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Year 2020, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 1 - 29, 31.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.25272/ijisef.659330

Abstract

References

  • Abdullah, A. (2013, Mar.). “Examining the Value of Money in England Over the Long Term (1259-2009)”. International Journal for Economics and Finance. Vol.5, No.3, pp.73-89.
  • Abdullah, A. (2013, Oct.). “Examining the Value of Money in America Over the Long Term (1792-2009)”. International Journal for Economics and Finance. Vol.5, No.10, pp.58-84.
  • Abdullah, A. (2013, Dec.), “Examining the Value of Money in Turkey Over the Long Term (1469-2009)”, Asian Social Science, Vol.9 No.17, pp.187-208.
  • Abdullah, A. (2015, Dec.), “Economic Security Requires Monetary and Price Stability: Analysis of Malaysian Macroeconomic and Credit Data”, Al-Shajarah, Special Issue on Islamic Banking & Finance, pp.205-247.
  • Abdullah, A. (2016, Apr.), “An Islamic Monetary Theory of Value and Equation of Exchange: Evidence from Egypt (696–1517)”, Humanomics, Vol.32, Issue 2, pp.212-150.
  • Abdullah, A. (2016). The Islamic Currency. Kuala Lumpur: ICIFE.
  • Abdullah, A. (2018). Money and the Real Economy: An Islamic Perspective, Kuala Lumpur: IIUM Institute of Islamic Banking & Finance (IIiBF).
  • Abu ‘Ubayd al-Qasim ibn Sallam. (2003), The Book of Revenue (Kitab al-Amwal), trans. by Imran A. K. Nyazee, Reading: Garnet.
  • Al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid Muhammad ibn Muhammad. (2004), ‘Ihya’ Ulum-Id-Din, trans. by Al-Haj Maulana Fazlul Karim, 4 Vols., New Delhi: Islamic Book Service.
  • Al-Hakim, Abi al-Hasan `Ali b. Yusuf. (2001), Al-Dawhatal-Mushtabakat Fi Dawabit Dar al-Sikka, trans. by Fawzan Barrage, Chapter 5, As- Sikka Islamic Coins Group.
  • Al-Maqrizi, Ahmad ibn Ali. (1994). Mamluk Economics, a Study and Translation of Al-Maqrizi’s Ighathah (Kitab Ighathat al-Ummah bi- Kashf al-Ghummah) (Book of Aiding the Ummah by Investigating the Depression), first published in Egypt in 1405, trans. by Adel Allouche, Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press
  • Al-Maqrizi, Ahmad ibn Ali. (1940), Kitab Ighathat al-Ummah bi-Kashf al-Ghummah, Muhammad Mustafa Ziyadah and Jamal al-Din Muhammad al-Shayyal (Eds.), Cairo: Lajnat al-ta’lif wa’l-tarjamah wa’l nashr (2/e, 1957).
  • Al-Maqrizi, Ahmad ibn Ali. (1967), al-Nuqud al-Islamiyah; al-musamma bi-shudhur al-uqud fi dhikr al-nuqud, Muhammad al-Sayyid Ali Bahr al-Ulum (Ed.), Najaf: al-Maktabah al-haydariyah.
  • Al-Mawardi, Abu al-Hassan. (2000), The Ordinances of Government, Al- Ahkam al-Sultaniyya, originally written 1045-1058, trans. by Wafaa H. Wahba, Reading: Garnet.
  • Al-Muqaddasi, Shams al-Din Abu Abd Allah Muhammad bin Ahmad bin Abi Bakr al-Banna al-Shami. (2001), The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions, Ahsan al-Taqasim fi Ma’rifat al-Aqalim, first published 735H/985, trans. by Basil Collins, reviewed by Mohammad Hamid Alta’i, Reading: Garnet.
  • Al-Qardawi, Y. (2005). Fiqh Az-Zakat. London: Dar Al Taqwa.
  • Al-Tabari, Abu Ja’far Muhammad bin Jarir. (1989), The History of al-Tabari, Vol.XXII The Marwanid Restoration, The Caliphate of `Abd al-Malik, trans. by Everett K. Rowson from Ta’rikh al-Rasul wa’l Muluk (The History of Prophets and Kings), New York: State University of New York Press.
  • [Allouche], see Al-Maqrizi, Ahmad ibn Ali, Mamluk Economics, a Study and Translation of Al-Maqrizi’s Ighathah.
  • [ANS] American Numismatic Society (2019), retrieved from http://numismatics.org/
  • Ashtor, E. (1969), Histoire des prix et des salaires dans l’Orient médiéval, Paris: S.E.V.P.E.N.
  • Bank of England [BoE], (2020), “General Banknote Questions”, retrieved from https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/faq/banknote
  • Bates, M. L. (1981, Jan.) “The Function of Fatimid and Ayyubid Glass Weights”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol.24 No.1, pp.63-92
  • Borsch, S. J. (2005), The Black Death in Egypt and England, Austin, Tx: University of Texas Press
  • Broome, M. (1985). A Handbook of Islamic Coins, London: Seaby.
  • Choudhury, M. A. (1997). Money in Islam: A Study in Islamic Political Economy. London: Routledge.
  • Eagleton, C. and Williams, J. (2007). Money, A History. Buffalo: Firefly.
  • Ehrenkreutz, A. S. (1959, May), “Studies in the Monetary History of the Near East in the Middle Ages: The Standard of Fineness of Some Types of Dinars”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol.2 No.2, pp.128-161
  • Ehrenkreutz, A. S. (1992), Monetary Change and Economic History in the Medieval Muslim World, Aldershot: Variorum.
  • [EI], Houtsma, M. T. et al., (Eds.), (1993), The Encyclopaedia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples, 8 Vols. and 1 Suppl., first published between 1913–36 and reprinted, Leiden: E.J. Brill.
  • Entwistle, C. (2002), “Byzantine Weights”, in The Economic History of Byzantium: From the Seventh through the Fifteenth Century, Angeliki E. Laiou (Ed.), Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, pp.611-614
  • Frey, A. R. (1973). A Dictionary of Numismatic Terms, published (1917) New York: American Numismatic Society, published (1947) New York, Barnes & Noble, and London, Spink & Son.
