Research Article
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Health and Socioeconomic Class in Turkey

Year 2021, Volume: 6 Issue: 15, 156 - 171, 28.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.25204/iktisad.855528

Abstract

It is unfair for individuals to have poor health status due to their socioeconomic class. This article aims to examine the health polarization and inequality in Turkey from the perspective of socioeconomic class. Income and occupation category are taken as socioeconomic class indicator. To this end, newly developed polarization and inequality indices are employed. The data used in the study comes from the Income and Living Conditions Survey and covers the period 2006-2017. According to the index results, health polarization and inequality are decreasing for both men and women in the relevant period, regardless of the employment status. According to the regional results obtained from pooled data, the index reaches its highest values in the east of the country. Besides, an inverted-U relationship has been found between regional index results and regional average income. Index values vary according to both the income and occupation category. Concentration is mainly observed in occupational categories based on the low level of education and physical strength. The importance of socioeconomic class is verified by a multi-level mixed order logit estimation where determinants of health are estimated.

References

  • Abul Naga, R. H. ve Yalçın, T. (2008). Inequality measurement for ordered response health data. Journal of Health Economics, 27(6), 1614–1625. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2008.07.015
  • Adler, N. E. ve Ostrove, J. M. (1999). Socioeconomic Status and Health: What We Know and What We Don’t. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896(1), 3–15. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08101.x
  • Allison, R. A. ve Foster, J. E. (2004). Measuring health inequality using qualitative data. Journal of Health Economics, 23(3), 505–524. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2003.10.006
  • Altındağ, Ö. ve Yıldız, A. (2020). Türkiye’de Sağlık Politikalarının Dönüşümü. Birey ve Toplum Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(1), 157–184. doi:10.20493/birtop.742637
  • Apouey, B. (2007). Measuring health polarization with self-assessed health data. Health Economics, 16(9), 875–894. doi:10.1002/hec.1284
  • Chen, X., Yan, B. ve Gill, T. M. (2020). Childhood Circumstances and Health Inequality in Old Age: Comparative Evidence from China and the United States ( No: 13460). Discussion Paper Series. Bonn. http://ftp.iza.org/dp13460.pdf
  • Costa-Font, J. ve Hernández-Quevedo, C. (2012). Measuring inequalities in health: What do we know? What do we need to know? Health Policy, 106(2), 195–206. doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2012.04.007
  • Cowell, F. (2011). Measuring Inequality. LSE Perspectives in Economic Analysis (3. bs.). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Cowell, F. A. ve Flachaire, E. (2017). Inequality with Ordinal Data. Economica, 84(334), 290–321. doi:10.1111/ecca.12232
  • Dedeoglu, N. (1990). Health and social inequalities in Turkey. Social Science & Medicine, 31(3), 387–392. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(90)90285-Z
  • Demidenko, E. (2004). Mixed Models: Theory and Applications. Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. doi:10.1002/0471728438
  • Fritzell, J. (2014). Health Inequality and Social Justice. M. Reisch (Ed.), Routledge International Handbook of Social Justice içinde (ss. 339–352). New York: Routledge.
  • Gray, A. M. (1982). Inequalities in Health. The Black Report: A Summary and Comment. International Journal of Health Services, 12(3), 349–380.
  • Hall, P. A. ve Lamont, M. (Ed.). (2009). Successful Societies: How Institutions and Culture Affect Health. Cambridge University Press.
  • Illsley, R. ve Baker, D. (1991). Contextual variations in the meaning of health inequality. Social Science & Medicine, 32(4), 359–365. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(91)90336-B
  • Jenkins, S. P. (2020). Comparing distributions of ordinal data. The Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata, 20(3), 505–531. doi:10.1177/1536867X20953565
