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INTERGENERATIONAL MOBILITY IN TURKEY BASED ON EDUCATION

Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 1 - 24, 28.03.2024

Abstract

The concept of intergenerational mobility refers to the association between parents’ and their children’s socio-economic well-being. As an interest and policy area, understanding the three aspects of intergenerational transmission stands out, i) social welfare ii) equality of opportunity, and iii) economic efficiency. First, it is essential to know how resources are allocated across generations because this allocation process may influence overall social welfare defined over the entire income distribution of different generations. Secondly, intergenerational mobility may be seen as a measure of equality of opportunity. Moreover, it can be one of the ways to reduce socioeconomic inequality by promoting social justice and achieving a more equitable allocation of resources (D'Addio, 2007). Although the studies of intergenerational transmission go back to the mid-19th century (Galton, 1869), it has been started to analyze and interpreted, more recently. From the 1960s, some empirical studies on economic, social and political determinants of mobility mostly in developed countries, such as the UK, USA, Canada and Sweden (Solon, 1999, 2002; Zimmerman, 1992; Black and Devereux, 2010; Bjorklund and Salvanes, 2011), are published, but for developing countries there are few works mostly due to data constraints and structural problems such as informal and household-based economic activities (Mercan, 2012, 2020; Emran & Shilpi, 2019, Demirtaş and Torul, 2023). In this direction, this study aims to contribute scarce literature on intergenerational mobility in Turkey by using the Adult Education Survey (AES) provided by TURKSTAT. Our results indicate a strong relationship between the socioeconomic status of the family and the socioeconomic status of the child, albeit decreasing over the birth cohorts. In addition to these results, persistence in terms of intergenerational mobility is higher for females with respect to males.

References

  • Akarçay-Gürbüz, A., & Polat, S. (2017). Schooling Opportunities and Intergenerational Educational Mobility in Turkey: An IV Estimation Using Census Data. The Journal of Development Studies, 53(9), 1396-1413.
  • Attanasio, O., & Kaufmann, K. (2009). Educational Choices, Subjective Expectations, and Credit Constraints. NBER Working Paper No. 15087.
  • Aydemir, A., & Yazıcı, H. (2019). Intergenerational Education Mobility and the Level of Development. European Economic Review, 116(C), 160-185.
  • Bakış, O. (2017). Kuşaklar Arası Eğitim Hareketliliği: AB-Türkiye Karşılaştırması. Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 54(634), 97-105.
  • Becker, G. S. (1975). Human capital: : A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education, Second Edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Becker, G. S., & Tomes, N. (1979). An Equilibrium Theory of the Distribution of Income and Intergenerational Mobility. Journal of Political Economy, 87(6), 1153-1189.
  • Becker, G. S., & Tomes, N. (1986). Human Capital and the Rise and Fall of Families. Journal of Labor Economics, 4(3), S1-S39.
  • Behrman, J. R., & Rosenzweig, M. R. (2002). Does Increasing Women’s Schooling Raise the Schooling of the Next Generation? American Economic Review, 92(1), 323-334.
  • Bingley, P., Christensen, K., & Jensen, V. M. (2009). Parental Schooling and Child Development: Learning from Twin Parents. The Danish National Centre for Social Research Working Paper 07:2009.
  • Björklund, A., & Salvanes, K. G. (2011). Education and Family Background: Mechanisms and Policies. E. A. Hanushek, S. Machin, & L. Woessman (Dü) içinde, Handbook of the Economics of Education (Cilt 3, s. 201-247). Elsevier B.V.
  • Björklund, A., Lindahl, M., & Plug, E. (2006). The Origins of Intergenerational Associations: Lessons from Swedish Adoption Data. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 121(3), 999-1028.
  • Black, S. E., & Devereux, P. (2010). Recent Developments in Intergenerational Mobilty. IZA Discussion Paper No.4866.
  • Black, S. E., Devereux, P. J., & Salvanes, K. G. (2005). Why the Apple Doesn’t Fall Far: Understanding Intergenerational Transmission of Human Capital. American Economic Review, 95(1), 437-449.
