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İNGİLTERE İDARESİNDE IRAK’TA MALİ GELİŞMELER (1921-1925)

Year 2023, Volume: 37 Issue: 3, 1235 - 1250, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.48070/erciyesakademi.1341327

Abstract

İngiltere Birinci Dünya Savaşı sırasında, 1914’te Basra’yı, 1917’de Bağdat’ı, 1918’de Musul’u ise işgal etmiştir. Böylece birbirinden farklı etnik ve dini gruplardan oluşan vilayetler Irak şeklinde anılmış ve askeri idare başlamıştır. Irak’a askeri idarenin üst yöneticisi olarak İngiltere’nin Hindistan bürokrasisinde görevli Arnold T. Wilson atanmıştır. Wilson’un maliye ile ilgili öncelikli hedefi vilayet, din, etnik yapı fark etmeksizin Irak sınırları içerisinde bulunan halktan vergi toplamaktır. Fakat bu durum 1920’de Irak’ta İngiliz idaresine karşı halk tepkisine yol açmıştır. Bu tepki aynı zamanda Irak’ın malî durumunu istikrarsız hale getirirken İngiltere’nin de askeri masraflarını arttırmıştır. San-Remo Konferansı’ndan (1920) sonra Irak’ta sivil idareye geçilmiş ve Sör Percy Cox yüksek komiser atanmıştır. Cox, İngiltere’nin bölgedeki ekonomik masraflarının azaltılması için Sömürgelerden Sorumlu Devlet Bakanlığının alt birimi olan Ortadoğu Bölümünün tertip ettiği Kahire Konferansı’nda (1921) alınan kararlar doğrultusunda Irak’ta gerekli politik ve malî düzenlemeleri yapmıştır. Irak’ın mali durumunu tespit eden raporlar hazırlamıştır. Cox’tan sonra yüksek komiserlik görevine Sör Henry Dobbs atanmıştır. Dobbs, Irak’ta vergi toplayabileceği her alanda üretimin yükseltilmesine ve Irak’ın mali durumunun İngiltere’nin desteğine ihtiyacı olmayacak hale getirilmesine odaklanmıştır. Bu makalede, mali alanda Irak’ta yaşanan gelişmeler yüksek komiserlerin Milletler Cemiyeti’ne sunduğu yönetim raporları esas alınarak incelenmiştir. İngiltere’nin, Irak’ın maliyesini idare ederken kendi stratejilerini önceleyen etkin bir konumda yer aldığı ve Irak’ın yıllık üretim kapasitesini uluslararası İngiliz ticareti ile bütünleştirdiği tespit edilmiştir.

