fabrication of highly oriented n-type zinc oxide thin films. App Sci, 12(2): 917.
• Colinge JP. 1998. Silicon-on-lnsulator Technology: Past Achievements and Future Prospects. MRS Bull, 23(12): 16-19.
• Cui LF, Ruffo R, Chan CK, Peng H, Cui Y. 2009. Crystalline-amorphous core− shell silicon nanowires for high capacity and high current battery electrodes. Nano Lett, 9(1): 491-495.
• Czekalla C, Nobis T, Rahm A, Cao B, Zúñiga‐Pérez J, Sturm C, Grundmann M. 2010. Whispering gallery modes in zinc oxide micro‐and nanowires. Physica Status Solidi (b), 247(6): 1282-1293.
• De Matteis D, De Luca M, Fadaly EM, Verheijen MA, López-Suárez M, Rurali R, Zardo I. 2020. Probing lattice dynamics and electronic resonances in hexagonal Ge and Si x Ge1–x alloys in nanowires by raman spectroscopy. ACS Nano, 14(6): 6845-6856.
• Devasia S, Athma PV, Raphael R, Jose A, Anila EI. 2021. Effect of source-substrate distance on transparent electrode properties of the spray-cast aluminium doped zinc oxide thin films. Res Square, https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-230292/v1
• Dheivamalar S, Banu KB. 2019. A DFT study on functionalization of acrolein on Ni-doped (ZnO) 6 nanocluster in dye-sensitized solar cells. Heliyon, 5(12): e02903.
• Dong R, Bi C, Dong Q, Guo F, Yuan Y, Fang Y, Huang J. 2014. An ultraviolet‐to‐NIR broad spectral nanocomposite photodetector with gain. Adv Optical Mater, 2(6): 549-554.
• Garvey S, Holmes JD, Kim YS, Long B. 2020. Vapor-phase passivation of chlorine-terminated Ge (100) using self-assembled monolayers of hexanethiol. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces, 12(26): 29899-29907.
• Gebrehiwot K. 2017. Synthesis and characterization of zinc cobalt sulphide (Znxco1− Xs) by chemical bath deposition method from acidic bath. PhD thesis, Hawassa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, pp: 148.
• Gomes UP, Kuldeep RK, Rathi S, Biswas D. 2011. A strategic review on growth of InP on silicon substrate for applications in high frequency RF devices. Int J Electron, 1: 1-6.
• Gör M, Karacalı T. 2017. Porous Silicon Based Membrane Fabrication for Proton Transportation. 13th Nanoscience & Nanotechnology Conference; Antalya, Türkiye, pp: 52.
• Guo A, Zhang L, Cao N, Lu T, Zhu Y, Tian D, Zhao F. 2023. Pulsed laser deposition of ZnGa2O4 thin films on Al2O3 and Si substrates for deep optoelectronic devices applications. Appl Physics Express, 16(2): 021004.
• Guo TF, Chang SC, Pyo S, Yang. 2002. Vertically integrated electronic circuits via a combination of self-assembled polyelectrolytes, ink-jet printing, and electroless metal plating processes. Langmuir, 18(21): 8142-8147.
• Habibi MH, Askari E. 2011. The effect of operational parameters on the photocatalytic degradation of CI reactive yellow 86 textile dye using manganese zinc oxide nanocomposite thin films. J Adv Oxidat Technol, 14(2): 190-195.
• Hanawa T, Takahashi H, Ota M, Pinizzotto RF, Ferracane JL, Okabe T. 1987. Surface characterization of amalgams using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. J Dental Res, 66(9): 1470-1478.
• He J, Xu P, Zhou R, Li H, Zu H, Zhang J, Wang F. 2022. Combustion synthesized electrospun InZnO nanowires for ultraviolet photodetectors. Adv Electronic Mater, 8(4): 2100997.
• Hoffmann RC, Sanctis S, Liedke MO, Butterling M, Wagner A, Njel C, Schneider JJ. 2021. Zinc oxide defect microstructure and surface chemistry derived from oxidation of metallic zinc. Thin film transistor and sensoric behaviour of zno films and rods. Chemistry–A Eur J, 27(17): 5312-5312.