  • Card, D. (1999). The Causal Effect of Education on Earnings. O. Ashenfelter, & D. Card (Dü) içinde, Handbook of Labor Economics (Cilt 3). Elsevier Science B.V.
  • Card, D. (2012). Earnings,Schooling, and Ability Revisited. S. Polachek, & K. Tatsimaros içinde, 35th Anniversary Retrospective (Research in Labor Economics, Vol. 35) (s. 111-136). Leeds: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
  • Checchi, D., Fiorio, C. V., & Leonardi, M. (2008). Intergenerational Persistence in Educational Attainment in Italy. IZA Discussion Paper No.3622.
  • Checchi, D., Ichino, A., & Rustichini, A. (1999). More equal but less mobile? Education Financing and Intergenerational Mobility in Italy and in the US. Journal of Public Economics, 74, 351-393.
  • Chetty, R., Friedman, J. N., Saez, E., Turner, N., & Yagan, D. (2017). Mobility Report Cards: The Role of Colleges in Intergenerational Mobility. NBER Working Paper No. 23618.
  • Chetty, R., Hendren, N., Kline, P., & Saez, E. (2014). Where is the land of Opportunity? The Geography of Intergenerational Mobility in the United States. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 129(4), 1553- 1623.
  • Chevalier, A. (2004). Parental Education and Child’s Education: A Natural Experiment. IZA Discussion Paper No.1153.
  • Chevalier, A., Denny, K., & McMahon, D. (2009). A Multi-Country Study of Inter-generational Educational Mobility. R. Apslund, E. Barth, & P. Dolton (Dü) içinde, Education and Inequality across Europe. Massachusetts: Edward Edgar.
  • D’Addio, A. C. (2007). Intergenerational Transmission of Disadvantage: Mobility or Immobility Across Generations. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers No.52.
  • Dearden, L., Machin, S., & Reed, H. (1997). Intergenerational Mobility in Britain. The Economic Journal, 107(440), 47-66.
  • Demirtaş, N. M., & Torul, O. (2023). Intergenerational Income Mobility in Turkey. The Journal of Economic Inequality.
  • Duncan, G. J., & Murnane, R. J. (2011). Whither Opportunity?: Rising Inequality, Schools, and Children’s Life Chances. Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Emran, M., & Shilpi, F. (2019). Economic Approach to Intergenerational Mobility: Measures, Methods and Challenges in Developing Countries. WIDER Working Paper 2019/98.
  • Erikson, R., Goldthorpe, J., & Portocarero, L. (1979). Intergenerational Class Mobility in Three Western European Societies: England, France and Sweden. The British Journal of Sociology, 415-441.
  • Formby, J., Smith, W., & Zheng, B. (2004). Mobility Measurment, Transition Matrices and Statistical Inference. Journal of Econometrics, 120, 181-205.
  • Galton, F. (1869). Hereditary genius: An inquiry into its laws and consequences. London: Macmillan and Co.
  • Goldthorpe, J. H. (2014). The Role of Education in Intergenerational Social Mobility: Problems from Empirical Research im Sociology and Some Theoretical Pointers from Economics. Rationality and Society, 265-289.
  • Guryan, J., Hurst, E., & Kearney, M. (2008). Parental Education and Parental Time with Children. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 22(3), 23-46.
  • Haegeland, T., Kirkeboen, L. J., Raaum, O., & Salvanes, K. G. (2010). Why Children of College Graduates Outperform Their Schoolmates: A Study of Cousins and Adoptees. Norwegian School of Economics Department of Economics Discussion Paper No.22/10.
  • Heckman, J. J., & Mosso, S. (2014). The Economics of Human Development and Social Mobility. Annual Review of Economics, 6(1), 689-733.
  • Hertz, T., Jayasundera, T., Piraino, P., Selçuk, S., Smith , N., & Verashcagina, A. (2007). The Inheritance of Educational Inequality: International Comparisons and Fifty-Year Trends. The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 7(2), Article 10.
  • Holmlund, H., Lindahl, M., & Plug, E. (2008). The Causal Effect of Parent’s Schooling on Children’s Schooling: A Comparison of Estimation Methods. IZA Discussion Paper No.3630.