  • Kobus, M. ve Morawski, L. (2019). Comparing Cardinal and Ordinal Approaches to Measuring Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health. Eastern European Economics, 57(6), 484–502. doi:10.1080/00128775.2019.1662729
  • Kröger, H., Pakpahan, E. ve Hoffmann, R. (2015). What causes health inequality? A systematic review on the relative importance of social causation and health selection. The European Journal of Public Health, 25(6), 951–960. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckv111
  • Kutlu, İ. (2020). Sağlık ve Sosyoekonomik Statü Bazı Sağlık Göstergelerine Göre Sosyoekonomik Statü Farklarının İncelenmesi. İnsan & Toplum, 10(4), 289–322.
  • Manor, O., Matthews, S. ve Power, C. (1997). Comparing measures of health inequality. Social Science & Medicine, 45(5), 761–771. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(96)00412-1
  • Masseria, C., Hernández-Quevedo, C. ve Allin, S. (2010). Health inequality: what does it mean and how can we measure it? Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research, 10(2), 177–186. doi:10.1586/erp.10.14
  • McCartney, G., Popham, F., McMaster, R. ve Cumbers, A. (2019). Defining health and health inequalities. Public Health, 172, 22–30. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2019.03.023
  • O’Donnell, O., O’Neill, S., Van Ourti, T. ve Walsh, B. (2016). Conindex: Estimation of Concentration Indices. The Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata, 16(1), 112–138. doi:10.1177/1536867X1601600112
  • O’Donnell, O., Van Doorslaer, E. ve Van Ourti, T. (2015). Health and Inequality. A. B. Atkinson ve F. Bourguignon (Ed.), Handbook of Income Distribution içinde (C. 2, ss. 1419–1533). Amsterdam: North-Holland. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-59429-7.00018-2
  • Pascual, M., Cantarero, D. ve Lanza, P. (2018). Health polarization and inequalities across Europe: an empirical approach. The European Journal of Health Economics, 19(8), 1039–1051. doi:10.1007/s10198-018-0997-8
  • Pew Research Center. (2014). People in Emerging Markets Catch Up to Advanced Economies in Life Satisfaction. https://www.pewresearch.org/global/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2014/10/Pew-Research-Center-Life-Satisfaction-Report-FINAL-October-30-2014.pdf
  • Ravesteijn, B., van Kippersluis, H. ve van Doorslaer, E. (2013). The Contribution of Occupation to Health Inequality. P. R. Dias ve O. O’Donnell (Ed.), Health and Inequality içinde , Research on Economic Inequality (C. 21, ss. 311–332). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. doi:10.1108/S1049-2585(2013)0000021014
  • Şimşek, H. ve Kılıç, B. (2012). Sağlıkta eşitsizliklerle ilgili temel kavramlar. Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Dergisi, 10(2), 116–127. doi:10.20518/tjph.173070
  • Solar, O. ve Irwin, A. (2010). A Conceptual Framework for Action on the Social Determinants of Health ( No: 2). Social Determinants of Health Discussion Paper. Geneva. https://www.who.int/social_determinants/corner/SDHDP2.pdf
  • Sözmen, K., Baydur, H., Simsek, H. ve Ünal, B. (2012). Decomposing socioeconomic inequalities in self assessed health in Turkey. International Journal for Equity in Health, 11(1), 73. doi:10.1186/1475-9276-11-73
  • The World Bank. (2020). Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births). (ET: 12 Aralık 2020) https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2020). Yaşam Memnuniyeti Araştırması, 2019. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Haber Bülteni. 26 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://tuikweb.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id =33729
  • Türkkan, A. ve Aytekin, H. (2009). Socioeconomic and Health Inequality in Two Regions of Turkey. Journal of Community Health, 34(4), 346–352. doi:10.1007/s10900-009-9160-x
  • Wang, H., Wang, C. ve Halliday, T. J. (2018). Health and health inequality during the great recession: Evidence from the PSID. Economics & Human Biology, 29, 17–30. doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2018.01.001
  • Whitehead, M. (1992). The Concepts and Principles of Equity and Health. International Journal of Health Services, 22(3), 429–445. doi:10.2190/986L-LHQ6-2VTE-YRRN WHO-UNICEF. (2020). Basic handwashing facility coverage (2017). (ET: 12 Aralık 2020) https://washdata.org/data/household#!/dashboard/3520

