Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Türk Savunma Sanayisinin Dönüşümünün Türk Dış Politikasına Etkileri

Year 2023, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 1 - 21, 31.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1186736

Abstract

Türkiye, savunma sanayisini son on yılda devlet merkezli ve özel sektör yatırımları ile dönüştürmeye gayret göstermekte ve kendi kendine bu alanda yeterlilik kazanmayı hedeflemektedir. Bu makale, yenilikçi ve rekabetçi olan devlet kurumlarıyla işbirliği yapan özel savunma sektörlerinin rolünü analiz ederek, Türk savunma sanayisinin dönüşümünün Türk dış politikası üzerindeki etkilerine dair yeni kanıtlar sunmaktadır. Makaledeki temel amaç, gelişen, millileşen ve yerlileşen Türk savunma sanayisinin Türk dış politikasında daha özgüvenli adımlar atılmasına vesile olduğu iddiasını doğrulamaktır. Bilindiği gibi Türkiye, Avrupa, Asya ve Afrika'nın orta noktasında yer almaktadır. Türkiye'nin jeopolitik önemi, Soğuk Savaş'ın sonuna kadar azalmasına rağmen, enerji yollarının ortasında yer alması nedeniyle stratejik açıdan halen devam etmektedir. Türkiye 2000'li yılların başından itibaren kendi kendine yeten ve tekno-milliyetçi bir modele odaklanarak bir savunma dönüşümü içerisindedir. Bunu yaparken Türkiye, günümüz dünyasında yaşanan enerji, savunma, güvenlik ve 1974 Kıbrıs krizi tecrübesinin ve teröre karşı süregelen mücadelenin bilinciyle ulusal güvenlik kaynaklarını tarihsel bir perspektifte tahsis etmektedir. Türkiye'nin bu jeopolitik ve stratejik konumu ve Türk savunma sanayiinin dayanıklılığı, Türk dış politikası için de fırsatlar ve zorluklar ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Ayrıca Türk savunma sanayisindeki dönüşümün geleceğe yönelik siyasi ve ekonomik taahhütler sunduğu da görülmektedir. Dolayısıyla bu makalede dönüşüm ve değişim sürecindeki Türkiye'nin özel sektöre de ulusal kaynak ayırmasına yer verilecektir. Sonuç olarak bu makalede, Türkiye'nin, milli silahlar, aktif operasyonlar, askeri üsler ve barışı koruma misyonları ihraç ederek askeri varlığını sınırlarının ötesinde arttırmasının aktif ve iddialı bir dış politika benimsediği anlamına geldiği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu sonuca ulaşmak için nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca, makalenin konusuyla alakalı birincil ve ikincil kaynaklara başvurulmuştur. Roketsan, Havelsan, Baykar Teknoloji, STM, BMC gibi şirketlerin web sitelerinden doğrudan bilgi alınmıştır. Türkiye Milli Savunma Sanayi Başkanı İsmail Demir'in savunma makalesi ve Sezgin, Seren, Adar, Yeşiltaş, Sekine, Öniş ve Sakman gibi Türk savunma sanayisi hakkında akademik makaleler yazan araştırmacıların çalışmalarından istifade edilmiştir. Bunların dışında, dünyanın en güçlü savunma şirketlerinin yıllık güncel listelerini veren DefeseNews internet sitesinden faydalanılmıştır.