• Huang JH, Tan RQ, Li J, Zhang YL, Yang Y, Song WJ. 2011. Thermal stability of aluminum doped zinc oxide thin films. Mater Sci Forum, 685: 147-151.
• Indluru A, Alford TL. 2009. Effect of Ag thickness on electrical transport and optical properties of indium tin oxide–Ag–indium tin oxide multilayers. J Appl Physics, 105(12): 123528.
• Kaningini AG, Azizi S, Sintwa N, Mokalane K, Mohale KC, Mudau FN, Maaza M. 2022. Effect of optimized precursor concentration, temperature, and doping on optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles synthesized via a green route using bush tea (Athrixia phylicoides DC.) leaf extracts. ACS Omega, 7(36): 31658-31666.
• Kappertz O, Drese R, Wuttig M. 2002. Correlation between structure, stress and deposition parameters in direct current sputtered zinc oxide films. J Vacuum Sci Technol A: Vacuum Surf Films, 20(6): 2084-2095.
• Karacali T. 2003. Darbeli anodizasyon tekniği ile gözenekli ve Si tabanlı fabry-perot yapılarının üretimi: Yapısal ve optik özelliklerinin incelenmesi. Doktora Tezi, Atatürk Üniversitesi. Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Erzurum, Türkiye: ss: 129.
• Keskenler EF, Turgut G, Keskenler MF. 2017. Characterization of ZnO thin films grown by sol-gel spin coating technique regarding precursor solution. Turkish J Mater, 2(1): 25-30.
• Khan R, Inam MA, Iqbal MM, Shoaib M, Park DR, Lee KH, Yeom IT. 2018. Removal of ZnO nanoparticles from natural waters by coagulation-flocculation process: influence of surfactant type on aggregation, dissolution and colloidal stability. Sustainability, 11(1): 17.
• Kim CJ, Kim S, Lee JH, Park JS, Kim S, Park J, Chung UI. 2009. Amorphous hafnium-indium-zinc oxide semiconductor thin film transistors. Appl Physics Lett, 95: 252103.
• Konstantinidis S, Hemberg A, Dauchot JP, Hecq M. 2007. Deposition of zinc oxide layers by high-power impulse magnetron sputtering. J Vacuum Sci Technol B: Microelectroni Nanometer Struct Proces Measur Phenomena, 25(3): L19-L21.
• Kuo SY, Lin WT, Chang LB, Jeng MJ, Lu YT, Hu SC. 2009. Effects of growth parameters on surface-morphological, structural, electrical and optical properties of AZO films by RF magnetron sputtering. MRS Online Proc Library, 1201: H05.
• Lee E, Kim DH, Kim HW, Denlinger JD, Kim H, Kim J, Kang JS. 2016. The 7× 1 Fermi surface reconstruction in a two-dimensional f-electron charge density wave system: PrTe3. Sci Rep, 6(1): 30318.
• Lioudakis E, Othonos A, Lioutas CB, Vouroutzis N. 2008. Transient photoinduced absorption in ultrathin as-grown nanocrystalline silicon films. Nanoscale Res Lett, 3: 1-5.
• Liu Q, Gong M, Cook B, Thapa P, Ewing D, Casper M, Wu J. 2017. Oxygen plasma surface activation of electron‐depleted ZnO nanoparticle films for performance‐enhanced ultraviolet photodetectors. Physica Status Solidi (a), 214(11): 1700176.
• Masaud TB, Jaberansary E, Bagnall DM, Chong HMH. 2011. Silicon electro-optic switch based on n-ZnO/p-Si heterojunction structure. 8th IEEE International Conference on Group IV Photonics, September 14-16, London, UK, pp: 136-138.
• Matysiak W, Tański T, Zaborowska M. 2018. Manufacturing process and optical properties of zinc oxide thin films as photoanode in DSSC. J Achiev Mater Manufact Eng, 86(1): 33-40.
• Mayer JW. 1984. Gold contacts to semiconductor devices. Gold Bull, 17: 18-26.