Türkiye'de Sağlık ve Sosyoekonomik Sınıf

Year 2021, Volume: 6 Issue: 15, 156 - 171, 28.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.25204/iktisad.855528

Abstract

Bireylerin ait oldukları sosyoekonomik sınıf nedeniyle kötü sağlık durumuna sahip olmaları adil değildir. Bu makalenin amacı Türkiye’deki öznel sağlık değerlendirmesine dayalı sağlık kutuplaşmasını ve eşitsizliğini sosyoekonomik sınıf perspektifinden incelemektir. Gelir ve meslek kategorisi sosyoekonomik sınıf göstergesi olarak alınmıştır. Bu doğrultuda yeni geliştirilen kutuplaşma ve eşitsizlik endeksleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada kullanılan veri Gelir ve Yaşam Koşulları Araştırması’ndan gelmektedir ve 2006-2017 dönemini kapsamaktadır. Endeks sonuçlarına göre sağlık kutuplaşması ve eşitsizliği ilgili dönemde, çalışma durumundan bağımsız olarak hem erkekler hem de kadınlar için azalmaktadır. Havuzlanmış veriden elde edilen bölgesel sonuçlara göre endeks en yüksek değerlerine ülkenin doğusunda ulaşmaktadır. Ayrıca bölgesel endeks sonuçları ile bölgesel ortalama gelir arasında ters-U ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Endeks değerleri hem gelire hem de bireyin meslek kategorisine göre değişkenlik göstermektedir. Yoğunlaşma bilhassa eğitim düzeyinin düşük ve beden gücüne dayalı meslek kategorilerinde gözlenmiştir. Sosyoekonomik sınıfın önemli sağlığın belirleyicilerinin tahmin edildiği çok düzeyli karma sıralı logit tahmini ile doğrulanmıştır.

