GMA-Based Emulsion Templated Macroporous Foams: Tailoring the Mechanical Properties by Nanoclay Loading

Year 2020, Volume: 16 Issue: 2, 135 - 141, 24.06.2020

Hilal Mert Elif Berber Balta

Abstract

Glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) based low density macroporous foams (polyHIPE foams) were synthesized by high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) templating. Strengthen foams were produced by polymerizing the continuous phase of HIPEs consisting of GMA, 1,3-buthandiol dimethacrylate (BDDMA) and nanoclay. In order to ensure the compatibility of between nanoclay and the monomers surface modified nanoclay containing 25-30 wt. % methyl dihydroxyethyl hydrogenated tallow ammonium was used. The composite foams were prepared by incorporating up to 5 wt.% of nanoclay particles. Compression modulus of the composite foams was improved by ca. 60% as compared to neat polyHIPE foam. The specific compression modulus and specific compressive strength were also significantly improved by increasing the amount of nanoclay loading.

Keywords

GMA, emulsion templating, polyHIPE, macroporous polymer, nanoclay, mechanical properties

Project Number

2012/YL/009

References

• [1]. Arrua, RD, Strumia, MC, Igarzabal CIA. 2009. Macroporous monolithic polymers: preparation and applications. Materials; 2: 2429-2466.
• [2]. Silverstein, MS. 2014. Emulsion-templated porous polymers: a retrospective perspective. Polymer; 55: 304-320.
• [3]. Silverstein, MS. 2014. PolyHIPEs: recent advances in emulsion-templated porous polymers. Progress in Polymer Science; 39: 199-234.
• [4]. Silverstein, MS. 2017. Emulsion-templated polymers: contemporary contemplations. Polymer; 126: 261-282.
• [5]. Cameron, NR. 2005. High internal phase emulsion templating as a route to well-defined porous polymers. Polymer; 46: 1439-1449.
• [6]. Pulko, I, Krajnc, P. 2012. High internal phase emulsion templating—a path to hierarchically porous functional polymers. Macromolecular Rapid Communications; 33: 1731-1746.
• [7]. Mert, HH, Mert, MS, Mert, EH. 2019. A statistical approach for tailoring the morphological and mechanical properties of polystyrene polyHIPEs: looking through experimental design. Materials Research Express; 6: 115306.
• [8]. Barbetta, A, Dentini, M, Leandri, L, Ferraris, G, Coletta, A, Bernabei, M. 2009. Synthesis and characterization of porous glycidylmethacrylate–divinylbenzene monoliths using the high internal phase emulsion approach. Reactive and Functional Polymers; 69: 724-736.
• [9]. Mert, EH, Kaya, MA, Yıldırım, H. 2012. Preparation and characterization of polyester–glycidyl methacrylate polyHIPE monoliths to use in heavy metal removal. Designed Monomers and Polymers; 15: 113-126.
• [10]. Barby, D, Haq, Z. 1982. Low density porous cross-linked polymeric materials and their preparation. European Patent (Unilever).
• [11]. Tai, H, Sergienko, A, Silverstein, MS. 2001. High internal phase emulsion foams: copolymers and interpenetrating polymer networks. Polymer Engineering and Science; 41: 1540-1552.
• [12]. Paljevac, M, Kotek, J, Jeřabek, K, Krajnc, P. 2018. Influence of topology of highly porous methacrylate, polymers on their mechanical properties. Macromolecular Materials and Engimeering; 303: 1700337.
• [13]. Çira, F, Mert, EH. 2015. PolyHIPE/pullulan composites derived from glycidyl methacrylate and 1,3-butanediol dimethacrylatebased high internal phase emulsions. Polymer Engineering Science; 55: 2636-2642.
• [14]. Berber, E, Çira, F, Mert, EH. 2016. Preparation of porous polyester composites via emulsion templating: investigation of the morphological, mechanical, and thermal properties. Polymer Composites; 37: 1531-1538.
• [15]. Kovčič, S, Krajnc, P, Slugovc, C. 2010. Inherently reactive polyHIPE material from dicyclopentadiene. Chemical Communications; 46: 7504-7506.
• [16]. Kovčič, S, Jeřábek, K, Krajnc, P, Slugovc, C. 2012. Ring opening metathesis polymerisation of emulsion templated dicyclopentadiene giving open porous materials with excellent mechanical properties. Polymer Chemistry; 3: 325-328.
• [17]. Mert, EH, Slugovc, C, Krajnc, P. 2015. Tailoring the mechanical and thermal properties of dicyclopentadiene polyHIPEs with the use of a comonomer. Express Polymer Letters; 9: 344-353.
• [18]. Yüce, E, Mert, EH, Krajnc, P, Parın, FN, San, N, Kaya, D, Yıldırım, H. 2017. Photocatalytic activity of titania/ polydicyclopentadiene polyHIPE composites. Macromolecular Materials and Engineering; 302: 1700091.
• [19]. Yüce E, Krajnc, P, Mert, HH, Mert, EH. 2019. Influence of nanoparticles and antioxidants on mechanical properties of titania/polydicyclopentadiene polyHIPEs: a statistical approach. Journal of Applied Polymer Science; 136: 46913.
• [20]. Zhang, T, Sanguramath, RA, Israel, S, Silverstein, MS. 2019. Emulsion templating: porous polymers and beyond. Macromolecules; 52: 5445-5479.
• [21]. Sevšek, U, Seifried, S, Stropnik, Č, Pulko, I, Krajnc, P. 2011. Poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene-co-2-ethylhxyl)acrylate membranes with interconnected macroporous structure. Materials and Technology; 45: 247-251.
• [22]. Moghbeli, MR, Khajeh, A, Alikhani, M. 2017. Nanosilica reinforced ion-exchange polyHIPE type membrane for removal of nickel ions: preparation, characterization and adsorption studies. Chemical Engineering Journal; 309: 552-562.
• [23]. Menner, A, Haibach, K, Powell, R, Bismarck, A. 2006. Tough reinforced open porous polymer foams via concentrated emulsion templating. Polymer; 47: 7628-7635.
• [24]. Mert, HH. 2020. PolyHIPE composite based-form stable phase change material for thermal energy storage. International Journal of Energy Research; 44: 6583-6594.
• [25]. Barbetta, A, Cameron, NR. 2004. Morphology and surface area of emulsion-derived (polyHIPE) solid foams prepared with oil-phase soluble porogenic solvents: Span 80 as surfactant. Macromolecules; 37: 3188-3201.