  • Kim, C., Tamborini, C. R., & Sakamoto, A. (2015). Field of Study in College and Lifetime Earnings in the United States. Sociology of Education, 88(4), 320-339.
  • Lareau, A. (2011). Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life. University of California Press.
  • Leone, T. (2019). Intergenerational Mobility in Education: Estimates of the Worldwide Variation. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development: Overcoming Inequalities in a Fractured World: Between Elite Power and Social Mobilization. Occasional Paper No.2.
  • Loury, G. C. (1981). Intergenerational Transfers and the Distribution of Earnings. Econometrica, 49(4), 843- 867.
  • Maurin, E., & McNally, S. (2008). Vive la Révolution! Long‐Term Educational Returns of 1968 to the Angry Students. Journal of Labor Economics, 26(1), 1-33.
  • Mercan, M. A. (2012). Intergenerational Income Mobility in Turkey. İktisat İşletme ve Finans, 27(318), 83- 94.
  • Mercan, M. A. (2020). Are Occupations of Parents Important? Evidence from Turkey. International Journal of Economics and Financial Research, 6(1), 1-4.
  • Mincer, J. (1974). Schooling, Experience and Earnings. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Monsen, C. (2018). Upward Intergenerational Mobility of College Students: Does the Type of Institution Matter? The Park Place Economist, 26.
  • Narayan, A., Van der Weide, R., Cojocaru, A., Lakner, C., Redaelli, S., Mahler, D. G., Thewissen, S.(2018). Fair Progress? Economic Mobility across Generations around the World. The World Bank Group, Equity and Development Series.
  • OECD. (2023). Education at a Glance. OECD.
  • Oreopoulos, P., Page, M. E., & Stevens, A. H. (2006). The Intergenerational Effects of Compulsory Schooling. Journal of Labor Economics, 24(4), 729-760.
  • Öztunalı, O., & Torul, O. (2019). Evolution of Intergenerational Educational Mobility in Turkey. BOUN.
  • Öztunalı, O., & Torul, O. (2020). The Evolution of Intergenerational Educational Mobility in Turkey. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 1-17.
  • Plug, E. (2004). Estimating the Effect of Mother’s Schooling on Children’s Schooling Using a Sample of Adoptees. American Economic Review, 94(1), 358-368.
  • Ramey, G., & Ramey, V. (2010). The Rug Rat Race. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 41(1), 129-199.
  • Restuccia, D., & Urrutia, C. (2004). Intergenerational Persistence of Earnings: The Role of Early and College Education. American Economic Review, 94(5), 1354-1378.
  • Richey, J., & Rosburg, A. (2015). Decomposing Economic Mobility Transition Matrices. MPRA Paper No.66485.
  • Shorrocks, A. (1978). The Measurement of Mobility. Econometrica, 46(5), 1013-1024.
  • Solon, G. (1992). Intergenerational Income Mobility in the United States. The American Economic Review, 82(3), 393-408.
  • Solon, G. (1999). Chapter 29 – Intergenerational Mobility in the Labor Market. O. C. Ashenfelter, & D. Card (Eds.), Handbook of Labor Economics (Volume 3 Part A, s. 1761-1800). Elsevier.
  • Solon, G. (2002). Cross-Country Differences in Intergenerational Earnings Mobility. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 16(3), 59-66.
  • Solon, G. (2004). A Model of Intergenerational Mobility Variation over Time and Place. M. Corak (Dü.) içinde, Generational Income Mobility in North America and Europe (s. 38-47). Cambridge University Press.
  • Şaşmaz, A. (2015). Politics of Educational Expansion in Turkey. Paris: UNESCO Global Monitoring Report.
  • Tansel, A. (2015). Intergenerational Educational Mobility in Turkey. IZA Discussion Paper Series No. 9590.
  • Thompson, J. (2019). Mobility in the middle: Bachelor’s degree selectivity and the intergenerational association in status in the United States. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 60, 16-28.
  • Torche, F. (2005). Unequal but Fluid: Social Mobility in Chile in Comparative Perspective. American Sociological Review, 421-450.
  • Torche, F. (2011). Is a College Degree Still the Great Equalizer? Intergenerational Mobility across Levels of Schooling in the United States. American Journal of Sociology, 117(3), 763-807.
