Research Article
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Depression in Pregnant Women: Relationship Factors and Effect of Body Image on Depression

Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 39 - 45, 31.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.1209989

Abstract

Background: Depression is an important problem that needs to be taken into consideration, since it affects mother’s and baby’s health.
Purpose: This study was conducted to determine depressive symptoms of pregnant women to investigate body image and some related factors.
Methods: A cross-sectional design was used in the study, and it was conducted with the participation of 520 pregnant women in Turkey. The data collection tools included a survey, the Beck’s Depression Inventory, and the Body Cathexis Scale were used in the study.
Results: In the study, 24.6% of the pregnant women have depressive symptoms. Pregnant women’s low education level, poor income, chronic diseases, “low” BMI, and whether they smoke or not were found to be related factors to depressive symptoms (p<0.05 for each). Besides, pregnant women with depressive symptoms have lower body image satisfaction (p<0.05). The study found that body image affects depressive symptoms 0.971 times (Beta: -0.029; p<0.05).
Conclusion: This study showed that one-fourth of pregnant women have depressive symptoms. It was found pregnant women that low education level, poor income, chronic diseases, and “low” BMI and whether they smoke or not are factors related to with depressive symptoms. Besides body image is a risk factor affecting depressive symptoms for pregnant women.

Supporting Institution

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Project Number

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Thanks

The authors hereby thank all of the pregnant women who participated in this study for their collaboration.