• Mendoza-Aguero N, Agarwal V, Villafan-Vidales HI, Campos-Alvarez J, Sebastian PJ. 2015. A heterojunction based on macro-porous silicon and zinc oxide for solar cell application. J New Mater Electrochem Syst, 18(4): 225.
• Mishra PN, Pathak D, Mishra PK, Kumar V. 2022. Low-cost processing of pure and Al-doped capped ZnO nano powder for industry scale applications. Chalcogenide Lett, 19(1): 19-31.
• Mohsenzadeh S, Moosavian SS. 2017. Zinc sulphate and nano-zinc oxide effects on some physiological parameters of Rosmarinus officinalis. Amer J Plant Sci, 8(11): 2635-2649.
• Nayak AP, Lin TC, Islam MS. 2012. UV and oxygen sensing properties of ZnO nanowires grown on glass using ultrasound. Nanosci Nanotechnol Lett, 4: 977-982.
• Nayak PK, Hedhili MN, Cha D, Alshareef HN. 2013. Impact of soft annealing on the performance of solution-processed amorphous zinc tin oxide thin-film transistors. ACS Appl Mater Interf, 5(9): 3587-3590.
• Nazir S, Zaka M, Adil M, Abbasi BH, Hano C. 2018. Synthesis, characterisation and bactericidal effect of ZnO nanoparticles via chemical and bio‐assisted (Silybum marianum in vitro plantlets and callus extract) methods: a comparative study. IET Nanobiotechnol, 12(5): 604-608.
• Park KH, Sun PF, Kang EH, Han GD, Kim BJ, Jang Y, Park HD. 2021. Photocatalytic anti-biofouling performance of nanoporous ceramic membranes treated by atomic layer deposited ZnO. Separ Purificat Technol, 272: 118935.
• Peng YY, Lu KJ, Sui WQ. 2010. A 7‐to 14‐GHz GaAs pHEMT LNA with 1.1 dB noise figure and 26 dB gain. Microw Optic Technol Lett, 52(11): 2615-2617.
• Periasamy S, Venkidusamy S, Venkatesan R, Mayandi J, Pearce J, Selj JH, Veerabahu R. 2017. Micro-Raman scattering of nanoscale silicon in amorphous and porous silicon. Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, 231(9): 1585-1598.
• Piticescu RR, Piticescu RM, Monty CJ. 2006. Synthesis of Al-doped ZnO nanomaterials with controlled luminescence. J Eur Ceramic Soc, 26(14): 2979-2983.
• Rodríguez-Báez J, Maldonado A, Castañeda L, Delgado GT, Castanedo-Pérez R, Olvera MDLL. 2007. On the effect of acetic acid on physical properties of chemically sprayed fluorine-doped ZnO thin films. Thin Solid Films, 515(24): 8689-8694.
• Schlupp P, Von Wenckstern H, Grundmann M. 2013. Amorphous zinc-tin oxide thin films fabricated by pulsed laser deposition at room temperature. MRS Online Proc Library, 1633: 101-104.
• Sellers SP, Miles BA, Sievers RE, Halverson W. 2000. The production of thin metal oxide films by spray pyrolysis using supercritical CO2-assisted aerosolization of aqueous solutions. KONA Powder Part J, 18: 74-80.
• Sharifi H, Mohammadi S. 2008. Self‐aligned wafer‐level integration technology with an embedded faraday cage for substrate crosstalk suppression. Microw Optical Technol Lett, 50(3): 829-832.
• Shuchen H, Liu GF, Koel BE. 2008. Real-time scanning tunneling microscopy observations of the oxidation of a Ti/Pt (111)-(2x2) surface alloy using O {sub 2} and NO {sub 2}. J Vacuum Sci Technol A, Int J Devoted Vacuum Surfaces Films, 26(5): 21192429.
• Sieval AB, Opitz R, Maas HP, Schoeman MG, Meijer G, Vergeldt FJ, Sudhölter EJ. 2000. Monolayers of 1-alkynes on the H-terminated Si (100) surface. Langmuir, 16(26): 10359-10368.