  • Goitein, S. D. (1965, Aug.), “The Exchange Rate of Gold and Silver Money in Fatimid and Ayyubid Times: A Preliminary Study of the Relevant Geniza Material”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol. 8 No.1, pp.1-46
  • Goitein, S. D. (2000), A Mediterranean Society, The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza, Volume 1: Economic Conditions, 6 Vols., Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press
  • Grierson, P. (1960, Oct.), “The Monetary Reforms of ‘Abd al-Malik: Their Metrological Basis and Their Financial Repercussions”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol.3 No.3, pp.241-264
  • Grierson, P. (1999), Byzantine Coinage, (1/e 1982), 2/e, Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks
  • Hail ‘Abd al-Hafid (1999), “Taghayyur al-Qimah as-Shira’iyyah Li an-Nuqud al-Wariqiyyah, Dirasat Fi al-Iqtisad al-Islami (Raqm 35)”, Herndon, VA.: International Institute of Islamic Thought (al-Mahad al-‘Alami Li al-Fikr al-Islami).
  • Haneef, M. A. and Barakat, E. R. (2006), “Must Money Be Limited to Only Gold and Silver?: A Survey of Fiqhi Opinions and Some Implications”, JKAU: Islamic Economics, Vol.19, No.1, pp.21-34
  • Ibn Khaldun. (1958), Muqaddimah, first published in 1377, trans. By Frank Rosenthal, 3 Vols. New York: Pantheon.
  • Ibn Rushd, Abu al-Walid Muhammad ibn Ahmad. (2003), The Distinguished Jurists Primer, Bidayat al-Mujtahid wa Nihayat al- Muqtasid, first published 584H/1184, trans. by Imran Ahsan Khan Nyazee, reviewed Mohammad Abdul Rauf, Reading: Garnet.
  • [Ighathah], see Al-Maqrizi, Ahmad ibn Ali, Mamluk Economics, a Study and Translation of Al-Maqrizi’s Ighathah.
  • [Ihya], see Al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid Muhammad ibn Muhammad, ‘Ihya’ Ulum al-Din.
  • Imam Malik ibn Anas ibn Malik ibn ‘Amr al-Asbahi. (1991), Al-Muwatta’ of Imam Malik ibn Anas, trans. by Aisha Abdurrahman Bewley, Inverness: Madinah Press.
  • Kabaklarh, N. (2007). Ottoman Copper Coins Minted in Tira 1411-1516. Istanbul: Tire Belediyesi.
  • Majallah. (2001), The Mejelle: Being An English Translation of Majallah el-Ahkam-I-Adliya, And A Complete Code of Islamic Civil Law, enacted in Imperial Turkey between 1869 and 1876, trans. by Tyser C. R., Demetriades D. G. and Effendi, I. H. in 1901. Petaling Jaya: The Other Press.
  • Meloy, J. (2003), The Merits of Economic History: Re-Reading al-Maqrizi's Ighathah and Shudhur, Mamluk Studies Review, Vol.7, No.2, pp.183-203
  • [Muwatta], see Imam Mālik ibn Anas ibn Malik ibn ‘Āmr al-Asbahi, Al- Muwatta’ of Imam Malik ibn Anas.
  • [Nuqud], see Al-Maqrizi, Ahmad ibn Ali, al-Nuqud al-Islamiyah.
  • Pamuk, S. (2000). A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Popper, W. (1955-1957). Egypt and Syria under the Circassian Sultans 1382-1468: Systemic Notes to Ibn Taghri Birdi’s Chronicles of Egypt, University of California Publications in Semitic Philology, Vols.15- 16, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press
  • Rabie, H. M. (1972), The Financial System of Egypt, A.H.564-741/1169-1341, London: Oxford University Press.
  • Sauvaire, M. H. (1879-1887). Matériaux pour servir à l’histoire de la numismatique et de la métrologie musulmanes, Paris: Journal Asiatique, 7th series, 14 (1879:455-533); 15 (1880:228-277,421-478); 18 (1881:499-516); 19 (1882:23-77,97-163,281-327), Deuxième partie - Poids, 8th series, 3 (1884:386-345); 4 (1884:207-321); 5 (1885:498-506), Troisième partie – Mesures de capacité, 8th series, 7 (1886:124-177,394-468); 8 (1886:113-165,272-297), Complément, 8th series, 10 (1887:200-259)
  • Schultz, W. (1995), Mamluk Money from Baybars to Barquq: A Study Based on the Literary Evidence and the Numismatic Evidence, PhD dissertation, University of Chicago
  • Schultz, W. (2003, Mar.), “Mamluk Metrology and the Numismatic Evidence”, published by Routledge in Al-Masaq, Islam and the Medieval Mediterranean, Vol.15 No.1, pp.59-75
  • Schultz, W. (2008), “The Monetary History of Egypt, 642-1517”, in The Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume 1: Islamic Egypt, 640-1517, Vol.1 640-1517 Carl F. Perry (Ed.), Vol.2 1517-2000 M. W. Daly (Ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, originally published 1998, reprinted 2008, pp.318-338
  • Shoshan, B. (1983, Feb.), “Money Supply and Grain Prices in Fifteenth Century Egypt”, published by Blackwell on behalf of the Economic History Society, The Economic History Review, New Series Vol.36 No.1, pp.47-67
  • Udovitch, A., Lopez, R. and Miskimin, H. (1978), “England to Egypt, 1350-1500: Long Term Trends and Long-Distance Trade”, in Studies of the Economic History of the Middle East, from the Rise of Islam to the Present Day, M. A. Cook (Ed.), first published (1970), reprinted London: Oxford University Press, pp.93-128
  • Usmani, M. T. (2001), The Text of the Historic Judgment on Riba given by the Supreme Court of Pakistan 23rd Dec. 1999, Petaling Jaya: The Other Press.
  • Zayas, F. G. de (2003), The Law and Institution of Zakat, first published (1960), Petaling Jaya: The Other Press.
  • Zalloom, A. Q. (2002), Funds in the Khilafah State, New Delhi: Milli Publications.