References

  • Abul Naga, R. H. ve Yalçın, T. (2008). Inequality measurement for ordered response health data. Journal of Health Economics, 27(6), 1614–1625. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2008.07.015
  • Adler, N. E. ve Ostrove, J. M. (1999). Socioeconomic Status and Health: What We Know and What We Don’t. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 896(1), 3–15. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08101.x
  • Allison, R. A. ve Foster, J. E. (2004). Measuring health inequality using qualitative data. Journal of Health Economics, 23(3), 505–524. doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2003.10.006
  • Altındağ, Ö. ve Yıldız, A. (2020). Türkiye’de Sağlık Politikalarının Dönüşümü. Birey ve Toplum Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 10(1), 157–184. doi:10.20493/birtop.742637
  • Apouey, B. (2007). Measuring health polarization with self-assessed health data. Health Economics, 16(9), 875–894. doi:10.1002/hec.1284
  • Chen, X., Yan, B. ve Gill, T. M. (2020). Childhood Circumstances and Health Inequality in Old Age: Comparative Evidence from China and the United States ( No: 13460). Discussion Paper Series. Bonn. http://ftp.iza.org/dp13460.pdf
  • Costa-Font, J. ve Hernández-Quevedo, C. (2012). Measuring inequalities in health: What do we know? What do we need to know? Health Policy, 106(2), 195–206. doi:10.1016/j.healthpol.2012.04.007
  • Cowell, F. (2011). Measuring Inequality. LSE Perspectives in Economic Analysis (3. bs.). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Cowell, F. A. ve Flachaire, E. (2017). Inequality with Ordinal Data. Economica, 84(334), 290–321. doi:10.1111/ecca.12232
  • Dedeoglu, N. (1990). Health and social inequalities in Turkey. Social Science & Medicine, 31(3), 387–392. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(90)90285-Z
  • Demidenko, E. (2004). Mixed Models: Theory and Applications. Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. doi:10.1002/0471728438
  • Fritzell, J. (2014). Health Inequality and Social Justice. M. Reisch (Ed.), Routledge International Handbook of Social Justice içinde (ss. 339–352). New York: Routledge.
  • Gray, A. M. (1982). Inequalities in Health. The Black Report: A Summary and Comment. International Journal of Health Services, 12(3), 349–380.
  • Hall, P. A. ve Lamont, M. (Ed.). (2009). Successful Societies: How Institutions and Culture Affect Health. Cambridge University Press.
  • Illsley, R. ve Baker, D. (1991). Contextual variations in the meaning of health inequality. Social Science & Medicine, 32(4), 359–365. doi:10.1016/0277-9536(91)90336-B
  • Jenkins, S. P. (2020). Comparing distributions of ordinal data. The Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata, 20(3), 505–531. doi:10.1177/1536867X20953565
  • Kobus, M. ve Morawski, L. (2019). Comparing Cardinal and Ordinal Approaches to Measuring Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health. Eastern European Economics, 57(6), 484–502. doi:10.1080/00128775.2019.1662729
  • Kröger, H., Pakpahan, E. ve Hoffmann, R. (2015). What causes health inequality? A systematic review on the relative importance of social causation and health selection. The European Journal of Public Health, 25(6), 951–960. doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckv111
  • Kutlu, İ. (2020). Sağlık ve Sosyoekonomik Statü Bazı Sağlık Göstergelerine Göre Sosyoekonomik Statü Farklarının İncelenmesi. İnsan & Toplum, 10(4), 289–322.
  • Manor, O., Matthews, S. ve Power, C. (1997). Comparing measures of health inequality. Social Science & Medicine, 45(5), 761–771. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(96)00412-1
  • Masseria, C., Hernández-Quevedo, C. ve Allin, S. (2010). Health inequality: what does it mean and how can we measure it? Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research, 10(2), 177–186. doi:10.1586/erp.10.14
  • McCartney, G., Popham, F., McMaster, R. ve Cumbers, A. (2019). Defining health and health inequalities. Public Health, 172, 22–30. doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2019.03.023
  • O’Donnell, O., O’Neill, S., Van Ourti, T. ve Walsh, B. (2016). Conindex: Estimation of Concentration Indices. The Stata Journal: Promoting communications on statistics and Stata, 16(1), 112–138. doi:10.1177/1536867X1601600112
  • O’Donnell, O., Van Doorslaer, E. ve Van Ourti, T. (2015). Health and Inequality. A. B. Atkinson ve F. Bourguignon (Ed.), Handbook of Income Distribution içinde (C. 2, ss. 1419–1533). Amsterdam: North-Holland. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-59429-7.00018-2
  • Pascual, M., Cantarero, D. ve Lanza, P. (2018). Health polarization and inequalities across Europe: an empirical approach. The European Journal of Health Economics, 19(8), 1039–1051. doi:10.1007/s10198-018-0997-8
  • Pew Research Center. (2014). People in Emerging Markets Catch Up to Advanced Economies in Life Satisfaction. https://www.pewresearch.org/global/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2014/10/Pew-Research-Center-Life-Satisfaction-Report-FINAL-October-30-2014.pdf
  • Ravesteijn, B., van Kippersluis, H. ve van Doorslaer, E. (2013). The Contribution of Occupation to Health Inequality. P. R. Dias ve O. O’Donnell (Ed.), Health and Inequality içinde , Research on Economic Inequality (C. 21, ss. 311–332). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. doi:10.1108/S1049-2585(2013)0000021014
  • Şimşek, H. ve Kılıç, B. (2012). Sağlıkta eşitsizliklerle ilgili temel kavramlar. Türkiye Halk Sağlığı Dergisi, 10(2), 116–127. doi:10.20518/tjph.173070
  • Solar, O. ve Irwin, A. (2010). A Conceptual Framework for Action on the Social Determinants of Health ( No: 2). Social Determinants of Health Discussion Paper. Geneva. https://www.who.int/social_determinants/corner/SDHDP2.pdf
  • Sözmen, K., Baydur, H., Simsek, H. ve Ünal, B. (2012). Decomposing socioeconomic inequalities in self assessed health in Turkey. International Journal for Equity in Health, 11(1), 73. doi:10.1186/1475-9276-11-73
  • The World Bank. (2020). Mortality rate, under-5 (per 1,000 live births). (ET: 12 Aralık 2020) https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SH.DYN.MORT
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. (2020). Yaşam Memnuniyeti Araştırması, 2019. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Haber Bülteni. 26 Aralık 2020 tarihinde https://tuikweb.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id =33729
  • Türkkan, A. ve Aytekin, H. (2009). Socioeconomic and Health Inequality in Two Regions of Turkey. Journal of Community Health, 34(4), 346–352. doi:10.1007/s10900-009-9160-x
  • Wang, H., Wang, C. ve Halliday, T. J. (2018). Health and health inequality during the great recession: Evidence from the PSID. Economics & Human Biology, 29, 17–30. doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2018.01.001
  • Whitehead, M. (1992). The Concepts and Principles of Equity and Health. International Journal of Health Services, 22(3), 429–445. doi:10.2190/986L-LHQ6-2VTE-YRRN WHO-UNICEF. (2020). Basic handwashing facility coverage (2017). (ET: 12 Aralık 2020) https://washdata.org/data/household#!/dashboard/3520
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Research Papers
Authors

