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BEHAVIORAL METHODS EMPLOYED TO INVESTIGATE THE STRUCTURE OF AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORIES

Year 2023, Volume: 63 Issue: 2, 1489 - 1502, 25.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.33171/dtcfjournal.2023.63.2.23

Abstract

Memory research conducted in laboratories require controlled experiments in order to eliminate the confounding factors that can affect memory retrieval. However autobiographical memories require the retrieval of distant memories which are most of the time not verifiable. Due to the differences related to Autobiographical memory these controlled experiments cannot be used and different methods are required. Cue word technique, diary studies, recording event by using devices, Autobiographical Memory Interview and Autobiographical Interview are some of the behavioral methods employed for Autobiographical memory research. These methods have both some advantages and some disadvantages, which should be considered before they are used. The findings from the studies employing these methods indicated that Autobiographical memory has a hierarchical organization, it consists of a sementic component and an episodic component, and some of the cues are ineffective for the retrieval of autobiographical memories. Most of these methods can also be employed in research investigating the impaired components of autobiographical memory for patients with memory disorders like Alzheimer’s disease. In this review the bahavioral methods empleyed to investigate the structure of Autobiographical memories will be explored. First the differences of autobiographical memory from memory investigated in laboratory and the need for different methods in autobiographical memory research will be mentioned. Then behavioral methods to investigate the structure of Autobiographical memory, how they are used and the findings obtained from these studies seperately and in common will be discussed.