The Islamic Monetary Standard: The Dinar and Dirham

Year 2020, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 1 - 29, 31.03.2020
https://doi.org/10.25272/ijisef.659330

Abstract

The Shari’ah not only considers the Islamic monetary standard as a medium of exchange, unit of account, store of value and a standard of deferred payment, but the Islamic functions of money also determine Shari’ah legal injunctions concerning zakat (poor tax), jizya (poll tax), kharaj (tax on conquered territory), diyyat (blood-money), sariqa (theft), mahar (dowry) and sarf (exchange). This study seeks to clarify the weight of the dinar and dirham, since they impart justice as part of Shari’ah law. Through library research and content analysis of literature from the hadith, scholars, mint-masters and writers, different regions had different weights and coin standards, which might imply differing opinions as to what constitutes a legal dinar and dirham. However, narrations have clarified the relationships between the Byzantine dinar and the mithqal of Persia, Makkah, Syria, Egypt and Iraq. Combined with additional numismatic and metrological analysis of surviving coins and glass weights, we discover that each mithqal, dirham, daniq, qirat, habbah and khardal are defined differently, but reflect the same standard of the Prophet (s.a.w.s.) that was later externalized with the minting of the first Islamic dinars and dirhams by Caliph cAbd al-Malik ibn Marwan, involving modern equivalents weights of 4.25g and 2.975g.

