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Political Polarization and Administrative Court Cases: An Empirical Analysis for Europe

Year 2024, Volume: 48 Issue: 1, 219 - 242, 15.03.2024

Abstract

This study has been written to investigate whether there is a relationship between political polarization and administrative lawsuits. The political polarization index used in this article is calculated based on the votes received by political parties in parliamentary elections. Additionally, how different political polarization indices are calculated will also be explained. Empirical analyses for 16 European countries, covering the years 2008-2019, have found that countries with a high political polarization index also have high levels of administrative lawsuits. Although this does not necessarily prove causality, it implies that administrative lawsuits may be related to political polarizations. The analyses, conducted using various panel data techniques, have found a statistically significant relationship between administrative lawsuits, public expenditures, per capita national income, and political polarizations. In the study, fixed effects method was used to control for time-invariant unit-specific effects, providing more reliable estimates. Additionally, econometric problems such as heteroskedasticity, unit root, and cross-sectional dependence were addressed. The Driscoll-Kraay Fixed Effects method provides the best estimates considering cross-sectional dependence, heteroskedasticity, and autocorrelation. According to regression results, a statistically significant relationship has been identified between political polarization and the number of administrative lawsuits; as political polarization increases, so does the number of administrative lawsuits. These findings indicate that political polarization has significant effects at both societal and judicial levels. It is emphasized that this situation negatively affects social costs and trust, and therefore, reducing political polarization is important for enhancing societal welfare. Additionally, no statistical relationship was found between administrative lawsuits and various governance concepts such as legality, accountability, and government effectiveness. A cross-sectional statistical analysis has also been conducted for certain provinces in Turkey. The statistical analyses for Turkey, like those for Europe, have found a statistically significant relationship between administrative lawsuits and political polarizations. The political polarization index has been calculated for provinces with Administrative Courts. In provinces where this index is relatively high, the number of administrative lawsuits per hundred thousand people has also been found to be high.