References

  • Barnabe, A., Whitehead, V., Pilon, R., Arsenault-Lapierre, G., & Chertkow, H. (2012). Autobiographical memory in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: A comparison between the Levine and Kopelman interview methodologies. Hippocampus, 22(9), 1809–1825.
  • Bauer, P. J. (2015). A complementary processes account of the development of childhood amnesia and a personal past. Psychological Review, 122(2), 204.
  • Berntsen, D., Kirk, M., & Kopelman, M. D. (2022). Autobiographical memory loss in Alzheimer’s disease: The role of the reminiscence bump. Cortex, 150, 137–148.
  • Bernstein, D. M., Rudd, M. E., Erdfelder, E., Godfrey, R., & Loftus, E. F. (2009). The revelation effect for autobiographical memory: A mixture-model analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16(3), 463–468.
  • Bernstein, D. M., Whittlesea, B. W., & Loftus, E. F. (2002). Increasing confidence in remote autobiographical memory and general knowledge: Extensions of the revelation effect. Memory & Cognition, 30(3), 432–438.
  • Brewer, W. F. (1986). What is recollective memory? In D. C. Rubin (Ed.), Remembering our past. Studies in autobiographical memory (pp. 19–66). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
  • Burt, C. D. (2008). Time, language, and autobiographical memory. Language Learning, 58, 123–141.
  • Burt, C. D. (1992). Retrieval characteristics of autobiographical memories: Event and date information. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 6(5), 389–404.
  • Cabeza, R., & St Jacques, P. (2007). Functional neuroimaging of autobiographical memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(5), 219–227.
  • Chow, T. E., & Rissman, J. (2017). Neurocognitive mechanisms of real-world autobiographical memory retrieval: Insights from studies using wearable camera technology. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1396(1), 202–221.
  • Conway, M. A. (2009). Episodic memories. Neuropsychologia, 47(11), 2305–2313.
  • Conway, M. A. (2005). Memory and the self. Journal of Memory and Language, 53(4), 594–628.
  • Conway, M. A., & Pleydell-Pearce, C. W. (2000). The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system. Psychological Review, 107(2), 261-288.
  • Crovitz, H. F., & Schiffman, H. (1974). Frequency of episodic memories as a function of their age. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 4(5), 517-518.
  • Galton, F. (1879). Psychometric experiments. Brain, 2(2), 149-162.
  • Garry, M., Manning, C. G., Loftus, E. F., & Sherman, S. J. (1996). Imagination inflation: Imagining a childhood event inflates confidence that it occurred. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3(2), 208–214.
  • Heaps, C., & Nash, M. (1999). Individual differences in imagination inflation. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 6, 313–318.
  • Irish, M. (2023). Autobiographical memory in dementia syndromes—An integrative review. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 14(3), e1630.
  • Kopelman, M. D., Wilson, B., & Baddeley, A. D. (1989). The autobiographical memory interview: A new assessment of autobiographical and personal semantic memory in amnesic patients. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 11(5), 724–744.
  • Levine, B., Svoboda, E., Hay, J. F., Winocur, G., & Moscovitch, M. (2002). Aging and autobiographical memory: Dissociating episodic from semantic retrieval. Psychology and Aging, 17(4), 677-689.
  • Linton, M. (1975). Memory for real-world events In N orman D A, & R umelhart D E (Eds.), Explorations in cognition (pp. 376–404). San Fransisco, CA: Freeman.
  • Mendelsohn, A., Furman, O., Navon, I., & Dudai, Y. (2009). Subjective vs. Documented reality: A case study of long-term real-life autobiographical memory. Learning & Memory, 16(2), 142–146.
  • Munawar, K., Kuhn, S. K., & Haque, S. (2018). Understanding the reminiscence bump: A systematic review. PloS One, 13(12), e0208595.
  • Murphy, K. J., Troyer, A. K., Levine, B., & Moscovitch, M. (2008). Episodic, but not semantic, autobiographical memory is reduced in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychologia, 46(13), 3116–3123.
  • Norman, D. A., & Bobrow, D. G. (1979). Descriptions an intermediate stage in memory retrieval. Cognitive Psychology, 11, 107–123.
  • Robinson, J. A. (1986). Autobiographical memory: A historical prologue. In D. C. Rubin (Ed.), Autobiographical memory (pp. 19–24). Cambridge University Press. Rubin, D. C. (2005). A basic-systems approach to autobiographical memory. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(2), 79–83.
  • Rubin, D. C., & Schulkind, M. D. (1997). The distribution of autobiographical memories across the lifespan. Memory & Cognition, 25, 859–866.
  • Sharman, S. J., Garry, M., & Beuke, C. J. (2004). Imagination or exposure causes imagination inflation. The American Journal of Psychology, 157–168.
  • Sotgiu, I. (2021). Eight memory researchers investigating their own autobiographical memory. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 35(6), 1631–1640.
  • Sreekumar, V., Nielson, D. M., Smith, T. A., Dennis, S. J., & Sederberg, P. B. (2018). The experience of vivid autobiographical reminiscence is supported by subjective content representations in the precuneus. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 14899.
  • Talarico, J. M. (2022). Replicating autobiographical memory research using social media: A case study. Memory, 30(4), 429–440.
  • Tulving, E. (2002). Episodic memory: from mind to brain. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 1–25.
  • Tulving, E. (1985). How many memory systems are there?. American Psychologist, 40, 385–398.
  • Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic and semantic memory. In E. Tulving & W. Donaldson (Eds.), Organization of Memory (pp. 382–403). New York: Academic Press.
  • Wagenaar, W. A. (1986). My memory: A study of autobiographical memory over six years. Cognitive Psychology, 18(2), 225–252.
  • White, R. (2002). Memory for events after twenty years. Applied Cognitive Psychology: The Official Journal of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 16(5), 603–612.
  • White, R. T. (2020). Autobiographical memory after 40 years. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 34(3), 776–781.
  • White, R. T. (1989). Recall of autobiographical events. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 3(2), 127–135.
  • White, R. T. (1982). Memory for personal events. Human Learning, 1(3), 171–183. Williams, J. M., & Broadbent, K. (1986). Autobiographical memory in suicide attempters. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95(2), 144-149.
  • Williams, J. M. G., Barnhofer, T., Crane, C., Herman, D., Raes, F., Watkins, E., & Dalgleish, T. (2007). Autobiographical memory specificity and emotional disorder. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 122-148.

OTOBİYOGRAFİK BELLEĞİN YAPISINI ARAŞTIRMAK İÇİN KULLANILAN DAVRANIŞSAL YÖNTEMLER

Year 2023, Volume: 63 Issue: 2, 1489 - 1502, 25.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.33171/dtcfjournal.2023.63.2.23