References

  • Abdullah, A. (2013, Mar.). “Examining the Value of Money in England Over the Long Term (1259-2009)”. International Journal for Economics and Finance. Vol.5, No.3, pp.73-89.
  • Abdullah, A. (2013, Oct.). “Examining the Value of Money in America Over the Long Term (1792-2009)”. International Journal for Economics and Finance. Vol.5, No.10, pp.58-84.
  • Abdullah, A. (2013, Dec.), “Examining the Value of Money in Turkey Over the Long Term (1469-2009)”, Asian Social Science, Vol.9 No.17, pp.187-208.
  • Abdullah, A. (2015, Dec.), “Economic Security Requires Monetary and Price Stability: Analysis of Malaysian Macroeconomic and Credit Data”, Al-Shajarah, Special Issue on Islamic Banking & Finance, pp.205-247.
  • Abdullah, A. (2016, Apr.), “An Islamic Monetary Theory of Value and Equation of Exchange: Evidence from Egypt (696–1517)”, Humanomics, Vol.32, Issue 2, pp.212-150.
  • Abdullah, A. (2016). The Islamic Currency. Kuala Lumpur: ICIFE.
  • Abdullah, A. (2018). Money and the Real Economy: An Islamic Perspective, Kuala Lumpur: IIUM Institute of Islamic Banking & Finance (IIiBF).
  • Abu ‘Ubayd al-Qasim ibn Sallam. (2003), The Book of Revenue (Kitab al-Amwal), trans. by Imran A. K. Nyazee, Reading: Garnet.
  • Al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid Muhammad ibn Muhammad. (2004), ‘Ihya’ Ulum-Id-Din, trans. by Al-Haj Maulana Fazlul Karim, 4 Vols., New Delhi: Islamic Book Service.
  • Al-Hakim, Abi al-Hasan `Ali b. Yusuf. (2001), Al-Dawhatal-Mushtabakat Fi Dawabit Dar al-Sikka, trans. by Fawzan Barrage, Chapter 5, As- Sikka Islamic Coins Group.
  • Al-Maqrizi, Ahmad ibn Ali. (1994). Mamluk Economics, a Study and Translation of Al-Maqrizi’s Ighathah (Kitab Ighathat al-Ummah bi- Kashf al-Ghummah) (Book of Aiding the Ummah by Investigating the Depression), first published in Egypt in 1405, trans. by Adel Allouche, Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press
  • Al-Maqrizi, Ahmad ibn Ali. (1940), Kitab Ighathat al-Ummah bi-Kashf al-Ghummah, Muhammad Mustafa Ziyadah and Jamal al-Din Muhammad al-Shayyal (Eds.), Cairo: Lajnat al-ta’lif wa’l-tarjamah wa’l nashr (2/e, 1957).
  • Al-Maqrizi, Ahmad ibn Ali. (1967), al-Nuqud al-Islamiyah; al-musamma bi-shudhur al-uqud fi dhikr al-nuqud, Muhammad al-Sayyid Ali Bahr al-Ulum (Ed.), Najaf: al-Maktabah al-haydariyah.
  • Al-Mawardi, Abu al-Hassan. (2000), The Ordinances of Government, Al- Ahkam al-Sultaniyya, originally written 1045-1058, trans. by Wafaa H. Wahba, Reading: Garnet.
  • Al-Muqaddasi, Shams al-Din Abu Abd Allah Muhammad bin Ahmad bin Abi Bakr al-Banna al-Shami. (2001), The Best Divisions for Knowledge of the Regions, Ahsan al-Taqasim fi Ma’rifat al-Aqalim, first published 735H/985, trans. by Basil Collins, reviewed by Mohammad Hamid Alta’i, Reading: Garnet.
  • Al-Qardawi, Y. (2005). Fiqh Az-Zakat. London: Dar Al Taqwa.
  • Al-Tabari, Abu Ja’far Muhammad bin Jarir. (1989), The History of al-Tabari, Vol.XXII The Marwanid Restoration, The Caliphate of `Abd al-Malik, trans. by Everett K. Rowson from Ta’rikh al-Rasul wa’l Muluk (The History of Prophets and Kings), New York: State University of New York Press.
  • [Allouche], see Al-Maqrizi, Ahmad ibn Ali, Mamluk Economics, a Study and Translation of Al-Maqrizi’s Ighathah.
  • [ANS] American Numismatic Society (2019), retrieved from http://numismatics.org/
  • Ashtor, E. (1969), Histoire des prix et des salaires dans l’Orient médiéval, Paris: S.E.V.P.E.N.
  • Bank of England [BoE], (2020), “General Banknote Questions”, retrieved from https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/faq/banknote