References

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  • Akdede S H (2012). Income Inequality and Political Polarization and Fracturalization: an Empirical Investigation of Some European Countries. Bulletin of Economic Research, 64(1), 20-30. Akdede S H ve Keyifli N (2020). Politik Kutuplaşma ve Gelirin Kişisel Dağılımı. Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 27(2), 337-351.
  • Akdede S H ve Keyifli N (2021). Politik Kutuplaşma ve Kamu Sektörü İstihdamı. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 23(1), 203-218.
  • Alesina A ve Tabellini G (1990). A Positive Theory of Fiscal Deficits and Government Debt. The Review of Economic Studies, 57(3), 403-414.
  • Baltagi B H (2008), Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, 4. Baskı: New York, John Wiley & Sons.
  • Baum C (2001). XTTEST3: Stata Module to Compute Modified Wald Statistic for Groupwise Heteroskedasticity. Statistical Software Components, No. S414801, Boston: Boston College.
  • Billig M ve Tajfel H (1973). Social Categorization and Similarity in Intergroup Behaviour. European Journal of Social Psychology, 3(1), 27–52.
  • Bohn F (2007). Polarisation, Uncertainty and Public Investment Failure.   European Journal of Political Economy, 23(4), 1077-1087.
  • Bolsen T, Druckman J N ve Cook F L (2014). The Influence of Partisan Motivated Reasoning Onpublic Opinion. Political Behavior, 36(2), 235–262.
  • Casal Bertoa F ve Rama J (2021). The Antiestablishment Challenge. Journal of Democracy, 32(1), 37-51.
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  • Coffe H, Heyndels B ve Vermeir J (2007). Fertile grounds for extreme right-wing parties: Explaining the Vlaams Blok's electoral success. Electoral Studies, 26(1), 142–155.
  • Danıştay 2. Daire Başkanlığı (2012). İçtihat Metni Esas No: 2011/8076, Karar No: 2012/3105, https://karararama.danistay.gov.tr/ Son erişim tarihi, 13/10/2022.
  • Danıştay 5. Daire Başkanlığı (2015). İçtihat Metni Esas No: 2013/8924, Karar No: 2015/9392, https://karararama.danistay.gov.tr/ Son erişim tarihi, 13/10/2022.
  • Danıştay 12. Daire Başkanlığı (2015). İçtihat Metni Esas No: 2015/2087, Karar No: 2015/5155, https://karararama.danistay.gov.tr/ Son erişim tarihi, 13/10/2022.
  • Enke B, Polborn M ve Wu A (2022). Morals as Luxury Goods and Political Polarization. http://www.nber.org/papers/w30001 Son erişim tarihi, 25/11/2022.
  • Ertugay F (2022). Türkiye’de Politik Kutuplaşmanın Tarihsel Kökenleri/ Kolektif Hafıza. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 55(2), 27-62.
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  • Frye T (2002). The perils of polarization: Economic performance in the postcommunist world.   World Politics, 54(3), 308-337.
  • Garand J C (2010). Income Inequality, Party Polarization, and Roll-Call Voting in the U.S. Senate. The Journal of Politics, 72(4), 1109-1128.
  • Hakimler ve Savcılar Kurulu (2022). İdare ve Vergi Mahkemeleri Yargı Çevreleri. https://www.hsk.gov.tr/Eklentiler/Dosyalar/34c6f6a0-f2c9-484e-92de-1f1ddd251cb9.pdf Son erişim tarihi, 13/10/2022.
  • Hausman J A (1978). Specification tests in econometrics. Econometrica, 46, 1251–1271
  • Hoechle D (2007). Robust standard errors for panel regressions with cross-sectional dependence. The stata Journal, 7(3): 281-312.
  • Hürriyet (2022), Rockçı İmam Göreve İade İçin AİHM’e Başvurdu. https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/rockci-imam-goreve-iade-icin-aihme-basvurdu-42045842 Son erişim tarihi, 13/10/2022.
  • Iyengar S, Sood G ve Lelkes Y (2012). Affect, not ideology a social identity perspective on polar-ization. Public Opinion Quarterly, 76(3), 405–443.
  • Johnson A F ve Roberto K J (2018). Right versus left: How does political ideology affect the workplace?   Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39(8), 1040-1043.
  • Jost J T ve Amodio D M (2012). Political Ideology As Motivated Social Cognition: Behavioral and Neuroscientific Evidence. Motivation and Emotion, 36(1), 55–64.
  • Kaufmann D ve Kraay A (2022). Worldwide Governance Indicators, 2023 Update. www.govindicators.org, Son erişim tarihi, 22/12/2022.
  • Keyifli N ve Akdede S H (2020), Politik Kutuplaşma ve Devletin Ekonomik Boyutu. Sosyoekonomi, 28(44), 319–335
  • Lee I (2021). Does Political Polarization Lead to a Rise in Government Debt? Review of Public Economics. 241(2), 3-25.
  • Lindqvist E ve Östling R (2010). Political Polarization and the Size of Government. The American Political Science Review, 104(3), 545-565.
  • López E J ve Ramírez C D (2004). Party polarization and the business cycle in the United States. Public Choice, 121(3-4), 413-430.
  • Melki M ve Pickering A (2014). Polarization and Government Debt. University of York Discussion Papers in Economics, 14/10.
  • Monro N (2012). GOP Attorneys General Litigate, Push Back Against Obama Regulations. Daily Caller. http://dailycaller.com/2012/03/05/gop-attorneys-general-litigatepush-back-against-obama-regulations/ Son erişim tarihi, 09/05/2022.
  • Nolette P (2014). State Litigation during the Obama Administration: Diverging Agendas in an Era of Polarized Politics. The State of American Federalism, 44(3), 451-474.
  • Parties and Elections in Europe (2022). http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/index.html Son erişim tarihi, 07/07/2020.
  • Patkós  V (2022) Does partisan polarisation predict economic growth? Evidence from 27 European countries. Contemporary Politics, 28(2), 182-203.
  • Pesaran M H (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. CESifo Working Paper Series No. 1229; IZA Discussion Paper No. 1240 http://ssrn.com/abstract=572504. Son erişim tarihi, 13/10/2022
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  • Svolik M W (2019). Polarization versus democracy. Journal of Democracy, 30(3), 20–32.
  • Tajfel H (1970). Experiments in Intergroup Discrimination. Scientific American 223(5), 96–102.
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (2019), Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi Sonuçları, 2018, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Adrese-Dayali-Nufus-Kayit-Sistemi-Sonuclari-2018-30709#:~:text=T%C3%BCrkiye%20n%C3%BCfusunun%20%18%2C4',ki%C5%9Fi%20ile%20Antalya%20takip%20etti Son erişim tarihi, 13/10/2022.
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Politik Kutuplaşma ve İdari Davalar: Avrupa ve Türkiye İçin Ampirik Bir Analiz