  • UIS;. (2021). UIS Statistics on Education. van der Weide, R., Lakner, C., Mahler, D. G., Narayan, A., & Ramussubbaiah, R. (2021). Intergenerational Mobility around the World. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 9707.
  • World Bank. (2015). Educational Statistics.
  • Zimmerman, D. (1992). Regression Toward Mediocrity in Economic Status. The American Economic Review, 82(3), 409-429.
Year 2024, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 1 - 24, 28.03.2024

Abstract

References

  • Akarçay-Gürbüz, A., & Polat, S. (2017). Schooling Opportunities and Intergenerational Educational Mobility in Turkey: An IV Estimation Using Census Data. The Journal of Development Studies, 53(9), 1396-1413.
  • Attanasio, O., & Kaufmann, K. (2009). Educational Choices, Subjective Expectations, and Credit Constraints. NBER Working Paper No. 15087.
  • Aydemir, A., & Yazıcı, H. (2019). Intergenerational Education Mobility and the Level of Development. European Economic Review, 116(C), 160-185.
  • Bakış, O. (2017). Kuşaklar Arası Eğitim Hareketliliği: AB-Türkiye Karşılaştırması. Finans Politik & Ekonomik Yorumlar, 54(634), 97-105.
  • Becker, G. S. (1975). Human capital: : A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis, with Special Reference to Education, Second Edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Becker, G. S., & Tomes, N. (1979). An Equilibrium Theory of the Distribution of Income and Intergenerational Mobility. Journal of Political Economy, 87(6), 1153-1189.
  • Becker, G. S., & Tomes, N. (1986). Human Capital and the Rise and Fall of Families. Journal of Labor Economics, 4(3), S1-S39.
  • Behrman, J. R., & Rosenzweig, M. R. (2002). Does Increasing Women’s Schooling Raise the Schooling of the Next Generation? American Economic Review, 92(1), 323-334.
  • Bingley, P., Christensen, K., & Jensen, V. M. (2009). Parental Schooling and Child Development: Learning from Twin Parents. The Danish National Centre for Social Research Working Paper 07:2009.
  • Björklund, A., & Salvanes, K. G. (2011). Education and Family Background: Mechanisms and Policies. E. A. Hanushek, S. Machin, & L. Woessman (Dü) içinde, Handbook of the Economics of Education (Cilt 3, s. 201-247). Elsevier B.V.
  • Björklund, A., Lindahl, M., & Plug, E. (2006). The Origins of Intergenerational Associations: Lessons from Swedish Adoption Data. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 121(3), 999-1028.
  • Black, S. E., & Devereux, P. (2010). Recent Developments in Intergenerational Mobilty. IZA Discussion Paper No.4866.
  • Black, S. E., Devereux, P. J., & Salvanes, K. G. (2005). Why the Apple Doesn’t Fall Far: Understanding Intergenerational Transmission of Human Capital. American Economic Review, 95(1), 437-449.
  • Card, D. (1999). The Causal Effect of Education on Earnings. O. Ashenfelter, & D. Card (Dü) içinde, Handbook of Labor Economics (Cilt 3). Elsevier Science B.V.
  • Card, D. (2012). Earnings,Schooling, and Ability Revisited. S. Polachek, & K. Tatsimaros içinde, 35th Anniversary Retrospective (Research in Labor Economics, Vol. 35) (s. 111-136). Leeds: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
  • Checchi, D., Fiorio, C. V., & Leonardi, M. (2008). Intergenerational Persistence in Educational Attainment in Italy. IZA Discussion Paper No.3622.
  • Checchi, D., Ichino, A., & Rustichini, A. (1999). More equal but less mobile? Education Financing and Intergenerational Mobility in Italy and in the US. Journal of Public Economics, 74, 351-393.
  • Chetty, R., Friedman, J. N., Saez, E., Turner, N., & Yagan, D. (2017). Mobility Report Cards: The Role of Colleges in Intergenerational Mobility. NBER Working Paper No. 23618.