  • Bates, M. L. (1981, Jan.) “The Function of Fatimid and Ayyubid Glass Weights”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol.24 No.1, pp.63-92
  • Borsch, S. J. (2005), The Black Death in Egypt and England, Austin, Tx: University of Texas Press
  • Broome, M. (1985). A Handbook of Islamic Coins, London: Seaby.
  • Choudhury, M. A. (1997). Money in Islam: A Study in Islamic Political Economy. London: Routledge.
  • Eagleton, C. and Williams, J. (2007). Money, A History. Buffalo: Firefly.
  • Ehrenkreutz, A. S. (1959, May), “Studies in the Monetary History of the Near East in the Middle Ages: The Standard of Fineness of Some Types of Dinars”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol.2 No.2, pp.128-161
  • Ehrenkreutz, A. S. (1992), Monetary Change and Economic History in the Medieval Muslim World, Aldershot: Variorum.
  • [EI], Houtsma, M. T. et al., (Eds.), (1993), The Encyclopaedia of Islam: A Dictionary of the Geography, Ethnography and Biography of the Muhammadan Peoples, 8 Vols. and 1 Suppl., first published between 1913–36 and reprinted, Leiden: E.J. Brill.
  • Entwistle, C. (2002), “Byzantine Weights”, in The Economic History of Byzantium: From the Seventh through the Fifteenth Century, Angeliki E. Laiou (Ed.), Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, pp.611-614
  • Frey, A. R. (1973). A Dictionary of Numismatic Terms, published (1917) New York: American Numismatic Society, published (1947) New York, Barnes & Noble, and London, Spink & Son.
  • Goitein, S. D. (1965, Aug.), “The Exchange Rate of Gold and Silver Money in Fatimid and Ayyubid Times: A Preliminary Study of the Relevant Geniza Material”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol. 8 No.1, pp.1-46
  • Goitein, S. D. (2000), A Mediterranean Society, The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza, Volume 1: Economic Conditions, 6 Vols., Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press
  • Grierson, P. (1960, Oct.), “The Monetary Reforms of ‘Abd al-Malik: Their Metrological Basis and Their Financial Repercussions”, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, Vol.3 No.3, pp.241-264
  • Grierson, P. (1999), Byzantine Coinage, (1/e 1982), 2/e, Washington D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks
  • Hail ‘Abd al-Hafid (1999), “Taghayyur al-Qimah as-Shira’iyyah Li an-Nuqud al-Wariqiyyah, Dirasat Fi al-Iqtisad al-Islami (Raqm 35)”, Herndon, VA.: International Institute of Islamic Thought (al-Mahad al-‘Alami Li al-Fikr al-Islami).
  • Haneef, M. A. and Barakat, E. R. (2006), “Must Money Be Limited to Only Gold and Silver?: A Survey of Fiqhi Opinions and Some Implications”, JKAU: Islamic Economics, Vol.19, No.1, pp.21-34
  • Ibn Khaldun. (1958), Muqaddimah, first published in 1377, trans. By Frank Rosenthal, 3 Vols. New York: Pantheon.
  • Ibn Rushd, Abu al-Walid Muhammad ibn Ahmad. (2003), The Distinguished Jurists Primer, Bidayat al-Mujtahid wa Nihayat al- Muqtasid, first published 584H/1184, trans. by Imran Ahsan Khan Nyazee, reviewed Mohammad Abdul Rauf, Reading: Garnet.
  • [Ighathah], see Al-Maqrizi, Ahmad ibn Ali, Mamluk Economics, a Study and Translation of Al-Maqrizi’s Ighathah.
  • [Ihya], see Al-Ghazali, Abu Hamid Muhammad ibn Muhammad, ‘Ihya’ Ulum al-Din.
  • Imam Malik ibn Anas ibn Malik ibn ‘Amr al-Asbahi. (1991), Al-Muwatta’ of Imam Malik ibn Anas, trans. by Aisha Abdurrahman Bewley, Inverness: Madinah Press.
  • Kabaklarh, N. (2007). Ottoman Copper Coins Minted in Tira 1411-1516. Istanbul: Tire Belediyesi.
