Effect of extraction solvents on polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.) leaves

Year 2023, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 130 - 137, 25.12.2023

Siham Baba Ahmed Selka Adil Ilham Lahfa

https://doi.org/10.38093/cupmap.1373186

Abstract

Carob tree (Ceratonia siliqua L.) is widely used in traditional medicine and food. The aim of this study was to determine the most appropriate extraction solvent to optimize the extraction of polyphenols and flavonoids from the leaves, in order to obtain the highest antioxidant activity. In this context, the effects of six different solvents (100% methanol, 100% ethanol, 100% acetone, 50% (v/v) aqueous methanol, 50% (v/v) aqueous ethanol and 50% (v/v) aqueous acetone) with different polarities on the polyphenol content and antioxidant activity of carob tree leaf extracts were investigated. The total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents, as well as the antioxidant activity determined by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging method of the extracts were evaluated. The results showed that carob tree leaves extracted with 100% methanol presented the highest values in terms of total polyphenol content (11.33± 0.08 mg EAG/g DM), total flavonoid content (8.55± 0.34 mg EC/g DM) and DPPH inhibition percentage (79.29 ± 3.75%). High positive correlations between total polyphenols, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity of carob tree leaf extracts were also observed. These results indicate that carob tree leaf extract obtained using an appropriate extraction solvent was able to enhance the protective effect against oxidative damage associated with free radicals.

Keywords

Antioxidants, Polyphenols, Flavonoïds, Extraction solvents, Ceratonia siliqua L., Carob tree leaves.