Year 2024, Volume: 48 Issue: 1, 219 - 242, 15.03.2024

Abstract

Bu çalışma politik kutuplaşmalar ve idari davalar arasında ilişki olup olmadığını incelemek amacıyla kaleme alınmıştır. Bu makalede kullanılan politik kutuplaşma endeksi, siyasi partilerin parlamento seçimlerinde aldıkları oya bağlı olarak hesaplanan bir endekstir. Ayrıca, farklı politik kutuplaşma endekslerinin nasıl hesaplandığı da açıklanacaktır. 2008-2019 yıllarını kapsayan, 16 Avrupa ülkesi için yapılan ampirik analizlerde, politik kutuplaşma endeksinin yüksek olduğu ülkelerde idari davalar da yüksek bulunmuştur. Bu durum ille de bir nedenselliği kanıtlamasa da idari davaların politik kutuplaşmalarla bir ilişkisinin olabileceğini ima etmektedir. Çeşitli panel veri teknikleri kullanılarak yapılan analizlerin sonucunda, idari davalarla, kamu harcamaları, kişi başına düşen milli gelir ve politik kutuplaşmalar arasında istatiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Çalışmada, sabit etkiler yöntemi kullanılarak zamanla değişmeyen birim spesifik etkiler kontrol altına alınmış ve daha güvenilir tahminler sunulmuştur. Ayrıca, ekonometrik problemler olan değişen varyans, birim kök problemi ve yatay kesit bağımlılığı konuları da ele alınmıştır. Driscoll-Kraay Sabit Etkiler yöntemi, yatay kesit bağımlılığı, değişen varyans ve otokorelasyon problemleri göz önüne alındığında en iyi tahminleri sunmaktadır. Regresyon sonuçlarına göre, politik kutuplaşma ile idari dava sayıları arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir; politik kutuplaşma arttıkça idari dava sayıları da artmaktadır. Bu bulgular, politik kutuplaşmanın toplumsal ve yargısal düzeyde önemli etkileri olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu durumun toplumsal maliyetleri ve sosyal güveni olumsuz yönde etkilediği, dolayısıyla toplumsal refahın artırılması için politik kutuplaşmanın azaltılmasının önemli olduğu vurgulanmaktadır. Bunun yanında idari davalarla hukuka uygunluk, hesap verebilirlik, hükümetin etkinliği gibi çeşitli yönetişim kavramları arasında ise istatiksel bir ilişki bulunmamıştır. Bazı Türkiye illeri için de yatay kesit olarak istatistiksel bir analiz yapılmıştır. Türkiye için yapılan istatistiksel analizlerde de Avrupa için yapılan analizlerde olduğu gibi idari davalarla politik kutuplaşmalar arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur. İdare Mahkemesi olan iller için politik kutuplaşma endeksi hesaplanmıştır. Bu endeksin görece yüksek olduğu illerde, yüz bin kişi başına düşen idari dava sayısının da yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

