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Investigation of Heavy Metal Content of Turkish Teas and Tea Infusions

Year 2023, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 13 - 21, 30.06.2023

Abstract

A procedure for the determination of heavy metals (HMs) aluminum, manganese, iron, copper, zinc and nickel) in Turkish teas of different brands, years, and forms (leaves, sachets, etc.), which were most widely consumed in Turkey, was developed. The samples obtained from local market were digested by wet ashing technique via HNO3-H2O2 and they were analyzed with high recovery (94% to 98%), precision, accuracy and repeatability via flame atomic absorption spectrometry (F-AAS) and graphite furnace AAS for their HM content. The regression coefficients were above 0.99, and the detection limits were in the range of 0.0065-0.1846 ppm. The performance and accuracy of the method was determined by analyzing "Certified Reference Material GBW 08501-Peach Leaves." The results obtained were in agreement with the standard values for the HMs analyzed. Thus, the method proposed here may be used in a wide range of applications for to establish a relationship among the composition, processing, storage of tea plant and brewing conditions of tea

References

  • Arora, N. K., Chauhan, R. (2021). Heavy metal toxicity and sustainable interventions for their decontamination. Environmental Sustainability 2021 4:1, 4(1), 1–3.
  • Ashraf, W., Mian, A. A. (2008). Levels of selected heavy metals in black tea varieties consumed in Saudi Arabia. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 81(1): 101–104.
  • Bolan, N. S., Adriano, D. C., Naidu, R. (2003). Role of phosphorus in (im)mobilization and bioavailability of heavy metals in the soil-plant system. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 177: 1–44.
  • Bolan, N. S., Choppala, G., Kunhikrishnan, A., Park, J., Naidu, R. (2013). Microbial transformation of trace elements in soils in relation to bioavailability and remediation. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 225: 1–56.
  • Corcho Alvarado, J. A., Balsiger, B., Röllin, S., Jakob, A., Burger, M. (2014). Radioactive and chemical contamination of the water resources in the former uranium mining and milling sites of Mailuu Suu (Kyrgyzstan). Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 138: 1–10.
  • Deshwal, G. K., Panjagari, N. R. (2020). Review on metal packaging: materials, forms, food applications, safety and recyclability". Journal of Food Science and Technology, 57(7): 2377–2392.
  • Flaten, T. P. (2002). Aluminium in tea—concentrations, speciation and bioavailability. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 228(2): 385–395.
  • Gökmen, I. G., Birgül, O., Kence, A., Gökmen, A. (2005). Chernobyl radioactivity in Turkish tea and its possible health consequences. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 198(2): 487–497.
  • Karimi, G. n.d. "Pharmacologyonline 3: 164-174 (2008). Newsletter Karimi et al. Concentrations and Health Risk of Heavy Metals in Tea Samples Marketed in IRAN Pharmacologyonline 3: 164-174 (2008) Newsletter Karimi et al".
  • Leitenmaier, B., Küpper, H. (2013). Compartmentation and complexation of metals in hyperaccumulator plants. Frontiers in Plant Science, 4(SEP), 374.
  • Liu, J., Lu, W., Zhang, N., Su, D., Zeer, L., Du, H., Hu, K. (2021). Collaborative assessment and health risk of heavy metals in soils and tea leaves in the southwest region of China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(19): 10151.
  • Matsushima, F., Meshitsuka, S., Nose, T. (1993). Contents of aluminum and manganese in tea leaves and tea infusions. Nihon EiseigakuZasshi. Japanese Journal of Hygiene, 48(4): 864–872.
  • Mehra, A., Baker, C. L. (2007). Leaching and bioavailability of aluminium, copper and manganese from tea (Camellia sinensis). Food Chemistry, 100(4): 1456–1463.
  • Neiva, A. M. R., Antunes, I. M. H. R., Carvalho, P. C. S., Santos, A. C. T. (2016). Uranium and arsenic contamination in the former Mondego Sul uranium mine area, Central Portugal. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 162: 1–15.
  • Nkansah, M. A., Opoku, F., Ackumey, A. A. (2016). Risk assessment of mineral and heavy metal content of selected tea products from the Ghanaian market. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188(6): 1–11.
  • Nugraha, E. D., Mellawati, J., Wahyudi, Kranrod, C., Makhsun, Tazoe, H., …Tokonami, S. (2022). Heavy Metal Assessments of Soil Samples from a High Natural Background Radiation Area, Indonesia. Toxics 2022, Vol. 10, Page 39, 10(1): 39.
  • Nugraha, E. D., Wahyudi, K., Iskandar, D. (2019). Radon Concentrations in Dwelling of South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 184(3–4): 463–465.
  • Salnikow, K., Zhitkovich, A. (2008). Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in metal carcinogenesis and cocarcinogenesis: Nickel, arsenic, and chromium. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 21(1): 28–44.
  • Schwalfenberg, G., Genuis, S. J., Rodushkin, I. (2013). The benefits and risks of consuming brewed tea: Beware of toxic element contamination. Journal of Toxicology, 2013.
  • Seenivasan, S., Manikandan, N., Muraleedharan, N. N., Selvasundaram, R. (2008). Heavy metal content of black teas from south India. Food Control, 19(8): 746–749.
  • U.S. tea market - statistics & facts | Statista. n.d. Retrieved December 21, (2022), from https://www.statista.com/topics/1513/tea-market/
  • Wieczorek-Dabrowska, M., Tomza-Marciniak, A., Pilarczyk, B., Balicka-Ramisz, A. (2013). Roe and red deer as bioindicators of heavy metals contamination in north-western Poland. Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1080/02757540.2012.711322, 29(2): 100–110.
  • Xu, J., Wang, S., Yao, T., She, X., Gan, Z. (2022). Vertical Distributions and Bioavailabilities of Heavy Metals in Soil in An-Tea Plantations in Qimen County, China. Processes, 10(4): 664.
  • Yaylali-Abanuz, G., Tüysüz, N. (2009). Heavy metal contamination of soils and tea plants in the eastern black sea region, NE Turkey". Environmental Earth Sciences, 59(1): 131–144.
  • Zhang, L., Zhang, J., Chen, L., Liu, T., Ma, G., Liu, X. (2018). Influence of manufacturing process on the contents of iron, copper, chromium, nickel and manganese elements in Crush, Tear and Curl black tea, their transfer rates and health risk assessment. Food Control, 89: 241–249.

