OECD Ülkelerinin Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma Değişkenlerine Göre Kendi Kendine Öğrenen Haritalar Yaklaşımı ile Kümelenmesi

Year 2023, Volume: 12 Issue: 5, 2850 - 2869, 31.12.2023

Pakize Yıgıt

https://doi.org/10.15869/itobiad.1370419

Abstract

Sürdürülebilir kalkınma kavramı gelecek nesiller için daha iyi bir yaşam sunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Ancak, COVID-19 pandemisi insanların yaşamında pek çok alanda muazzam etkilere neden olmuş, ülkelerin SK değişlenlerinin incelenmesi, ülkelerin politikalarını belirlemek için önemli hale gelmiştir. Bu nedenle, bu çalışmanın amacı, OECD ülkelerinde COVID-19 pandemisinin bazı SK değişkenleri üzerindeki etkisini Kendi Kendine Düzenleyen Haritalar kullanarak araştırmaktır. Yapay sinir ağlarının bir türü olan kendi kendine düzenleyen haritalar, değişkenler arasındaki doğrusal olmayan ilişkileri bulabilen etkili bir kümeleme analizidir. Veri 2019-2021 yıllarında 38 OECD ülkesine ait 11 sürdürülebilir kalkınma değişkenini içermektedir. Her bir sürdürülebilir kalkınma değişkeninin öncelikle ortalama, minimum, maksimum değerleri ve değişkenler arasındaki korelasyonu bulmak için parametrik olmayan Spearman sıra korelasyonu hesaplanarak yorumlanmıştır. Yıllar içerisinde ülkelerin birbirine göre gösterdiği farklılık, yakınsama katsayısı olarak kullanılan değişim katsayısı kullanılarak hesaplanmıştır. Sonrasında, iki aşamalı kümeleme analizi, kendi kendine düzenleyen haritalar ve hiyerarşik kümeleme analizleri kullanılarak uygulanmıştır. İdeal küme sayısı Silhouette indeksi ve Davies–Bouldin Indeksi kullanılarak üç elde edilmiştir. Gayri Safi Milli Hasıla yakınsama katsayısı yıllar içinde kademeli olarak artması, 2019’da %40,33, 2020’de %42.01 ve 2021’de %43.69, OECD ülkeleri arasındaki bağıl değişkenliğin arttığını göstermektedir. İncelenen çalışma yıllarında, ortalama yaşam süresi azalırken, kişi başına düşen sağlık harcamaları, sağlık harcamalarının payı, devlet sağlık harcamaları, ceptan yapılan sağlık harcamaları ortalaması artmıştır. Kümeleme analizine göre ise, Kolombiya hariç tüm ülkeler incelenen üç yıl için benzer özelliklere sahip olduğu bulunmuştur. Ayrıca ABD, OECD ülkelerinden çok farklı özellikler göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak, incelenen üç yıl içerisinde değişkenlerin ortalamaları pandeminin etkisi ile değişse de neredeyse bütün OECD ülkeleri kendi içerisinde benzer özellikler göstermektedir.

Keywords

Sürdürebilir Kalkinma, Kendi Kendine Öğrenen Haritalar, Doğumda Beklenen Yaşam Süresi, Sağlik Harcamalari, Tüketici Indeksi, Gayrisafi Milli Hasila

Self-Organizing Maps Approach for Clustering OECD Countries Using Sustainable Development Indicators

Abstract

Sustainable Development concept (SD) aims to better life for future generations. However, the COVID-19 pandemic has caused tremendous effects on people’s life in several areas. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on the selected part of SD indicators in the OECD countries using Self-Organizing Map (SOM). SOM is a kind of artificial neural network (ANN) method, which is an effective clustering method to find hinder non-linear relationships between indicators. The data contained 38 OECD member countries for 11 variables for each country, covering three years (2019-2021). Firstly, descriptive statistics and Spearman rank correlation analysis were used for bivariate analysis. The coefficient of variation was also used to measure the convergence of indicators. Then, it was a two-stage clustering method using SOM and hierarchical clustering methods—the optimal cluster found according to the Silhouette Index and Davies–Bouldin Index, and as three. The convergence of gross domestic product increased gradually to 40.33% in 2019, 42.01% in 2020, and 43.69% in 2021, meaning increasing relative variability of OECD countries. While the mean of the life span was decreased, the share of health expenditure, health expenditure per capita, out-of-pocket health expenditure, and government health expenditure were increased in the study period. According to clustering analysis, the countries had similar characteristics within three years, except Colombia. Also, the USA distinguished very different characteristics from other OECD countries. Although the mean of study indicators varies due to the effect of the pandemic, the change within each OECD country showed mostly similar characteristics within three years.

Keywords

Sustainable Development, Self-Organizing Map, Life Expectancy, Health Expenditure, Consumer Price Index, Gross Domestic Product

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