References

  • Adar, S. (2020). Understanding Türkiye’s Increasingly Militaristic Foreign Policy, MENA Politics Newsletter, 3(1): 10-13.
  • Aselsan. (2022). ‘Who we are?’, https://www.aselsan.com.tr/en/about-us/who-we-are.
  • Baykar. (2022). Bayraktar TB2 General Information, https://baykartech.com/en/uav/bayraktar-tb2/.
  • Baykar. (2022). Bayraktar Akıncı General Information, https://baykartech.com/en/uav/ bayraktar-akinci/.
  • Baykar. (2022). We are Baykar, https://baykartech.com/en/about/.
  • Bekdil, B. E. (2021). Turkey reports 17% drop in defense exports, Defense News, https://www. defensenews.com/global/europe/2021/01/19/Türkiye-reports-nearly-15-drop-in-defense-exports/# :~:text=fall%20in%20exports.
  • Béraud-Sudreau, L., Silva, D. G., Kuimova, A. and Wezeman, P. D. (2020). Emerging Suppliers in the Global Arms Trade, SIPRI, https://sipri.org/publications/2020/sipri-insights-peace-and-security/emerging-suppliers-global-arms-trade.
  • BMC. (2022). BMC, from past to today, https://www.bmc.com.tr/en/corporate/about.
  • Bosomworth, V. (2021). Turkish defense spending remains top priority for government in 2021 despite COVID-19 impact’’, GlobalData, https://www.globaldata.com/turkish-defense-spending-remains-top-priority-government-2021-despite-covid-19-impact/.
  • Côrte Réal-Pinto, A. G. (2017). A Neo-Liberal Exception? The Defense Industry ‘Turkification’ Project’ in Development as a Battlefield, International Development Policy Series, No.8: 299-331, https://journals.openedition.org /poldev/2316.
  • Defense Turkey. (2019). 30 Years of FNSS: A World Renowned & Respected Turkish Defense Company, 13(91): 52.
  • DefenseNews. (2021). Top 100 Armies for 2021, https://people.defensenews.com/top-100/.
  • DefenseNews. (2020). Top 100 Armies for 2020, https://people.defensenews.com/top-100/.
  • Demir, İ. (2020). Transformation of the Turkish Defense Industry: The Story and Rationale of the Great Rise, Insight Türkiye, 22(3): 17-40.
  • Erdogan, R. T. (2020). Cumhurbaşkanligi hükümet kabinesi iki yillik degerlendirme toplantisi’nda yaptiklari konuşma, Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye, https://www.tccb.gov.tr /konusmalar/353/120687/cumhurbaskanligi-hukumetkabinesi-iki-yillik-degerlendirme-toplantisi –nda-yaptiklari-konusma.
  • Eslen, N. (2003). Tarih Boyu Savaş ve Strateji, İstanbul: IQ Kültür Sanat.
  • FNNS. (2022). A Globally Trusted and Respected Turkish Defense Company, pp. 52-56, https://www.fnss.com.tr/en/who-we-are/company-profile.
  • Gurini, F. (2020). Turkey’s Unpromising Defense Industry, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/82936.
  • Havelsan. (2022). Company Profile, About us, https://www.havelsan.com.tr/en/corporate /aboutus/company-profile.
  • Hintz, L. (2020). Introduction: Domestic Politics in Turkey’s Foreign Policy, inside out, MENA Politics Newsletter, 3(1): 10-48.
  • Hürriyet Daily News. (2021). Aselsan keeps its place among top 50 defense companies, 14.07.2021, https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/aselsan-keeps-its-place-among-top-50-defense-companies-166300.
  • Karşıkaya, A. B. and Karşıkaya, S. (2017). Recalibrating Turkish Foreign Policy After the Arab Uprisings: From Pro-Activism to Uncertainty by Easing Off Ideational and Liberal Goals.(Ed). Meltem Ersoy and Esra Özyürek. Contemporary Turkey at a Glance II: Turkey Transformed? Power, History and Culture. Wiesbaden: Springer. 145-161
  • Kasapoğlu, C. (2017). Turkey’s Forward-Basing Posture’, EDAM Foreign Policy and Security Paper Series, 4: 1-21.
  • Kingsley, P. (2019). The World Condemns Erdogan’s War on Kurds. But Turkey Applauds, New York Times, Oct. 16, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/16/world/europe/Türkiye-Kurds-Erdogan.html.
  • Kurç, Ç. and Bitzenger, A. (2018). Defense industries in the 21st century: A comparative analysis —The second e-workshop, Comparative Stratgey, 37(4): 255-259. doi: 10.1080/01495933. 2018. 1497318.
  • Kutlay, M and Öniş, Z. (2021). Turkish foreign policy in a post-western order: strategic autonomy or new forms of dependence?, International Affairs, 97(4): 1085-1104.
  • Özlü, H. (2021). The Foundation and Development of Turkey’s Defense Industry in the Context of National Security Strategy, Perceptions, XXVI (2): 216-240.
  • Roketsan. (2022). Roketsan History, https://www.roketsan.com.tr/en/who-we-are/about-us.
  • Sakman, T. (2021). Defense Industry as a Power Instrument in Turkish Foreign Policy, C4 DEFENSE, 100: 38-48, https://www.c4defense.com/3d-flip-book/issue-100/.
  • Savunma Haber. (2020). HAVELSAN Included in the Defense News Top 100 for the First Time, 20 August 2020, https://www.savunmahaber.com/en/havelsan-included-in-the-defense-news-top-100-for-the-first-time/.
  • Sekine, M. H. (2020). Increasing Turkey’s Military Expenditure At What Cost, 17 September, Australian Institute of International Affairs, https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/ australianoutlook/increasing-Türkiyes-military-expenditure-at-what-cost/.
  • Seren, M. (2021). Politics, Industry and Academia: Examining Dynamics of Turkish Defense Industry’s Great Leap Forward in the Post 2002 Era, Bilig, 96(96): 93-119.
  • Seren, M. (2020). Turkey’s Military Spending Trends: A Reflection of Changes in Defense Policy, Insight Turkey, Vol. 22 / No. 3 / pp. 183-214
  • Sezgin, S. and Sezgin, S. (2020). Turkey, (eds.) Keith Hartley and Jean Belin, The Economics of The Global Defense Industry, Routledge, New York, 334-353.
  • Sezgin, Ş. (2017). Hava Savunma Sanayinin Ekonomik Analizi: Türkiye ve İngiltere Karşılaştırılması, Nisan Kitabevi. Ankara.
  • Statista. (2022). Number of military personnel in NATO countries in 2021 (in 1,000s), https:// www.statista.com/statistics/584286/number-of-military-personnel-in-nato-countries/.
  • STM. (2022). Who are we?, https://www.stm.com.tr/en/who-we-are/about-us.
  • STM. (2019). The New Global Player in Defense, Defense Turkey, 13(91): 98, https://www. defenseTürkiye.com/en/content/stm-the-new-global-player-in-defense-3467.
  • Sünnetçi, İ. (2021). Turkish Defense & Aerospace Industry Closes First Two Months of 2021 with 17.5% Increase in Exports, Defense Türkiye, https://www.defenseTürkiye.com/en/content/ turkish-defense-aerospace-industry-closes-first-two-months-of-2021-with-17-5-increase-in exports-4456#:~:text=According%20to%20export%20figures%20revealed,representing%20a %2017.5%25%20increase).
  • Taşpınar, Ö. (2008). Turkey’s Middle East Policies: Between Neo-Ottomanism and Kemalism, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, https://carnegieendowment.org/2008/10/07/Türkiye -s-middle-east-policies-between-neo-ottomanism-and-kemalism-pub-22209.
  • World Bank. (2021). The Military Expenditure (% of GDP) – Türkiye, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?end=2020&locations=TR&start=2000.
  • Yeşiltaş, M. (2020). Deciphering Turkey’s Assertive Military and Defense Strategy: Objectives, Pillars, and Implications, Insight Türkiye, 22(3): 89-114.
  • Yiğit, F. (2022). Türk Silahlı Kuvvetlerini Güçlendirme Vakfı’nın Ulusal Savunma Sanayindeki Rolü, Türk Silahlı Kuvvetlerini Güçlendirme Vakfı, https://tskgv.org.tr/tr/hakkimizda /soylesiler/roketsan-yonetim-kurulu-baskani-prof-dr-faruk-yigit.