  • Chetty, R., Hendren, N., Kline, P., & Saez, E. (2014). Where is the land of Opportunity? The Geography of Intergenerational Mobility in the United States. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 129(4), 1553- 1623.
  • Chevalier, A. (2004). Parental Education and Child’s Education: A Natural Experiment. IZA Discussion Paper No.1153.
  • Chevalier, A., Denny, K., & McMahon, D. (2009). A Multi-Country Study of Inter-generational Educational Mobility. R. Apslund, E. Barth, & P. Dolton (Dü) içinde, Education and Inequality across Europe. Massachusetts: Edward Edgar.
  • D’Addio, A. C. (2007). Intergenerational Transmission of Disadvantage: Mobility or Immobility Across Generations. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers No.52.
  • Dearden, L., Machin, S., & Reed, H. (1997). Intergenerational Mobility in Britain. The Economic Journal, 107(440), 47-66.
  • Demirtaş, N. M., & Torul, O. (2023). Intergenerational Income Mobility in Turkey. The Journal of Economic Inequality.
  • Duncan, G. J., & Murnane, R. J. (2011). Whither Opportunity?: Rising Inequality, Schools, and Children’s Life Chances. Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Emran, M., & Shilpi, F. (2019). Economic Approach to Intergenerational Mobility: Measures, Methods and Challenges in Developing Countries. WIDER Working Paper 2019/98.
  • Erikson, R., Goldthorpe, J., & Portocarero, L. (1979). Intergenerational Class Mobility in Three Western European Societies: England, France and Sweden. The British Journal of Sociology, 415-441.
  • Formby, J., Smith, W., & Zheng, B. (2004). Mobility Measurment, Transition Matrices and Statistical Inference. Journal of Econometrics, 120, 181-205.
  • Galton, F. (1869). Hereditary genius: An inquiry into its laws and consequences. London: Macmillan and Co.
  • Goldthorpe, J. H. (2014). The Role of Education in Intergenerational Social Mobility: Problems from Empirical Research im Sociology and Some Theoretical Pointers from Economics. Rationality and Society, 265-289.
  • Guryan, J., Hurst, E., & Kearney, M. (2008). Parental Education and Parental Time with Children. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 22(3), 23-46.
  • Haegeland, T., Kirkeboen, L. J., Raaum, O., & Salvanes, K. G. (2010). Why Children of College Graduates Outperform Their Schoolmates: A Study of Cousins and Adoptees. Norwegian School of Economics Department of Economics Discussion Paper No.22/10.
  • Heckman, J. J., & Mosso, S. (2014). The Economics of Human Development and Social Mobility. Annual Review of Economics, 6(1), 689-733.
  • Hertz, T., Jayasundera, T., Piraino, P., Selçuk, S., Smith , N., & Verashcagina, A. (2007). The Inheritance of Educational Inequality: International Comparisons and Fifty-Year Trends. The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, 7(2), Article 10.
  • Holmlund, H., Lindahl, M., & Plug, E. (2008). The Causal Effect of Parent’s Schooling on Children’s Schooling: A Comparison of Estimation Methods. IZA Discussion Paper No.3630.
  • Kim, C., Tamborini, C. R., & Sakamoto, A. (2015). Field of Study in College and Lifetime Earnings in the United States. Sociology of Education, 88(4), 320-339.
  • Lareau, A. (2011). Unequal Childhoods: Class, Race, and Family Life. University of California Press.
  • Leone, T. (2019). Intergenerational Mobility in Education: Estimates of the Worldwide Variation. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development: Overcoming Inequalities in a Fractured World: Between Elite Power and Social Mobilization. Occasional Paper No.2.
  • Loury, G. C. (1981). Intergenerational Transfers and the Distribution of Earnings. Econometrica, 49(4), 843- 867.
  • Maurin, E., & McNally, S. (2008). Vive la Révolution! Long‐Term Educational Returns of 1968 to the Angry Students. Journal of Labor Economics, 26(1), 1-33.
  • Mercan, M. A. (2012). Intergenerational Income Mobility in Turkey. İktisat İşletme ve Finans, 27(318), 83- 94.
  • Mercan, M. A. (2020). Are Occupations of Parents Important? Evidence from Turkey. International Journal of Economics and Financial Research, 6(1), 1-4.