References

  • Jafri SAM, Ali M, Ali R, Shaikh S, Abid M, Aamir IS. Prevalence of depression among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Pakistan. Acta Psychopathol 2017;3(5):54.
  • Kartal B, Simsek N. The prevalence of depression during pregnancy and the affecting factors. J Contemp Med 2017;7(3):217-224.
  • Sheeba B, Nath A, Metgud CS, et al. Prenatal depression and its associated risk factors among pregnant women in Bangalore: A hospital based prevalence study. Front Public Health 2019;7:108.
  • Okagbue HI, Adamu PI, Bishop SA, Oguntunde PE, Opanuga AA, Akhmetshin EM. Systematic review of prevalence of antepartum depression during the trimesters of pregnancy. OAMJMS. 2019;7(9):1555-1560.
  • Dadi AF, Miller ER, Woodman R, Azale T, Mwanri L. Antenatal depression and its potential causal mechanisms among pregnant mothers in Gondar town: Application of structural equation model. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2020;20:168.
  • Yu Y, Zhu X, Xu H, et al. Prevalence of depression symptoms and its influencing factors among pregnant women in late pregnancy in urban areas of Hengyang City, Hunan Province, China: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2020;10(9):e038511. Clark A, Skouteris H, Wertheim E, Paxton S, Milgrom J. The relationship between depression and body dissatisfaction across pregnancy and the postpartum: A prospective study. J Health Psychol 2009;14(1):27-35.
  • Hisli N. A study on the validity of Beck Depression Inventory for university students. J Psychol 1989;7(23):3-13.
  • Hovardaoglu S. Body cathexis scale. I. Dag (Editorial) Psychological scales used in Turkey. J 3P, Special edition with tests 1993;1(2):26-27.
  • Tunc S, Yenicesu O, Cakar H, Ozcan H, Pekcetin S, Danisman N. Anxiety and depression frequency and related factors during pregnancy. JGON 2012;9(35):1431-1435.
  • Cakir L, Can H. Relation between sociodemographic variables with the levels of depression and anxiety in pregnancy. TJTFP 2012;3(2):35-42.
  • Bahaadinbeigy K, Garrusi B, Etminan A, Nematallahee VR. Contributing factors affecting body satisfaction among pregnant women with an emphasis on self-esteem and depression. IJCS 2014;7(2):530-537.
  • Roomruangwong C, Kanchanatawan B, Sirivichayakul S, Maes M. High incidence of body image dissatisfaction in pregnancy and the postnatal period: Associations with depression, anxiety, body mass index and weight gain during pregnancy. Sex Reprod Healthc 2017;13:103-109.
  • Sahin S, Ilcioglu K, Unsal A. Domestic violence, depression, and anxiety during pregnancy. JERN 2017;14(3):204-211.
  • Azami M, Badfar G, Shohani M, et al. The prevalence of depression in pregnant Iranian women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci 2018;12(3):e9975.
  • Zaman FK, Ozkan N, Toprak D. Depression and anxiety in pregnancy. Konuralp Med J 2018;10(1):20-25.
  • Riquin E, Lamas C, Nicolas I, et al. A key for perinatal depression early diagnosis: The body dissatisfaction. J Affect Disord 2019;245:340-347.
  • Pereira B, Figueiredo B, Pinto TM, Míguez MC. Effects of tobacco consumption and anxiety or depression during pregnancy on maternal and neonatal health. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020;17(21):8138.
  • Zhang L, Yang X, Zhao J, et al. Prevalence of prenatal depression among pregnant women and the importance of resilience: A multi-site questionnaire-based survey in Mainland China. Front Psychiatry 2020;11:374.
  • Seker F, Aydogdu M, Akgur SA. Relationship between depression and anxiety levels of pregnant women with smoking and caffeine. J Dependence 2019;20(1):21-31.
  • Tuksanawes P, Kaewkiattikun K, Kerdcharoen N. Prevalence and associated factors of antenatal depressive symptoms in pregnant women living in an urban area of Thailand. Int J Womens Health 2020;12:849-858.
  • Tojal C, Costa R. Anxiety and depression symptoms among pregnant women with different smoking habits. Psychol Health Med 2020;25(4):410-417.
  • Silva MMJ, Lima GS, Monteiro JCS, Clapis MJ. Depression in pregnancy: Risk factors associated with its occurrence. SMAD, Rev Eletrônica Saúde Mental Álcool Drog 2020;16(1):1-12.
  • Benute GR, Nomura RM, Reis JS, Fraguas-Junior R, Lucia MC, Zugaib M. Depression during pregnancy in women with a medical disorder: Risk factors and perinatal outcomes. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2010;65(11):1127-1131.
  • Meireles JFF, Neves CM, Carvalho PHB, Ferreira MEC. Body image, eating attitudes, depressive symptoms, self-esteem and anxiety in pregnant women of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil, Ciênc. Saúde Colet 2017;22(2):437-445.
  • Skouteris H, Carr R, Wertheim EH, Paxton SJ, Duncombe D. A prospective study of factors that lead to body image dissatisfaction during pregnancy. Body Image 2005;2(4):347-361.
  • Inanir S, Cakmak B, Nacar MC, Guler AE, Inanir A. Body image perception and self-esteem during pregnancy. IJWHR 2015;3(4):196-200.
  • Rauff EL, Downs DS. Mediating effects of body image satisfaction on exercise behavior, depressive symptoms, and gestational weight gain in pregnancy. Ann Behav Med 2011;42(3):381-390.
  • Sweeney AC, Fingerhut R. Examining relationships between body dissatisfaction, maladaptive perfectionism, and postpartum depression symptoms. JOGNN 2013;42(5):551-561.
  • Silveira ML, Ertel KA, Dole N, Chasan-Taber L. The role of body image in prenatal and postpartum depression: A critical review of the literature. Arch Womens Ment Health 2015;18(3):409-421.
Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 39 - 45, 31.01.2024
https://doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.1209989