Türk Çaylarının ve Çay Demlemelerinin Ağır Metal İçeriğinin Araştırılması

Year 2023, Volume: 2 Issue: 1, 13 - 21, 30.06.2023

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Türkiye'den çok tüketilen farklı marka, yıl ve formdaki (yaprak, poşet vb.) Türkçaylarındaki ağır metallerin (HMs) alüminyum, mangan, demir, bakır, çinko ve nikel tayini için bir yöntem geliştirildi. Yerel piyasadan temin edilen numuneler, HNO3-H2O2 kullanılarak yaş kül etme yöntemiyle kül edildi ve ağır metal içerikleri alev atomik absorpsiyon spektrometresi (F-AAS) ve grafit fırın-AAS ile yüksek geri kazanım verimiyle (%94 ila %98), hassasiyetle, doğrulukla ve tekrarlanabilirlikle analizedildi. Regresyon katsayılarının 0,99'un üstünde olduğu, saptama limitlerinin 0,0065-0,1846 ppm aralığında olduğu görülmüştür. Yöntemin performansı ve doğruluğu, "Sertifikalı Referans Malzemesi GBW 08501-Şeftali Yaprağı" analize dilerek belirlendi. Ağır metaller için elde edilen sonuçların analiz edilen standart değerlerle uyumlu olduğu görülmüştür. Bu nedenle, burada önerilen yöntemin, çaybitkisinin içeriği, işlenmesi, depolanması ve demleme koşulları arasında ilişki kurmak için geniş bir uygulama yelpazesinde kullanılabileceği görülmüştür.