Abstract

Laboratuvar ortamında gerçekleştirilen bellek araştırmalarında karıştırıcı etkenlerin etkisini ortadan kaldırabilmek amacıyla yöntemsel olarak kontrollü deneyler kullanılmaktadır. Ancak otobiyografik bellek araştırmaları çoğu zaman doğrulanması mümkün olmayan uzak dönem belleğin geri getirilmesini gerektirdiği için farklı yöntemlere ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. İpucu kelime tekniği, günlük ve günlük benzeri kayıt cihazları kullanılması, otobiyografik bellek görüşmesi ve otobiyografik görüşme gibi yöntemler otobiyografik bellek araştırmalarında kullanılan davranışsal yöntemlerdir. Bu farklı yöntemlerin birbirleriyle kıyaslandığı zaman farklı avantajları ve dezavantajları bulunmaktadır. Bu yöntemleri kullanan araştırmalar sonucunda otobiyografik bellek yapsının hiyerarşik olduğu, semantik ve epizodik bileşenlerden oluştuğu, geri çağırma aşamasında kullanılan ipuçlarının bazılarının hiç kullanılamadığı gibi sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır. Demans gibi hafıza problemleri olan hasta gruplarında da kullanılabilen bu yöntemler yaşın ilerlemesi ile birlikte otobiyografik hafızada meydana gelen değişikliklerin ve bozulmaların hangi bileşenlerde olduğunu incelememizi sağlamıştır. Bu incelemede otobiyografik belleğin yapısını araştırmak için kullanılan davranışsal yöntemler ve bu araştırmaların sonuçları ele alınacaktır. Öncelikle laboratuvar ortamında gerçekleştirilen bellek araştırmalarında kullanılan yöntemlerden, otobiyografik belleği farklı kılan yönlerinden ve neden farklı yöntemlere ihtiyaç duyulduğundan bahsedilecektir. Sonrasında bu farklı yöntemlerden sadece davranışsal olanlara ve otobiyografik bellek yapısını incelemek amacıyla önerilenlere değinilecektir. Bu yöntemlerin neleri içerdiğine, nasıl kullanıldığına ve bu yöntemleri kullanan bazı araştırmaların sonuçlarına değinildikten sonra genel olarak farklı yöntemleri kullanan bütün araştırmaların otobiyografik bellek yapısı hakkında ortaya koydukları ortak sonuçlar değerlendirilecektir.