References

  • Abramowitz A ve McCoy J. (2019). United States: Racial Resentment, Negative Partisanship, and Polarization in Trump’s America. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 681(1), 137–156. Adli Sicil ve İstatistik Genel Müdürlüğü (2019). Adli İstatistikler 2018, https://adlisicil.adalet.gov.tr/Resimler/SayfaDokuman/2182019155518istatistik2018.pdf Son erişim tarihi, 13/10/2022.
  • Akdede S H (2012). Income Inequality and Political Polarization and Fracturalization: an Empirical Investigation of Some European Countries. Bulletin of Economic Research, 64(1), 20-30. Akdede S H ve Keyifli N (2020). Politik Kutuplaşma ve Gelirin Kişisel Dağılımı. Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 27(2), 337-351.
  • Akdede S H ve Keyifli N (2021). Politik Kutuplaşma ve Kamu Sektörü İstihdamı. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 23(1), 203-218.
  • Alesina A ve Tabellini G (1990). A Positive Theory of Fiscal Deficits and Government Debt. The Review of Economic Studies, 57(3), 403-414.
  • Baltagi B H (2008), Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, 4. Baskı: New York, John Wiley & Sons.
  • Baum C (2001). XTTEST3: Stata Module to Compute Modified Wald Statistic for Groupwise Heteroskedasticity. Statistical Software Components, No. S414801, Boston: Boston College.
  • Billig M ve Tajfel H (1973). Social Categorization and Similarity in Intergroup Behaviour. European Journal of Social Psychology, 3(1), 27–52.
  • Bohn F (2007). Polarisation, Uncertainty and Public Investment Failure.   European Journal of Political Economy, 23(4), 1077-1087.
  • Bolsen T, Druckman J N ve Cook F L (2014). The Influence of Partisan Motivated Reasoning Onpublic Opinion. Political Behavior, 36(2), 235–262.
  • Casal Bertoa F ve Rama J (2021). The Antiestablishment Challenge. Journal of Democracy, 32(1), 37-51.
  • Chasmar J (2016). CEO Mathew Blanchfield Tells Pro‐-Trump, Republican Clients to Take a Hike: ‘You Are Not Welcome’. The Washington Times. http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2016/nov/23/ceo‐-mathew‐-blanchfield‐-tells‐-pro‐-trump‐-republican. Son erişim tarihi, 22/10/2023.
  • Coffe H, Heyndels B ve Vermeir J (2007). Fertile grounds for extreme right-wing parties: Explaining the Vlaams Blok's electoral success. Electoral Studies, 26(1), 142–155.
  • Danıştay 2. Daire Başkanlığı (2012). İçtihat Metni Esas No: 2011/8076, Karar No: 2012/3105, https://karararama.danistay.gov.tr/ Son erişim tarihi, 13/10/2022.
  • Danıştay 5. Daire Başkanlığı (2015). İçtihat Metni Esas No: 2013/8924, Karar No: 2015/9392, https://karararama.danistay.gov.tr/ Son erişim tarihi, 13/10/2022.
  • Danıştay 12. Daire Başkanlığı (2015). İçtihat Metni Esas No: 2015/2087, Karar No: 2015/5155, https://karararama.danistay.gov.tr/ Son erişim tarihi, 13/10/2022.
  • Enke B, Polborn M ve Wu A (2022). Morals as Luxury Goods and Political Polarization. http://www.nber.org/papers/w30001 Son erişim tarihi, 25/11/2022.
  • Ertugay F (2022). Türkiye’de Politik Kutuplaşmanın Tarihsel Kökenleri/ Kolektif Hafıza. Amme İdaresi Dergisi, 55(2), 27-62.
  • Esteban J ve Ray D (1994). On the Measurement of Polarization. Econometrica, 62(4), 819-851.
  • Eurostat (2022). Legal Cases Processed in Fırst Instance Courts by Legal Status of the Court Process, version 08/06/2022. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/view/crim_crt_case/default/table?lang=en Son erişim tarihi, 13/10/2022.
  • Fernandez M (2013). Texas Attorney General to New Yorkers: Come on Down, with Guns. New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/21/us/texas-attorney-general-invites-new-yorkers-to-bring-their-guns.html. Son erişim tarihi, 09/05/2022.
  • Fos V, Kempf E ve Tsoutsoura M (2022). The Political Polarization of Corporate America. http://www.nber.org/papers/w30183 Son erişim tarihi, 25/11/2022.
  • Frye T (2002). The perils of polarization: Economic performance in the postcommunist world.   World Politics, 54(3), 308-337.
  • Garand J C (2010). Income Inequality, Party Polarization, and Roll-Call Voting in the U.S. Senate. The Journal of Politics, 72(4), 1109-1128.