Abstract

Project Number

none

References

  • Jafri SAM, Ali M, Ali R, Shaikh S, Abid M, Aamir IS. Prevalence of depression among pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in Pakistan. Acta Psychopathol 2017;3(5):54.
  • Kartal B, Simsek N. The prevalence of depression during pregnancy and the affecting factors. J Contemp Med 2017;7(3):217-224.
  • Sheeba B, Nath A, Metgud CS, et al. Prenatal depression and its associated risk factors among pregnant women in Bangalore: A hospital based prevalence study. Front Public Health 2019;7:108.
  • Okagbue HI, Adamu PI, Bishop SA, Oguntunde PE, Opanuga AA, Akhmetshin EM. Systematic review of prevalence of antepartum depression during the trimesters of pregnancy. OAMJMS. 2019;7(9):1555-1560.
  • Dadi AF, Miller ER, Woodman R, Azale T, Mwanri L. Antenatal depression and its potential causal mechanisms among pregnant mothers in Gondar town: Application of structural equation model. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2020;20:168.
  • Yu Y, Zhu X, Xu H, et al. Prevalence of depression symptoms and its influencing factors among pregnant women in late pregnancy in urban areas of Hengyang City, Hunan Province, China: A cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2020;10(9):e038511. Clark A, Skouteris H, Wertheim E, Paxton S, Milgrom J. The relationship between depression and body dissatisfaction across pregnancy and the postpartum: A prospective study. J Health Psychol 2009;14(1):27-35.
  • Hisli N. A study on the validity of Beck Depression Inventory for university students. J Psychol 1989;7(23):3-13.
  • Hovardaoglu S. Body cathexis scale. I. Dag (Editorial) Psychological scales used in Turkey. J 3P, Special edition with tests 1993;1(2):26-27.
  • Tunc S, Yenicesu O, Cakar H, Ozcan H, Pekcetin S, Danisman N. Anxiety and depression frequency and related factors during pregnancy. JGON 2012;9(35):1431-1435.
  • Cakir L, Can H. Relation between sociodemographic variables with the levels of depression and anxiety in pregnancy. TJTFP 2012;3(2):35-42.
  • Bahaadinbeigy K, Garrusi B, Etminan A, Nematallahee VR. Contributing factors affecting body satisfaction among pregnant women with an emphasis on self-esteem and depression. IJCS 2014;7(2):530-537.
  • Roomruangwong C, Kanchanatawan B, Sirivichayakul S, Maes M. High incidence of body image dissatisfaction in pregnancy and the postnatal period: Associations with depression, anxiety, body mass index and weight gain during pregnancy. Sex Reprod Healthc 2017;13:103-109.
  • Sahin S, Ilcioglu K, Unsal A. Domestic violence, depression, and anxiety during pregnancy. JERN 2017;14(3):204-211.
  • Azami M, Badfar G, Shohani M, et al. The prevalence of depression in pregnant Iranian women: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Iran J Psychiatry Behav Sci 2018;12(3):e9975.
  • Zaman FK, Ozkan N, Toprak D. Depression and anxiety in pregnancy. Konuralp Med J 2018;10(1):20-25.
  • Riquin E, Lamas C, Nicolas I, et al. A key for perinatal depression early diagnosis: The body dissatisfaction. J Affect Disord 2019;245:340-347.
  • Pereira B, Figueiredo B, Pinto TM, Míguez MC. Effects of tobacco consumption and anxiety or depression during pregnancy on maternal and neonatal health. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020;17(21):8138.
  • Zhang L, Yang X, Zhao J, et al. Prevalence of prenatal depression among pregnant women and the importance of resilience: A multi-site questionnaire-based survey in Mainland China. Front Psychiatry 2020;11:374.
  • Seker F, Aydogdu M, Akgur SA. Relationship between depression and anxiety levels of pregnant women with smoking and caffeine. J Dependence 2019;20(1):21-31.
  • Tuksanawes P, Kaewkiattikun K, Kerdcharoen N. Prevalence and associated factors of antenatal depressive symptoms in pregnant women living in an urban area of Thailand. Int J Womens Health 2020;12:849-858.
  • Tojal C, Costa R. Anxiety and depression symptoms among pregnant women with different smoking habits. Psychol Health Med 2020;25(4):410-417.
  • Silva MMJ, Lima GS, Monteiro JCS, Clapis MJ. Depression in pregnancy: Risk factors associated with its occurrence. SMAD, Rev Eletrônica Saúde Mental Álcool Drog 2020;16(1):1-12.
  • Benute GR, Nomura RM, Reis JS, Fraguas-Junior R, Lucia MC, Zugaib M. Depression during pregnancy in women with a medical disorder: Risk factors and perinatal outcomes. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2010;65(11):1127-1131.
  • Meireles JFF, Neves CM, Carvalho PHB, Ferreira MEC. Body image, eating attitudes, depressive symptoms, self-esteem and anxiety in pregnant women of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil, Ciênc. Saúde Colet 2017;22(2):437-445.
  • Skouteris H, Carr R, Wertheim EH, Paxton SJ, Duncombe D. A prospective study of factors that lead to body image dissatisfaction during pregnancy. Body Image 2005;2(4):347-361.
  • Inanir S, Cakmak B, Nacar MC, Guler AE, Inanir A. Body image perception and self-esteem during pregnancy. IJWHR 2015;3(4):196-200.
  • Rauff EL, Downs DS. Mediating effects of body image satisfaction on exercise behavior, depressive symptoms, and gestational weight gain in pregnancy. Ann Behav Med 2011;42(3):381-390.
  • Sweeney AC, Fingerhut R. Examining relationships between body dissatisfaction, maladaptive perfectionism, and postpartum depression symptoms. JOGNN 2013;42(5):551-561.
  • Silveira ML, Ertel KA, Dole N, Chasan-Taber L. The role of body image in prenatal and postpartum depression: A critical review of the literature. Arch Womens Ment Health 2015;18(3):409-421.
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Health Care Administration
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Seda Eryılmaz 0000-0002-6102-8467