• Sirkeli VP, Yilmazoglu O, Hajo AS, Nedeoglo ND, Nedeoglo DD, Preu S, Hartnagel HL. 2018. Enhanced Responsivity of ZnSe‐Based Metal–Semiconductor–Metal Near‐Ultraviolet Photodetector via Impact Ionization (Phys. Status Solidi RRL 2/2018). Physica Status Solidi, 12(2): 1870305.
• Subramanian AZ, Ryckeboer E, Dhakal A, Peyskens F, Malik A, Kuyken B, Baets R. 2015. Silicon and silicon nitride photonic circuits for spectroscopic sensing on-a-chip. Photonics Res, 3(5): B47-B59.
• Syu JC, Hsu MH, Chang SP, Chang SJ, Lu L. 2018. Effect of oxygen vacancy ratio on a GaZTO solar-blind photodetector. Coatings, 8(9): 293.
• Tian C, Jiang D, Li B, Lin J, Zhao Y, Yuan W, Qin J. 2014. Performance enhancement of ZnO UV photodetectors by surface plasmons. ACS Appl Mater Interf, 6(3): 2162-2166.
• Tyagi M, Tomar M, Gupta V. 2012. PN junction of NiO thin film for photonic devices. IEEE Electron Device Lett, 34(1): 81-83.
• Wasim M, Khan MR, Mushtaq M, Naeem A, Han M, Wei Q. 2020. Surface modification of bacterial cellulose by copper and zinc oxide sputter coating for UV-resistance/antistatic/antibacterial characteristics. Coatings, 10(4): 364.
• Weichelt F, Emmler R, Flyunt R, Beyer E, Buchmeiser MR, Beyer M. 2010. ZnO‐Based UV nanocomposites for wood coatings in outdoor applications. Macromol Mater Eng, 295(2): 130-136.
• Westerveld WJ, Pozo J, Harmsma PJ, Schmits R, Tabak E, van den Dool TC, Yousefi M. 2012. Characterization of a photonic strain sensor in silicon-on-insulator technology. Optics Lett, 37(4): 479-481.
• Widyastuti E, Hsu JL, Lee YC. 2022. Insight on photocatalytic and photoinduced antimicrobial properties of ZnO thin films deposited by HiPIMS through thermal oxidation. Nanomater, 12(3): 463.
• Wojtasik K, Zięba M, Tyszkiewicz C, Pakieła W, Żak G, Jeremiasz O, Karasiński P. 2023 Zinc oxide films fabricated via sol-gel method and dip-coating technique–effect of sol aging on optical properties, morphology and photocatalytic activity. Materials, 16(5): 1898.
• Won E, Choi JH, Ha H, Hyun HJ, Kim HJ, Park H. 2007. Fabrication of analog electronics for serial readout of silicon strip sensors. ArXiv, 0704.1334.
• Yaklin MA, Schneider DA, Norman K, Granata JE, Staiger CL. 2010. Impacts of humidity and temperature on the performance of transparent conducting zinc oxide. 35th IEEE Photovoltaic Specialists Conference, June 20-25, Honolulu, US, pp: 002493-002496.
• Yedurkar S, Maurya C, Mahanwar P. 2016. Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using ixora coccinea leaf extract-A green approach. Open J Synthes Theory Appl, 5: 1-14.
• Yusoff MZM, Hassan Z, Woei CC, Ahmad A, Yusof Y, Abd Rahim AF. 2012. The study of GaN pn-junction grown on Si substrate by MBE with Ni/Ag as ohmic contact. IEEE Symposium on Business, Engineering and Industrial Applications, September 23-26, Bandung, Indonesia, pp: 37-39.
• Zhong YL, Bernasek SL. 2011. Mild and efficient functionalization of hydrogen-terminated Si (111) via sonochemical activated hydrosilylation. J Amer Chem Soc, 133(21): 8118-8121.
• Zuo J, Erbe A. 2010. Optical and electronic properties of native zinc oxide films on polycrystalline Zn. Physical Chem Chem Physics, 12(37): 11467-11476.