The Effects of Turkish Defense Industry’s Transformation on Turkish Foreign Policy

Year 2023, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 1 - 21, 31.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1186736

Abstract

Türkiye aims to attain self-sufficiency with the transformation of its defense industry by state-centered and private sector investments as collaboration in the last decade. This paper presents new evidence on the effects of Turkish defense industry’s transformation on Turkish foreign policy by analysing the role of private defense sectors collaborated with the state institutions that are innovative and competitive as in today’s global environment. The main purpose of the article is to verify the claim that the developed, nationalized and localized Turkish defense industry is instrumental in taking more confident steps in Turkish foreign policy. Türkiye has been in a defense transformation since the early 2000s by focusing on a self-reliant and techno-nationalist model by allocating national security resources with the awareness of today’s world conflicts on energy, defense, security, and the experience of Cyprus crisis of 1974 and the ongoing fight against terrorism in a historical perspective. This geopolitical and strategic status of Türkiye and the resilience of Turkish defense industry have also emerged opportunities and challenges for Turkish foreign policy. Furthermore, it is observed that the transformation of Turkish defense industry has presented political and economic commitments for the future. The paper also sheds light on Türkiye’s allocation national resources and collaboration with especially private sector in the transformation process. As a result, in this article, it is concluded that Türkiye's increasing its military presence beyond its borders by exporting national weapons, active operations, military bases and peacekeeping missions means that it has adopted an active and assertive foreign policy. Qualitative research method has been used to reach this result together with primary and secondary sources. Information has been obtained directly from the websites of companies such as Roketsan, Havelsan, Baykar technology, STM, BMC. The defense article of İsmail Demir, President of the National Defense Industry of Türkiye, and the studies of researchers who wrote academic articles about the Turkish defense industry such as Sezgin, Seren, Adar, Yeşiltaş, Sekine, Öniş and Sakman have been referred. Apart from these, the DefeseNews website, which provides annual updated lists of the world's most powerful defense companies, has laso been used.