References

  • Barnabe, A., Whitehead, V., Pilon, R., Arsenault-Lapierre, G., & Chertkow, H. (2012). Autobiographical memory in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: A comparison between the Levine and Kopelman interview methodologies. Hippocampus, 22(9), 1809–1825.
  • Bauer, P. J. (2015). A complementary processes account of the development of childhood amnesia and a personal past. Psychological Review, 122(2), 204.
  • Berntsen, D., Kirk, M., & Kopelman, M. D. (2022). Autobiographical memory loss in Alzheimer’s disease: The role of the reminiscence bump. Cortex, 150, 137–148.
  • Bernstein, D. M., Rudd, M. E., Erdfelder, E., Godfrey, R., & Loftus, E. F. (2009). The revelation effect for autobiographical memory: A mixture-model analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 16(3), 463–468.
  • Bernstein, D. M., Whittlesea, B. W., & Loftus, E. F. (2002). Increasing confidence in remote autobiographical memory and general knowledge: Extensions of the revelation effect. Memory & Cognition, 30(3), 432–438.
  • Brewer, W. F. (1986). What is recollective memory? In D. C. Rubin (Ed.), Remembering our past. Studies in autobiographical memory (pp. 19–66). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.
  • Burt, C. D. (2008). Time, language, and autobiographical memory. Language Learning, 58, 123–141.
  • Burt, C. D. (1992). Retrieval characteristics of autobiographical memories: Event and date information. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 6(5), 389–404.
  • Cabeza, R., & St Jacques, P. (2007). Functional neuroimaging of autobiographical memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 11(5), 219–227.
  • Chow, T. E., & Rissman, J. (2017). Neurocognitive mechanisms of real-world autobiographical memory retrieval: Insights from studies using wearable camera technology. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1396(1), 202–221.
  • Conway, M. A. (2009). Episodic memories. Neuropsychologia, 47(11), 2305–2313.
  • Conway, M. A. (2005). Memory and the self. Journal of Memory and Language, 53(4), 594–628.
  • Conway, M. A., & Pleydell-Pearce, C. W. (2000). The construction of autobiographical memories in the self-memory system. Psychological Review, 107(2), 261-288.
  • Crovitz, H. F., & Schiffman, H. (1974). Frequency of episodic memories as a function of their age. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 4(5), 517-518.
  • Galton, F. (1879). Psychometric experiments. Brain, 2(2), 149-162.
  • Garry, M., Manning, C. G., Loftus, E. F., & Sherman, S. J. (1996). Imagination inflation: Imagining a childhood event inflates confidence that it occurred. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3(2), 208–214.
  • Heaps, C., & Nash, M. (1999). Individual differences in imagination inflation. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 6, 313–318.
  • Irish, M. (2023). Autobiographical memory in dementia syndromes—An integrative review. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Cognitive Science, 14(3), e1630.
  • Kopelman, M. D., Wilson, B., & Baddeley, A. D. (1989). The autobiographical memory interview: A new assessment of autobiographical and personal semantic memory in amnesic patients. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 11(5), 724–744.
  • Levine, B., Svoboda, E., Hay, J. F., Winocur, G., & Moscovitch, M. (2002). Aging and autobiographical memory: Dissociating episodic from semantic retrieval. Psychology and Aging, 17(4), 677-689.
  • Linton, M. (1975). Memory for real-world events In N orman D A, & R umelhart D E (Eds.), Explorations in cognition (pp. 376–404). San Fransisco, CA: Freeman.
  • Mendelsohn, A., Furman, O., Navon, I., & Dudai, Y. (2009). Subjective vs. Documented reality: A case study of long-term real-life autobiographical memory. Learning & Memory, 16(2), 142–146.
  • Munawar, K., Kuhn, S. K., & Haque, S. (2018). Understanding the reminiscence bump: A systematic review. PloS One, 13(12), e0208595.
  • Murphy, K. J., Troyer, A. K., Levine, B., & Moscovitch, M. (2008). Episodic, but not semantic, autobiographical memory is reduced in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychologia, 46(13), 3116–3123.
  • Norman, D. A., & Bobrow, D. G. (1979). Descriptions an intermediate stage in memory retrieval. Cognitive Psychology, 11, 107–123.
  • Robinson, J. A. (1986). Autobiographical memory: A historical prologue. In D. C. Rubin (Ed.), Autobiographical memory (pp. 19–24). Cambridge University Press. Rubin, D. C. (2005). A basic-systems approach to autobiographical memory. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 14(2), 79–83.
  • Rubin, D. C., & Schulkind, M. D. (1997). The distribution of autobiographical memories across the lifespan. Memory & Cognition, 25, 859–866.
  • Sharman, S. J., Garry, M., & Beuke, C. J. (2004). Imagination or exposure causes imagination inflation. The American Journal of Psychology, 157–168.
  • Sotgiu, I. (2021). Eight memory researchers investigating their own autobiographical memory. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 35(6), 1631–1640.
  • Sreekumar, V., Nielson, D. M., Smith, T. A., Dennis, S. J., & Sederberg, P. B. (2018). The experience of vivid autobiographical reminiscence is supported by subjective content representations in the precuneus. Scientific Reports, 8(1), 14899.
  • Talarico, J. M. (2022). Replicating autobiographical memory research using social media: A case study. Memory, 30(4), 429–440.
  • Tulving, E. (2002). Episodic memory: from mind to brain. Annual Review of Psychology, 53, 1–25.
  • Tulving, E. (1985). How many memory systems are there?. American Psychologist, 40, 385–398.
  • Tulving, E. (1972). Episodic and semantic memory. In E. Tulving & W. Donaldson (Eds.), Organization of Memory (pp. 382–403). New York: Academic Press.
  • Wagenaar, W. A. (1986). My memory: A study of autobiographical memory over six years. Cognitive Psychology, 18(2), 225–252.
  • White, R. (2002). Memory for events after twenty years. Applied Cognitive Psychology: The Official Journal of the Society for Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 16(5), 603–612.
  • White, R. T. (2020). Autobiographical memory after 40 years. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 34(3), 776–781.
  • White, R. T. (1989). Recall of autobiographical events. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 3(2), 127–135.
  • White, R. T. (1982). Memory for personal events. Human Learning, 1(3), 171–183. Williams, J. M., & Broadbent, K. (1986). Autobiographical memory in suicide attempters. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95(2), 144-149.
  • Williams, J. M. G., Barnhofer, T., Crane, C., Herman, D., Raes, F., Watkins, E., & Dalgleish, T. (2007). Autobiographical memory specificity and emotional disorder. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 122-148.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Memory and Attention
Journal Section İnceleme makalesi
Authors

Aslı Bahar İnan 0000-0002-9350-5643

Early Pub Date December 20, 2023
Publication Date December 25, 2023
Submission Date December 2, 2023
Acceptance Date December 3, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 63 Issue: 2

Cite

APA İnan, A. B. (2023). BEHAVIORAL METHODS EMPLOYED TO INVESTIGATE THE STRUCTURE OF AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL MEMORIES. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil Ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 63(2), 1489-1502. https://doi.org/10.33171/dtcfjournal.2023.63.2.23

Ankara University Journal of the Faculty of Languages and History-Geography

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