Ömer Limanlı 0000-0002-6897-4253

Publication Date June 28, 2021
Submission Date January 6, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 6 Issue: 15

Cite

APA Limanlı, Ö. (2021). Türkiye’de Sağlık ve Sosyoekonomik Sınıf. İktisadi İdari Ve Siyasal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(15), 156-171. https://doi.org/10.25204/iktisad.855528
AMA Limanlı Ö. Türkiye’de Sağlık ve Sosyoekonomik Sınıf. JEBUPOR. June 2021;6(15):156-171. doi:10.25204/iktisad.855528
Chicago Limanlı, Ömer. “Türkiye’de Sağlık Ve Sosyoekonomik Sınıf”. İktisadi İdari Ve Siyasal Araştırmalar Dergisi 6, no. 15 (June 2021): 156-71. https://doi.org/10.25204/iktisad.855528.
EndNote Limanlı Ö (June 1, 2021) Türkiye’de Sağlık ve Sosyoekonomik Sınıf. İktisadi İdari ve Siyasal Araştırmalar Dergisi 6 15 156–171.
IEEE Ö. Limanlı, “Türkiye’de Sağlık ve Sosyoekonomik Sınıf”, JEBUPOR, vol. 6, no. 15, pp. 156–171, 2021, doi: 10.25204/iktisad.855528.
ISNAD Limanlı, Ömer. “Türkiye’de Sağlık Ve Sosyoekonomik Sınıf”. İktisadi İdari ve Siyasal Araştırmalar Dergisi 6/15 (June 2021), 156-171. https://doi.org/10.25204/iktisad.855528.
JAMA Limanlı Ö. Türkiye’de Sağlık ve Sosyoekonomik Sınıf. JEBUPOR. 2021;6:156–171.
MLA Limanlı, Ömer. “Türkiye’de Sağlık Ve Sosyoekonomik Sınıf”. İktisadi İdari Ve Siyasal Araştırmalar Dergisi, vol. 6, no. 15, 2021, pp. 156-71, doi:10.25204/iktisad.855528.
Vancouver Limanlı Ö. Türkiye’de Sağlık ve Sosyoekonomik Sınıf. JEBUPOR. 2021;6(15):156-71.