References

  • Allawi, A. A. (2016). Irak Kralı I. Faysal (Çev. H. Abacı,). Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Bell, G. L., & Wilson, A. T. (1920). CMD. 1061 Review of the civil administration of Mesopotamia 1920. H.M. Stationery Off.
  • Chirol, V. (1903). The Middle East question or some problems of Indian Defence. John Murray.
  • Cmd. 1757. (1922). Iraq treaty with King Feisal. His Majesty’s Stationery Office.
  • Colonial Office. (1925). Report on Iraq Administration April 1923-December 1924. His Majesty’s Stationery Office (Issued by the Colonial Office Colonial No. 13).
  • Colonial Office. (1926). Report By His Britannic Majesty’s Government To The Council Of The League Of Nations On The Administration Iraq For The Year 1925. His Majesty’s Stationery Office (Issued by the Colonial Office Colonial No. 21).
  • Hurewitz, J. C. (1987). Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East A Documentary Record 1535-1956 C. I. Archive Editions Limited.
  • Karaca, T. N. (2020). Sınırları Çizen Kadın İngiliz Casus Gertrude Bell. Kronik Kitap.
  • Klieman, A. S. (1970). Foundations Of British Policy İn The Arab World The Cairo Conference Of 1921. The Johns Hopkıns Press.
  • Kurt, B. (2015). Osmanlı Basra’sında Devlet ve Toplum 1908-1914. Küre Yayınları.
  • Mahan, A. T. (1902). The Persian Gulf and International Relations. National Review, 27-46.
  • Mercer, W. H., Collins, A. E., Harding, A. J. (1922). The Colonial Office List For 1922. Waterlow&Sons Limited.
  • Mercer, W. H., Collins, A. E., Harding, A. J. (1924). The Colonial Office List For 1924. Waterlow&Sons Limited.
  • Noel, E. W. C. (1999). Kürdistan 1919 (Çev. B. Birer). Avesta Basın Yayın.
  • Ortaylı, İ. (2020). Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Alman Nüfuzu. Kronik Kitap.
  • Öke, M. K. (1992). Belgelerle Türk-İngiliz ilişkilerinde Musul ve Kürdistan sorunu 1918-1926. Türk Kültürümü Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları: 123.
  • Report Administration Of Iraq 1925. (1926). Issued by the Colonial Office His Majesty’s Stationery Office.
  • Report Administration Of Iraq 1927.(1928). Report By His Britannic Majesty’s Government To The Council Of The League Of Nations On The Administration Of Iraq For The Year 1927. Issued by the Colonial Office His Majesty’s Stationery Office.
  • Special Report Iraq. (1931). Special Report by His Majesty’s Government in The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the Council of the League of Nations on the Progress Of Iraq During The Period 1920- 1931. His Majesty’s Stationery Office.
  • Sluglett, P. (2007). Britain in Iraq: Contriving King and Country. I. B. Tauris.
  • Rushbrooke, E. G. N. (1987). The Middle East intelligence handbooks (Western Arabia And The Red Sea) 1943- 1946 (C. 4). Cambridge Archive Editions Limited.
  • TBMM Meclis-i MebusanTutanak. (2022, Ağustos 5). Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi. https://www5.tbmm.gov.tr/develop/owa/td_v2_istatistik_mmb.tutanak_hazirla? v_meclis=&v_donem=&v_yasama_yili=&v_cilt=&v_birlesim=&v_sayfa=&v_anabaslik=&v_altbaslik=&v_mv =SASUN%20EFEND%DD&v_sb=&v_ozet=&v_kelime=&v_bastarih=&v_bittarih
  • TNA, CO 935/1. (1921). Report On Middle East Conference Held In Cairo And Jerusalem March 12Th To 30Th, 1921. Printed For The Colonial Office.
  • TNA, FO 371/9004. Report On Iraq Administration October 1920-March 1922.
  • TNA, FO 371/10095. (1924). Report on Iraq Administration April 1922-March 1923. His Majesty’s Stationery Office (Issued by the Colonial Office Colonial No. 4).
  • TNA, IOR/L/Ps/10/764/4722. (1921). Mesopotamia: Creation of a Provisional Council of State.
  • Townsend, J. (2010). Proconsul to the Middle East: Sir percy cox and the End of Empire. I. B. Tauris.
  • Tuson, P., & Quick, E. (1992). Arabian Treaties 1600-1960 İnternational and Regional Treaties and Agreements Bahrain-Qatar-United Arab Emirates. Cambridge Archive Editions
  • Waylet, B., & Jack, E. (2004). İmparatorluk Stratejileri ve Ortadoğu (Çev. V. Atilla). Chiviyazıları Yayınevi.
  • Willard, P. (1937). Iraq A Study in Political Development. Jonathan Cape.
  • Wilson, A. T. (t.y.). Mesopotamia, 1914–1921. Journal of The Royal Central Asian Society, 8(3), 144-161. https://doi.org/10.1080/03068372108724791
  • Yurdakul, N. Ö. (2020). İngiltere Ortadoğu’ya Nasıl Girdi?. Kronik Kitap.

FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENTS IN IRAQ IN THE BRITISH ADMINISTRATION (1921-1925)

Year 2023, Volume: 37 Issue: 3, 1235 - 1250, 30.09.2023
https://doi.org/10.48070/erciyesakademi.1341327

Abstract

During the First World War, Britain occupied Basra in 1914, Baghdad in 1917, and Mosul in 1918. Thus, the provinces consisting of different ethnic and religious groups were called Iraq and military administration began. Arnold T. Wilson, an officer in the British Indian bureaucracy, was appointed as the top manager of the military administration in Iraq. Wilson's primary goal in terms of finance is to collect taxes from the people within the borders of Iraq, regardless of province, religion or ethnicity. However, this situation led to reaction against the British rule in Iraq in 1920. This reaction also destabilized Iraq's financial situation and increased Britain's military expenses. After the San-Remo Conference (1920), the civilian administration of Iraq was established and Sir Percy Cox was appointed high commissioner. In order to reduce the economic costs of the British in the region, Cox made the necessary political and financial arrangements in Iraq in line with the decisions taken at the Cairo Conference (1921), which was organized by the Middle East Department, a sub-unit of the Ministry of State for the Colonies. He prepared reports identifying the financial situation of Iraq. Dobbs focused on increasing production in every area in Iraq where he could collect taxes and making Iraq's financial situation not needing the support of Britain. In this article, the developments in the financial field in Iraq are examined based on the management reports submitted by the high commissioners to the League of Nations. It has been determined that England is in an effective position prioritizing its own strategies while managing Iraq's finances and that Iraq's annual production capacity is integrated with international British trade.