  • Hakimler ve Savcılar Kurulu (2022). İdare ve Vergi Mahkemeleri Yargı Çevreleri. https://www.hsk.gov.tr/Eklentiler/Dosyalar/34c6f6a0-f2c9-484e-92de-1f1ddd251cb9.pdf Son erişim tarihi, 13/10/2022.
  • Hausman J A (1978). Specification tests in econometrics. Econometrica, 46, 1251–1271
  • Hoechle D (2007). Robust standard errors for panel regressions with cross-sectional dependence. The stata Journal, 7(3): 281-312.
  • Hürriyet (2022), Rockçı İmam Göreve İade İçin AİHM’e Başvurdu. https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/gundem/rockci-imam-goreve-iade-icin-aihme-basvurdu-42045842 Son erişim tarihi, 13/10/2022.
  • Iyengar S, Sood G ve Lelkes Y (2012). Affect, not ideology a social identity perspective on polar-ization. Public Opinion Quarterly, 76(3), 405–443.
  • Johnson A F ve Roberto K J (2018). Right versus left: How does political ideology affect the workplace?   Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39(8), 1040-1043.
  • Jost J T ve Amodio D M (2012). Political Ideology As Motivated Social Cognition: Behavioral and Neuroscientific Evidence. Motivation and Emotion, 36(1), 55–64.
  • Kaufmann D ve Kraay A (2022). Worldwide Governance Indicators, 2023 Update. www.govindicators.org, Son erişim tarihi, 22/12/2022.
  • Keyifli N ve Akdede S H (2020), Politik Kutuplaşma ve Devletin Ekonomik Boyutu. Sosyoekonomi, 28(44), 319–335
  • Lee I (2021). Does Political Polarization Lead to a Rise in Government Debt? Review of Public Economics. 241(2), 3-25.
  • Lindqvist E ve Östling R (2010). Political Polarization and the Size of Government. The American Political Science Review, 104(3), 545-565.
  • López E J ve Ramírez C D (2004). Party polarization and the business cycle in the United States. Public Choice, 121(3-4), 413-430.
  • Melki M ve Pickering A (2014). Polarization and Government Debt. University of York Discussion Papers in Economics, 14/10.
  • Monro N (2012). GOP Attorneys General Litigate, Push Back Against Obama Regulations. Daily Caller. http://dailycaller.com/2012/03/05/gop-attorneys-general-litigatepush-back-against-obama-regulations/ Son erişim tarihi, 09/05/2022.
  • Nolette P (2014). State Litigation during the Obama Administration: Diverging Agendas in an Era of Polarized Politics. The State of American Federalism, 44(3), 451-474.
  • Parties and Elections in Europe (2022). http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/index.html Son erişim tarihi, 07/07/2020.
  • Patkós  V (2022) Does partisan polarisation predict economic growth? Evidence from 27 European countries. Contemporary Politics, 28(2), 182-203.
  • Pesaran M H (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. CESifo Working Paper Series No. 1229; IZA Discussion Paper No. 1240 http://ssrn.com/abstract=572504. Son erişim tarihi, 13/10/2022
  • Somer M, McCoy J L ve Luke R E (2021). Pernicious polarization, autocratization and oppositionstrategies. Democratization, 28(5), 929–948.
  • Sözcü (2022), Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Akademsyeni Can Candan’ın Görevden Alınmasına Yürütmeyi Durdurma Kararı. https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2022/gundem/bogazici-universitesi-akademisyeni-can-candanin-gorevden-alinmasina-yurutmeyi-durdurma-karari-6987775/#:~:text=%E2%80%9CG%C3%96REV%C4%B0ME%20D%C3%96N%C3%9CYORUM%E2%80%9D,kadar%20g%C3%B6revime%20d%C3%B6n%C3%BCyorum%E2%80%9D%20a%C3%A7%C4%B1klamas%C4%B1nda%20bulundu Son erişim tarihi, 13/10/2022.
  • Svolik M W (2019). Polarization versus democracy. Journal of Democracy, 30(3), 20–32.
  • Tajfel H (1970). Experiments in Intergroup Discrimination. Scientific American 223(5), 96–102.
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (2019), Adrese Dayalı Nüfus Kayıt Sistemi Sonuçları, 2018, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Adrese-Dayali-Nufus-Kayit-Sistemi-Sonuclari-2018-30709#:~:text=T%C3%BCrkiye%20n%C3%BCfusunun%20%18%2C4',ki%C5%9Fi%20ile%20Antalya%20takip%20etti Son erişim tarihi, 13/10/2022.
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There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects European and Region Studies
Journal Section Makale /Articles
Authors

