Holmes Tremor in A Case of AIDS with Toxoplasma Abscess: Is A Common Result of Different Pathogenetic Mechanisms?

Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 29 - 35, 30.04.2024

Özlem Önder

https://doi.org/10.59124/guhes.1348648

Abstract

Holmes tremor is a low-frequency tremor clinic that predominantly affects proximal extremities during rest, posture, and action. It is generally associated with lesions located in the mesencephalon or thalamus. It is thought that the clinic is formed in similar phenomenology but as a result of different physiopathologic events. It is known that weeks, months, or even years pass from the underlying cause for the duration of symptoms. In this article, it is aimed to present a case of Holmes tremor, developing approximately nine months after HIV-related toxoplasmic abscess located in the mesencephalon and the thalamus and to discuss these rare associations with the literature.

Keywords

cerebral toxoplasmosis, HIV, Holmes’ tremor

References

• Deuschl, G., Bain, P., & Brin, M. (1998). Consensus statement of the Movement Disorder Society on Tremor. Ad Hoc Scientific Committee. Movement Disorders, 13(3), 2-23.
• Deuschl, G., & Bergman, H. (2002). Pathophysiology of nonparkinsonian tremors. Movement Disorders, 17(3), 41-48.
• Deuschl, G., Krack, P., Lauk, M., & Timmer, J. (1996). Clinical neurophysiology of tremor. Journal of Clinical Neurophysiology, 13, 110-121.
• Gajos, A., Bogucki, A., Schinwelski, M., Sołtan, W., Rudzińska, M., Budrewicz, S., Koszewicz, M., ... Sławek, J. (2010). The clinical and neuroimaging studies in Holmes tremor. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 122(5), 360-366. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01339.x
• Holmes, G. (1904). On Certaın Tremors In Organıc Cerebral Lesıons. Brain, 27(3), 327–375. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/27.3.327
• Kim, D. G., Koo, Y. H., Kim, O. J., & Oh, S. H. (2009). Development of Holmes’ tremor in a patient with Parkinson’s disease following acute cerebellar infarction. Movement Disorders, 24, 463-464. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.22355
• Koppel, B. S., & Daras, M. (1990). Rubral Tremor Due to Midbrain Toxoplasma Abscess. Movement Disorders, 5, 254-256. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.870050314
• Lekoubou, A., Njouoguep, R., Kuate, C., & Kengne, A. P. (2010). Cerebral toxoplasmosis in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) patients also provides unifying pathophysiologic hypotheses for Holmes tremor. BMC Neurology, 10, 37. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2377-10-37
• Ling, Y. T., Li, J. M., Ling, Y., Wang, S. G., Wang, J. T., Zhang, X. Y., & Dong, L. H. (2022). Wernekinck Commissure Syndrome with Holmes Tremor: A Report of Two Cases and Review of Literature. Neurology India, 70(1), 281-284. https://doi.org/ 10.4103/0028-3886.336876
• Raina, G. B., Cersosimo, M. G., Folgar, S. S., Giugni, J. C., Calandra, C., Paviolo, J. P., et al. (2016). Holmes tremor: Clinical description, lesion localization, and treatment in a series of 29 cases. Neurology, 86, 931-938. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000002469
• San-Andrés, F. J., Rubio, R., Castilla, J., et al. (2003). Incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated opportunistic diseases and the effect of treatment on a cohort of 1115 patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus, 1989-1997. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 36, 1177-1185. https://doi.org/10.1086/374789
• SchreudFerlazzo, E., Morgante, F., Rizzo, V., Sciarrone, G., Meduri, M., Magaudda, A., et al. (2008). Successful treatment of Holmes tremor by levetiracetam. Movement Disorders, 23(14), 2101-2103. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.22216
• Siddiqi, O. K., & Koralnik, I. J. (2015). Neurologic diseases caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and opportunistic infections. In Mandell, Douglas and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ (editors). 8th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 1574-1589.
• Yuk, C. D., Ahn, J. H., Oh, J. K., Chang, I. B., Song, J. H., & Kim, J. H. (2019). Deep brain stimulation of the ventralis intermedius nucleus of the thalamus and posterior subthalamic area for Holmes' tremor secondary to brainstem hemorrhage: A case report. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, 60, 160-164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2018.10.049