References

  • Allawi, A. A. (2016). Irak Kralı I. Faysal (Çev. H. Abacı,). Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları.
  • Bell, G. L., & Wilson, A. T. (1920). CMD. 1061 Review of the civil administration of Mesopotamia 1920. H.M. Stationery Off.
  • Chirol, V. (1903). The Middle East question or some problems of Indian Defence. John Murray.
  • Cmd. 1757. (1922). Iraq treaty with King Feisal. His Majesty’s Stationery Office.
  • Colonial Office. (1925). Report on Iraq Administration April 1923-December 1924. His Majesty’s Stationery Office (Issued by the Colonial Office Colonial No. 13).
  • Colonial Office. (1926). Report By His Britannic Majesty’s Government To The Council Of The League Of Nations On The Administration Iraq For The Year 1925. His Majesty’s Stationery Office (Issued by the Colonial Office Colonial No. 21).
  • Hurewitz, J. C. (1987). Diplomacy in the Near and Middle East A Documentary Record 1535-1956 C. I. Archive Editions Limited.
  • Karaca, T. N. (2020). Sınırları Çizen Kadın İngiliz Casus Gertrude Bell. Kronik Kitap.
  • Klieman, A. S. (1970). Foundations Of British Policy İn The Arab World The Cairo Conference Of 1921. The Johns Hopkıns Press.
  • Kurt, B. (2015). Osmanlı Basra’sında Devlet ve Toplum 1908-1914. Küre Yayınları.
  • Mahan, A. T. (1902). The Persian Gulf and International Relations. National Review, 27-46.
  • Mercer, W. H., Collins, A. E., Harding, A. J. (1922). The Colonial Office List For 1922. Waterlow&Sons Limited.
  • Mercer, W. H., Collins, A. E., Harding, A. J. (1924). The Colonial Office List For 1924. Waterlow&Sons Limited.
  • Noel, E. W. C. (1999). Kürdistan 1919 (Çev. B. Birer). Avesta Basın Yayın.
  • Ortaylı, İ. (2020). Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Alman Nüfuzu. Kronik Kitap.
  • Öke, M. K. (1992). Belgelerle Türk-İngiliz ilişkilerinde Musul ve Kürdistan sorunu 1918-1926. Türk Kültürümü Araştırma Enstitüsü Yayınları: 123.
  • Report Administration Of Iraq 1925. (1926). Issued by the Colonial Office His Majesty’s Stationery Office.
  • Report Administration Of Iraq 1927.(1928). Report By His Britannic Majesty’s Government To The Council Of The League Of Nations On The Administration Of Iraq For The Year 1927. Issued by the Colonial Office His Majesty’s Stationery Office.
  • Special Report Iraq. (1931). Special Report by His Majesty’s Government in The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the Council of the League of Nations on the Progress Of Iraq During The Period 1920- 1931. His Majesty’s Stationery Office.
  • Sluglett, P. (2007). Britain in Iraq: Contriving King and Country. I. B. Tauris.
  • Rushbrooke, E. G. N. (1987). The Middle East intelligence handbooks (Western Arabia And The Red Sea) 1943- 1946 (C. 4). Cambridge Archive Editions Limited.
  • TBMM Meclis-i MebusanTutanak. (2022, Ağustos 5). Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi. https://www5.tbmm.gov.tr/develop/owa/td_v2_istatistik_mmb.tutanak_hazirla? v_meclis=&v_donem=&v_yasama_yili=&v_cilt=&v_birlesim=&v_sayfa=&v_anabaslik=&v_altbaslik=&v_mv =SASUN%20EFEND%DD&v_sb=&v_ozet=&v_kelime=&v_bastarih=&v_bittarih
  • TNA, CO 935/1. (1921). Report On Middle East Conference Held In Cairo And Jerusalem March 12Th To 30Th, 1921. Printed For The Colonial Office.
  • TNA, FO 371/9004. Report On Iraq Administration October 1920-March 1922.
  • TNA, FO 371/10095. (1924). Report on Iraq Administration April 1922-March 1923. His Majesty’s Stationery Office (Issued by the Colonial Office Colonial No. 4).
  • TNA, IOR/L/Ps/10/764/4722. (1921). Mesopotamia: Creation of a Provisional Council of State.
  • Townsend, J. (2010). Proconsul to the Middle East: Sir percy cox and the End of Empire. I. B. Tauris.
  • Tuson, P., & Quick, E. (1992). Arabian Treaties 1600-1960 İnternational and Regional Treaties and Agreements Bahrain-Qatar-United Arab Emirates. Cambridge Archive Editions
  • Waylet, B., & Jack, E. (2004). İmparatorluk Stratejileri ve Ortadoğu (Çev. V. Atilla). Chiviyazıları Yayınevi.
  • Willard, P. (1937). Iraq A Study in Political Development. Jonathan Cape.
  • Wilson, A. T. (t.y.). Mesopotamia, 1914–1921. Journal of The Royal Central Asian Society, 8(3), 144-161. https://doi.org/10.1080/03068372108724791
  • Yurdakul, N. Ö. (2020). İngiltere Ortadoğu’ya Nasıl Girdi?. Kronik Kitap.
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Late Modern History (Other)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Can Deveci 0000-0002-2609-5365

Publication Date September 30, 2023
Submission Date August 11, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 37 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Deveci, C. (2023). İNGİLTERE İDARESİNDE IRAK’TA MALİ GELİŞMELER (1921-1925). Erciyes Akademi, 37(3), 1235-1250. https://doi.org/10.48070/erciyesakademi.1341327

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