Neşe Çelik 0000-0002-2071-5615

Project Number none
Early Pub Date January 31, 2024
Publication Date January 31, 2024
Submission Date November 25, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Eryılmaz, S., & Çelik, N. (2024). Depression in Pregnant Women: Relationship Factors and Effect of Body Image on Depression. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences, 8(1), 39-45. https://doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.1209989
AMA Eryılmaz S, Çelik N. Depression in Pregnant Women: Relationship Factors and Effect of Body Image on Depression. JBACHS. January 2024;8(1):39-45. doi:10.30621/jbachs.1209989
Chicago Eryılmaz, Seda, and Neşe Çelik. “Depression in Pregnant Women: Relationship Factors and Effect of Body Image on Depression”. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences 8, no. 1 (January 2024): 39-45. https://doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.1209989.
EndNote Eryılmaz S, Çelik N (January 1, 2024) Depression in Pregnant Women: Relationship Factors and Effect of Body Image on Depression. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences 8 1 39–45.
IEEE S. Eryılmaz and N. Çelik, “Depression in Pregnant Women: Relationship Factors and Effect of Body Image on Depression”, JBACHS, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 39–45, 2024, doi: 10.30621/jbachs.1209989.
ISNAD Eryılmaz, Seda - Çelik, Neşe. “Depression in Pregnant Women: Relationship Factors and Effect of Body Image on Depression”. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences 8/1 (January 2024), 39-45. https://doi.org/10.30621/jbachs.1209989.
JAMA Eryılmaz S, Çelik N. Depression in Pregnant Women: Relationship Factors and Effect of Body Image on Depression. JBACHS. 2024;8:39–45.
MLA Eryılmaz, Seda and Neşe Çelik. “Depression in Pregnant Women: Relationship Factors and Effect of Body Image on Depression”. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences, vol. 8, no. 1, 2024, pp. 39-45, doi:10.30621/jbachs.1209989.
Vancouver Eryılmaz S, Çelik N. Depression in Pregnant Women: Relationship Factors and Effect of Body Image on Depression. JBACHS. 2024;8(1):39-45.