References

  • Adar, S. (2020). Understanding Türkiye’s Increasingly Militaristic Foreign Policy, MENA Politics Newsletter, 3(1): 10-13.
  • Aselsan. (2022). ‘Who we are?’, https://www.aselsan.com.tr/en/about-us/who-we-are.
  • Baykar. (2022). Bayraktar TB2 General Information, https://baykartech.com/en/uav/bayraktar-tb2/.
  • Baykar. (2022). Bayraktar Akıncı General Information, https://baykartech.com/en/uav/ bayraktar-akinci/.
  • Baykar. (2022). We are Baykar, https://baykartech.com/en/about/.
  • Bekdil, B. E. (2021). Turkey reports 17% drop in defense exports, Defense News, https://www. defensenews.com/global/europe/2021/01/19/Türkiye-reports-nearly-15-drop-in-defense-exports/# :~:text=fall%20in%20exports.
  • Béraud-Sudreau, L., Silva, D. G., Kuimova, A. and Wezeman, P. D. (2020). Emerging Suppliers in the Global Arms Trade, SIPRI, https://sipri.org/publications/2020/sipri-insights-peace-and-security/emerging-suppliers-global-arms-trade.
  • BMC. (2022). BMC, from past to today, https://www.bmc.com.tr/en/corporate/about.
  • Bosomworth, V. (2021). Turkish defense spending remains top priority for government in 2021 despite COVID-19 impact’’, GlobalData, https://www.globaldata.com/turkish-defense-spending-remains-top-priority-government-2021-despite-covid-19-impact/.
  • Côrte Réal-Pinto, A. G. (2017). A Neo-Liberal Exception? The Defense Industry ‘Turkification’ Project’ in Development as a Battlefield, International Development Policy Series, No.8: 299-331, https://journals.openedition.org /poldev/2316.
  • Defense Turkey. (2019). 30 Years of FNSS: A World Renowned & Respected Turkish Defense Company, 13(91): 52.
  • DefenseNews. (2021). Top 100 Armies for 2021, https://people.defensenews.com/top-100/.
  • DefenseNews. (2020). Top 100 Armies for 2020, https://people.defensenews.com/top-100/.
  • Demir, İ. (2020). Transformation of the Turkish Defense Industry: The Story and Rationale of the Great Rise, Insight Türkiye, 22(3): 17-40.
  • Erdogan, R. T. (2020). Cumhurbaşkanligi hükümet kabinesi iki yillik degerlendirme toplantisi’nda yaptiklari konuşma, Presidency of the Republic of Türkiye, https://www.tccb.gov.tr /konusmalar/353/120687/cumhurbaskanligi-hukumetkabinesi-iki-yillik-degerlendirme-toplantisi –nda-yaptiklari-konusma.
  • Eslen, N. (2003). Tarih Boyu Savaş ve Strateji, İstanbul: IQ Kültür Sanat.
  • FNNS. (2022). A Globally Trusted and Respected Turkish Defense Company, pp. 52-56, https://www.fnss.com.tr/en/who-we-are/company-profile.
  • Gurini, F. (2020). Turkey’s Unpromising Defense Industry, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/82936.
  • Havelsan. (2022). Company Profile, About us, https://www.havelsan.com.tr/en/corporate /aboutus/company-profile.
  • Hintz, L. (2020). Introduction: Domestic Politics in Turkey’s Foreign Policy, inside out, MENA Politics Newsletter, 3(1): 10-48.
  • Hürriyet Daily News. (2021). Aselsan keeps its place among top 50 defense companies, 14.07.2021, https://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/aselsan-keeps-its-place-among-top-50-defense-companies-166300.
  • Karşıkaya, A. B. and Karşıkaya, S. (2017). Recalibrating Turkish Foreign Policy After the Arab Uprisings: From Pro-Activism to Uncertainty by Easing Off Ideational and Liberal Goals.(Ed). Meltem Ersoy and Esra Özyürek. Contemporary Turkey at a Glance II: Turkey Transformed? Power, History and Culture. Wiesbaden: Springer. 145-161
  • Kasapoğlu, C. (2017). Turkey’s Forward-Basing Posture’, EDAM Foreign Policy and Security Paper Series, 4: 1-21.
  • Kingsley, P. (2019). The World Condemns Erdogan’s War on Kurds. But Turkey Applauds, New York Times, Oct. 16, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/16/world/europe/Türkiye-Kurds-Erdogan.html.
  • Kurç, Ç. and Bitzenger, A. (2018). Defense industries in the 21st century: A comparative analysis —The second e-workshop, Comparative Stratgey, 37(4): 255-259. doi: 10.1080/01495933. 2018. 1497318.