References

  • Arora, N. K., Chauhan, R. (2021). Heavy metal toxicity and sustainable interventions for their decontamination. Environmental Sustainability 2021 4:1, 4(1), 1–3.
  • Ashraf, W., Mian, A. A. (2008). Levels of selected heavy metals in black tea varieties consumed in Saudi Arabia. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 81(1): 101–104.
  • Bolan, N. S., Adriano, D. C., Naidu, R. (2003). Role of phosphorus in (im)mobilization and bioavailability of heavy metals in the soil-plant system. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 177: 1–44.
  • Bolan, N. S., Choppala, G., Kunhikrishnan, A., Park, J., Naidu, R. (2013). Microbial transformation of trace elements in soils in relation to bioavailability and remediation. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 225: 1–56.
  • Corcho Alvarado, J. A., Balsiger, B., Röllin, S., Jakob, A., Burger, M. (2014). Radioactive and chemical contamination of the water resources in the former uranium mining and milling sites of Mailuu Suu (Kyrgyzstan). Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 138: 1–10.
  • Deshwal, G. K., Panjagari, N. R. (2020). Review on metal packaging: materials, forms, food applications, safety and recyclability". Journal of Food Science and Technology, 57(7): 2377–2392.
  • Flaten, T. P. (2002). Aluminium in tea—concentrations, speciation and bioavailability. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 228(2): 385–395.
  • Gökmen, I. G., Birgül, O., Kence, A., Gökmen, A. (2005). Chernobyl radioactivity in Turkish tea and its possible health consequences. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 198(2): 487–497.
  • Karimi, G. n.d. "Pharmacologyonline 3: 164-174 (2008). Newsletter Karimi et al. Concentrations and Health Risk of Heavy Metals in Tea Samples Marketed in IRAN Pharmacologyonline 3: 164-174 (2008) Newsletter Karimi et al".
  • Leitenmaier, B., Küpper, H. (2013). Compartmentation and complexation of metals in hyperaccumulator plants. Frontiers in Plant Science, 4(SEP), 374.
  • Liu, J., Lu, W., Zhang, N., Su, D., Zeer, L., Du, H., Hu, K. (2021). Collaborative assessment and health risk of heavy metals in soils and tea leaves in the southwest region of China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(19): 10151.
  • Matsushima, F., Meshitsuka, S., Nose, T. (1993). Contents of aluminum and manganese in tea leaves and tea infusions. Nihon EiseigakuZasshi. Japanese Journal of Hygiene, 48(4): 864–872.
  • Mehra, A., Baker, C. L. (2007). Leaching and bioavailability of aluminium, copper and manganese from tea (Camellia sinensis). Food Chemistry, 100(4): 1456–1463.
  • Neiva, A. M. R., Antunes, I. M. H. R., Carvalho, P. C. S., Santos, A. C. T. (2016). Uranium and arsenic contamination in the former Mondego Sul uranium mine area, Central Portugal. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 162: 1–15.
  • Nkansah, M. A., Opoku, F., Ackumey, A. A. (2016). Risk assessment of mineral and heavy metal content of selected tea products from the Ghanaian market. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 188(6): 1–11.
  • Nugraha, E. D., Mellawati, J., Wahyudi, Kranrod, C., Makhsun, Tazoe, H., …Tokonami, S. (2022). Heavy Metal Assessments of Soil Samples from a High Natural Background Radiation Area, Indonesia. Toxics 2022, Vol. 10, Page 39, 10(1): 39.
  • Nugraha, E. D., Wahyudi, K., Iskandar, D. (2019). Radon Concentrations in Dwelling of South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Radiation Protection Dosimetry, 184(3–4): 463–465.
  • Salnikow, K., Zhitkovich, A. (2008). Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in metal carcinogenesis and cocarcinogenesis: Nickel, arsenic, and chromium. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 21(1): 28–44.
  • Schwalfenberg, G., Genuis, S. J., Rodushkin, I. (2013). The benefits and risks of consuming brewed tea: Beware of toxic element contamination. Journal of Toxicology, 2013.
  • Seenivasan, S., Manikandan, N., Muraleedharan, N. N., Selvasundaram, R. (2008). Heavy metal content of black teas from south India. Food Control, 19(8): 746–749.
  • U.S. tea market - statistics & facts | Statista. n.d. Retrieved December 21, (2022), from https://www.statista.com/topics/1513/tea-market/
  • Wieczorek-Dabrowska, M., Tomza-Marciniak, A., Pilarczyk, B., Balicka-Ramisz, A. (2013). Roe and red deer as bioindicators of heavy metals contamination in north-western Poland. Http://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1080/02757540.2012.711322, 29(2): 100–110.
  • Xu, J., Wang, S., Yao, T., She, X., Gan, Z. (2022). Vertical Distributions and Bioavailabilities of Heavy Metals in Soil in An-Tea Plantations in Qimen County, China. Processes, 10(4): 664.
  • Yaylali-Abanuz, G., Tüysüz, N. (2009). Heavy metal contamination of soils and tea plants in the eastern black sea region, NE Turkey". Environmental Earth Sciences, 59(1): 131–144.
  • Zhang, L., Zhang, J., Chen, L., Liu, T., Ma, G., Liu, X. (2018). Influence of manufacturing process on the contents of iron, copper, chromium, nickel and manganese elements in Crush, Tear and Curl black tea, their transfer rates and health risk assessment. Food Control, 89: 241–249.
There are 25 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Bioassays
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Emine Kutlu 0000-0003-0211-1006

Ruken Esra Demirdöğen 0000-0003-2391-3454

Publication Date June 30, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 2 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kutlu, E., & Demirdöğen, R. E. (2023). Investigation of Heavy Metal Content of Turkish Teas and Tea Infusions. Karatekin University Journal of Science, 2(1), 13-21.