References

• 1. Benmahioul, B., Kaïd Harche, M., & Daguin, F. (2011). Le caroubier, une espèce méditerranéenne à usages multiples. Forêt Méditerranéenne, XXXII(1), 51‑58.
• 2. Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M. E., & Berset, C. (1995). Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 28(1), 25‑30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(95)80008-5
• 3. Ceylan, Ş., Saral, Ö., Özcan, M., & Harşıt, B. (2017). Determination of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus L.) extrackts in different solvents. https://agris.fao.org/search/en/providers/122436/records/64747f532d3f560f80b0af23
• 4. Chuen, T. L. K., Vuong, Q. V., Hirun, S., Bowyer, M. C., Predebon, M. J., Goldsmith, C. D., Sakoff, J. A., & Scarlett, C. J. (2016). Antioxidant and anti-proliferative properties of Davidson’s plum (Davidsonia pruriens F. Muell) phenolic-enriched extracts as affected by different extraction solvents. Journal of Herbal Medicine, 6(4), 187‑192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2016.08.005
• 5. Çelebi Sezer, Y., Süfer, Ö., & Sezer, G. (2017). Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Oven and Microwave Dried Mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus and Pleurotus ostreatus) by Using Methanol, Ethanol and Aceton as Solvents. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 51(3s2), s393‑s397. https://doi.org/10.5530/ijper.51.3s.55
• 6. Do, Q. D., Angkawijaya, A. E., Tran-Nguyen, P. L., Huynh, L. H., Soetaredjo, F. E., Ismadji, S., & Ju, Y.-H. (2014). Effect of extraction solvent on total phenol content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of Limnophila aromatica. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 22(3), 296‑302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfda.2013.11.001
• 7. Durazzo, A., Turfani, V., Narducci, V., Azzini, E., Maiani, G., & Carcea, M. (2014). Nutritional characterisation and bioactive components of commercial carobs flours. Food Chemistry, 153, 109‑113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.12.045
• 8. Dvorackova, E., Snoblova, M., Chromcova, L., & Hrdlicka, P. (2015). Effects of extraction methods on the phenolic compounds contents and antioxidant capacities of cinnamon extracts. Food Science and Biotechnology, 24(4), 1201‑1207. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-015-0154-4
• 9. Elbouzidi, A., Taibi, M., Ouassou, H., Ouahhoud, S., Ou-Yahia, D., Loukili, E. H., Aherkou, M., Mansouri, F., Bencheikh, N., Laaraj, S., Bellaouchi, R., Saalaoui, E., Elfazazi, K., Berrichi, A., Abid, M., & Addi, M. (2023). Exploring the Multi-Faceted Potential of Carob (Ceratonia siliqua var. Rahma) Leaves from Morocco : A Comprehensive Analysis of Polyphenols Profile, Antimicrobial Activity, Cytotoxicity against Breast Cancer Cell Lines, and Genotoxicity. Pharmaceuticals, 16(6), Article 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph16060840
• 10. Ghasemzadeh, A., Jaafar, H. Z. E., Juraimi, A. S., & Tayebi-Meigooni, A. (2015). Comparative Evaluation of Different Extraction Techniques and Solvents for the Assay of Phytochemicals and Antioxidant Activity of Hashemi Rice Bran. Molecules, 20(6), Article 6. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules200610822
• 11. Kallel, F., Driss, D., Chaari, F., Belghith, L., Bouaziz, F., Ghorbel, R., & Chaabouni, S. E. (2014). Garlic (Allium sativum L.) husk waste as a potential source of phenolic compounds : Influence of extracting solvents on its antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. Industrial Crops and Products, 62, 34‑41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2014.07.047
• 12. Kim, Y.-H., Cho, M. L., Kim, D.-B., Shin, G.-H., Lee, J.-H., Lee, J. S., Park, S.-O., Lee, S.-J., Shin, H. M., & Lee, O.-H. (2015). The Antioxidant Activity and Their Major Antioxidant Compounds from Acanthopanax senticosus and A. koreanum. Molecules, 20(7), Article 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules200713281
• 13. Madi, A., Maameri, Z., Sihem, H., Nadia, Z., Amira, N., & Abdelmalik, B. (2023). Phytochemical Investigation of Algerian Ceratonia siliqua L. Leaves Extract, by Evaluation of Antioxidants, and Analgesic Effects. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 66(3), 519‑528. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejchem.2022.172323.7141
• 14. Matić, P., Sabljić, M., & Jakobek, L. (2017). Validation of Spectrophotometric Methods for the Determination of Total Polyphenol and Total Flavonoid Content. Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL, 100(6), 1795‑1803. https://doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.17-0066
• 15. Meneses, N. G. T., Martins, S., Teixeira, J. A., & Mussatto, S. I. (2013). Influence of extraction solvents on the recovery of antioxidant phenolic compounds from brewer’s spent grains. Separation and Purification Technology, 108, 152‑158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2013.02.015
• 16. Mimoun, M., Rezig, S., Bekoudj, H., & Boutennoun, H. (2022). Composition phytochimique et activités antioxydante et anti-inflammatoire in vitro des extraits phénoliques de Ceratonia seliqua [Thesis, Université de Jijel]. http://dspace.univ-jijel.dz:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/12105
• 17. Nakilcioğlu-Taş, E., & Ötleş, S. (2021). Influence of extraction solvents on the polyphenol contents, compositions, and antioxidant capacities of fig (Ficus carica L.) seeds. Anais Da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 93. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765202120190526
• 18. Ngo, T. V., Scarlett, C. J., Bowyer, M. C., Ngo, P. D., & Vuong, Q. V. (2017). Impact of Different Extraction Solvents on Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Capacity from the Root of Salacia chinensis L. Journal of Food Quality, 2017, e9305047. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/9305047
• 19. Ouhaddou, H., Boubaker, H., Msanda, F., & Mousadik, A. E. (2014). An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants of the Agadir Ida Ou Tanane province (southwest Morocco). Journal of Applied Biosciences, 84, 7707‑7722. https://doi.org/10.4314/jab.v84i1
• 20. Sánchez-Moreno, C., Larrauri, J. A., & Saura-Calixto, F. (1998). A procedure to measure the antiradical efficiency of polyphenols. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 76(2), 270‑276. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199802)76:2<270::AID-JSFA945>3.0.CO;2-9
• 21. Selka, A., Chenafa, A., Achouri̇, M. Y., & Nazim, B. (2022). Formulation and Control of a Topical Emulsion, Containing Algerian Vitis vinifera.L Leaves Extract. Current Perspectives on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 5(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.38093/cupmap.1118538
• 22. Wijekoon, M. M. J. O., Bhat, R., & Karim, A. A. (2011). Effect of extraction solvents on the phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of bunga kantan (Etlingera elatior Jack.) inflorescence. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 24(4), 615‑619. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfca.2010.09.018
• 23. Xu, B. J., & Chang, S. K. C. (2007). A Comparative Study on Phenolic Profiles and Antioxidant Activities of Legumes as Affected by Extraction Solvents. Journal of Food Science, 72(2), S159‑S166. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1750-3841.2006.00260.x
• 24. Ye, F., Liang, Q., Li, H., & Zhao, G. (2015). Solvent effects on phenolic content, composition, and antioxidant activity of extracts from florets of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). Industrial Crops and Products, 76, 574‑581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2015.07.063