  • Mincer, J. (1974). Schooling, Experience and Earnings. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Monsen, C. (2018). Upward Intergenerational Mobility of College Students: Does the Type of Institution Matter? The Park Place Economist, 26.
  • Narayan, A., Van der Weide, R., Cojocaru, A., Lakner, C., Redaelli, S., Mahler, D. G., Thewissen, S.(2018). Fair Progress? Economic Mobility across Generations around the World. The World Bank Group, Equity and Development Series.
  • OECD. (2023). Education at a Glance. OECD.
  • Oreopoulos, P., Page, M. E., & Stevens, A. H. (2006). The Intergenerational Effects of Compulsory Schooling. Journal of Labor Economics, 24(4), 729-760.
  • Öztunalı, O., & Torul, O. (2019). Evolution of Intergenerational Educational Mobility in Turkey. BOUN.
  • Öztunalı, O., & Torul, O. (2020). The Evolution of Intergenerational Educational Mobility in Turkey. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 1-17.
  • Plug, E. (2004). Estimating the Effect of Mother’s Schooling on Children’s Schooling Using a Sample of Adoptees. American Economic Review, 94(1), 358-368.
  • Ramey, G., & Ramey, V. (2010). The Rug Rat Race. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, 41(1), 129-199.
  • Restuccia, D., & Urrutia, C. (2004). Intergenerational Persistence of Earnings: The Role of Early and College Education. American Economic Review, 94(5), 1354-1378.
  • Richey, J., & Rosburg, A. (2015). Decomposing Economic Mobility Transition Matrices. MPRA Paper No.66485.
  • Shorrocks, A. (1978). The Measurement of Mobility. Econometrica, 46(5), 1013-1024.
  • Solon, G. (1992). Intergenerational Income Mobility in the United States. The American Economic Review, 82(3), 393-408.
  • Solon, G. (1999). Chapter 29 – Intergenerational Mobility in the Labor Market. O. C. Ashenfelter, & D. Card (Eds.), Handbook of Labor Economics (Volume 3 Part A, s. 1761-1800). Elsevier.
  • Solon, G. (2002). Cross-Country Differences in Intergenerational Earnings Mobility. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 16(3), 59-66.
  • Solon, G. (2004). A Model of Intergenerational Mobility Variation over Time and Place. M. Corak (Dü.) içinde, Generational Income Mobility in North America and Europe (s. 38-47). Cambridge University Press.
  • Şaşmaz, A. (2015). Politics of Educational Expansion in Turkey. Paris: UNESCO Global Monitoring Report.
  • Tansel, A. (2015). Intergenerational Educational Mobility in Turkey. IZA Discussion Paper Series No. 9590.
  • Thompson, J. (2019). Mobility in the middle: Bachelor’s degree selectivity and the intergenerational association in status in the United States. Research in Social Stratification and Mobility, 60, 16-28.
  • Torche, F. (2005). Unequal but Fluid: Social Mobility in Chile in Comparative Perspective. American Sociological Review, 421-450.
  • Torche, F. (2011). Is a College Degree Still the Great Equalizer? Intergenerational Mobility across Levels of Schooling in the United States. American Journal of Sociology, 117(3), 763-807.
  • UIS;. (2021). UIS Statistics on Education. van der Weide, R., Lakner, C., Mahler, D. G., Narayan, A., & Ramussubbaiah, R. (2021). Intergenerational Mobility around the World. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 9707.
  • World Bank. (2015). Educational Statistics.
  • Zimmerman, D. (1992). Regression Toward Mediocrity in Economic Status. The American Economic Review, 82(3), 409-429.
There are 66 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Applied Macroeconometrics
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Yasin Enes Aksu 0000-0001-5114-9620

Feride Gönel 0000-0001-7946-9298

Early Pub Date March 21, 2024
Publication Date March 28, 2024
Submission Date December 23, 2023
Acceptance Date February 15, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Aksu, Y. E., & Gönel, F. (2024). INTERGENERATIONAL MOBILITY IN TURKEY BASED ON EDUCATION. Journal of Research in Economics, 8(1), 1-24.