  • Kutlay, M and Öniş, Z. (2021). Turkish foreign policy in a post-western order: strategic autonomy or new forms of dependence?, International Affairs, 97(4): 1085-1104.
  • Özlü, H. (2021). The Foundation and Development of Turkey’s Defense Industry in the Context of National Security Strategy, Perceptions, XXVI (2): 216-240.
  • Roketsan. (2022). Roketsan History, https://www.roketsan.com.tr/en/who-we-are/about-us.
  • Sakman, T. (2021). Defense Industry as a Power Instrument in Turkish Foreign Policy, C4 DEFENSE, 100: 38-48, https://www.c4defense.com/3d-flip-book/issue-100/.
  • Savunma Haber. (2020). HAVELSAN Included in the Defense News Top 100 for the First Time, 20 August 2020, https://www.savunmahaber.com/en/havelsan-included-in-the-defense-news-top-100-for-the-first-time/.
  • Sekine, M. H. (2020). Increasing Turkey’s Military Expenditure At What Cost, 17 September, Australian Institute of International Affairs, https://www.internationalaffairs.org.au/ australianoutlook/increasing-Türkiyes-military-expenditure-at-what-cost/.
  • Seren, M. (2021). Politics, Industry and Academia: Examining Dynamics of Turkish Defense Industry’s Great Leap Forward in the Post 2002 Era, Bilig, 96(96): 93-119.
  • Seren, M. (2020). Turkey’s Military Spending Trends: A Reflection of Changes in Defense Policy, Insight Turkey, Vol. 22 / No. 3 / pp. 183-214
  • Sezgin, S. and Sezgin, S. (2020). Turkey, (eds.) Keith Hartley and Jean Belin, The Economics of The Global Defense Industry, Routledge, New York, 334-353.
  • Sezgin, Ş. (2017). Hava Savunma Sanayinin Ekonomik Analizi: Türkiye ve İngiltere Karşılaştırılması, Nisan Kitabevi. Ankara.
  • Statista. (2022). Number of military personnel in NATO countries in 2021 (in 1,000s), https:// www.statista.com/statistics/584286/number-of-military-personnel-in-nato-countries/.
  • STM. (2022). Who are we?, https://www.stm.com.tr/en/who-we-are/about-us.
  • STM. (2019). The New Global Player in Defense, Defense Turkey, 13(91): 98, https://www. defenseTürkiye.com/en/content/stm-the-new-global-player-in-defense-3467.
  • Sünnetçi, İ. (2021). Turkish Defense & Aerospace Industry Closes First Two Months of 2021 with 17.5% Increase in Exports, Defense Türkiye, https://www.defenseTürkiye.com/en/content/ turkish-defense-aerospace-industry-closes-first-two-months-of-2021-with-17-5-increase-in exports-4456#:~:text=According%20to%20export%20figures%20revealed,representing%20a %2017.5%25%20increase).
  • Taşpınar, Ö. (2008). Turkey’s Middle East Policies: Between Neo-Ottomanism and Kemalism, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, https://carnegieendowment.org/2008/10/07/Türkiye -s-middle-east-policies-between-neo-ottomanism-and-kemalism-pub-22209.
  • World Bank. (2021). The Military Expenditure (% of GDP) – Türkiye, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/MS.MIL.XPND.GD.ZS?end=2020&locations=TR&start=2000.
  • Yeşiltaş, M. (2020). Deciphering Turkey’s Assertive Military and Defense Strategy: Objectives, Pillars, and Implications, Insight Türkiye, 22(3): 89-114.
  • Yiğit, F. (2022). Türk Silahlı Kuvvetlerini Güçlendirme Vakfı’nın Ulusal Savunma Sanayindeki Rolü, Türk Silahlı Kuvvetlerini Güçlendirme Vakfı, https://tskgv.org.tr/tr/hakkimizda /soylesiler/roketsan-yonetim-kurulu-baskani-prof-dr-faruk-yigit.
There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects International Relations
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Serdar Yılmaz 0000-0003-3400-3392

Murat Yorulmaz 0000-0002-3664-0451

Early Pub Date March 19, 2023
Publication Date March 31, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 12 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Yılmaz, S., & Yorulmaz, M. (2023). The Effects of Turkish Defense Industry’s Transformation on Turkish Foreign Policy. İnsan Ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1186736

Journal of the Human and Social Science Researches is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY NC).