  • Majallah. (2001), The Mejelle: Being An English Translation of Majallah el-Ahkam-I-Adliya, And A Complete Code of Islamic Civil Law, enacted in Imperial Turkey between 1869 and 1876, trans. by Tyser C. R., Demetriades D. G. and Effendi, I. H. in 1901. Petaling Jaya: The Other Press.
  • Meloy, J. (2003), The Merits of Economic History: Re-Reading al-Maqrizi's Ighathah and Shudhur, Mamluk Studies Review, Vol.7, No.2, pp.183-203
  • [Muwatta], see Imam Mālik ibn Anas ibn Malik ibn ‘Āmr al-Asbahi, Al- Muwatta’ of Imam Malik ibn Anas.
  • [Nuqud], see Al-Maqrizi, Ahmad ibn Ali, al-Nuqud al-Islamiyah.
  • Pamuk, S. (2000). A Monetary History of the Ottoman Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Popper, W. (1955-1957). Egypt and Syria under the Circassian Sultans 1382-1468: Systemic Notes to Ibn Taghri Birdi’s Chronicles of Egypt, University of California Publications in Semitic Philology, Vols.15- 16, Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press
  • Rabie, H. M. (1972), The Financial System of Egypt, A.H.564-741/1169-1341, London: Oxford University Press.
  • Sauvaire, M. H. (1879-1887). Matériaux pour servir à l’histoire de la numismatique et de la métrologie musulmanes, Paris: Journal Asiatique, 7th series, 14 (1879:455-533); 15 (1880:228-277,421-478); 18 (1881:499-516); 19 (1882:23-77,97-163,281-327), Deuxième partie - Poids, 8th series, 3 (1884:386-345); 4 (1884:207-321); 5 (1885:498-506), Troisième partie – Mesures de capacité, 8th series, 7 (1886:124-177,394-468); 8 (1886:113-165,272-297), Complément, 8th series, 10 (1887:200-259)
  • Schultz, W. (1995), Mamluk Money from Baybars to Barquq: A Study Based on the Literary Evidence and the Numismatic Evidence, PhD dissertation, University of Chicago
  • Schultz, W. (2003, Mar.), “Mamluk Metrology and the Numismatic Evidence”, published by Routledge in Al-Masaq, Islam and the Medieval Mediterranean, Vol.15 No.1, pp.59-75
  • Schultz, W. (2008), “The Monetary History of Egypt, 642-1517”, in The Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume 1: Islamic Egypt, 640-1517, Vol.1 640-1517 Carl F. Perry (Ed.), Vol.2 1517-2000 M. W. Daly (Ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, originally published 1998, reprinted 2008, pp.318-338
  • Shoshan, B. (1983, Feb.), “Money Supply and Grain Prices in Fifteenth Century Egypt”, published by Blackwell on behalf of the Economic History Society, The Economic History Review, New Series Vol.36 No.1, pp.47-67
  • Udovitch, A., Lopez, R. and Miskimin, H. (1978), “England to Egypt, 1350-1500: Long Term Trends and Long-Distance Trade”, in Studies of the Economic History of the Middle East, from the Rise of Islam to the Present Day, M. A. Cook (Ed.), first published (1970), reprinted London: Oxford University Press, pp.93-128
  • Usmani, M. T. (2001), The Text of the Historic Judgment on Riba given by the Supreme Court of Pakistan 23rd Dec. 1999, Petaling Jaya: The Other Press.
  • Zayas, F. G. de (2003), The Law and Institution of Zakat, first published (1960), Petaling Jaya: The Other Press.
  • Zalloom, A. Q. (2002), Funds in the Khilafah State, New Delhi: Milli Publications.
There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Adam Abdullah 0000-0001-6733-5647

Publication Date March 31, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Abdullah, A. (2020). The Islamic Monetary Standard: The Dinar and Dirham. International Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance Studies, 6(1), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.25272/ijisef.659330

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