Sacit Hadi Akdede 0000-0002-7220-9220

Öznur Özdamar 0000-0002-2188-3733

Yusuf Utma 0000-0002-8458-9558

Publication Date March 15, 2024
Submission Date October 26, 2023
Acceptance Date January 29, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 48 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Akdede, S. H., Özdamar, Ö., & Utma, Y. (2024). Politik Kutuplaşma ve İdari Davalar: Avrupa ve Türkiye İçin Ampirik Bir Analiz. Mülkiye Dergisi, 48(1), 219-242. https://doi.org/10.25064/mulkiye.1381145
AMA Akdede SH, Özdamar Ö, Utma Y. Politik Kutuplaşma ve İdari Davalar: Avrupa ve Türkiye İçin Ampirik Bir Analiz. Mülkiye Dergisi. March 2024;48(1):219-242. doi:10.25064/mulkiye.1381145
Chicago Akdede, Sacit Hadi, Öznur Özdamar, and Yusuf Utma. “Politik Kutuplaşma Ve İdari Davalar: Avrupa Ve Türkiye İçin Ampirik Bir Analiz”. Mülkiye Dergisi 48, no. 1 (March 2024): 219-42. https://doi.org/10.25064/mulkiye.1381145.
EndNote Akdede SH, Özdamar Ö, Utma Y (March 1, 2024) Politik Kutuplaşma ve İdari Davalar: Avrupa ve Türkiye İçin Ampirik Bir Analiz. Mülkiye Dergisi 48 1 219–242.
IEEE S. H. Akdede, Ö. Özdamar, and Y. Utma, “Politik Kutuplaşma ve İdari Davalar: Avrupa ve Türkiye İçin Ampirik Bir Analiz”, Mülkiye Dergisi, vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 219–242, 2024, doi: 10.25064/mulkiye.1381145.
ISNAD Akdede, Sacit Hadi et al. “Politik Kutuplaşma Ve İdari Davalar: Avrupa Ve Türkiye İçin Ampirik Bir Analiz”. Mülkiye Dergisi 48/1 (March 2024), 219-242. https://doi.org/10.25064/mulkiye.1381145.
JAMA Akdede SH, Özdamar Ö, Utma Y. Politik Kutuplaşma ve İdari Davalar: Avrupa ve Türkiye İçin Ampirik Bir Analiz. Mülkiye Dergisi. 2024;48:219–242.
MLA Akdede, Sacit Hadi et al. “Politik Kutuplaşma Ve İdari Davalar: Avrupa Ve Türkiye İçin Ampirik Bir Analiz”. Mülkiye Dergisi, vol. 48, no. 1, 2024, pp. 219-42, doi:10.25064/mulkiye.1381145.
Vancouver Akdede SH, Özdamar Ö, Utma Y. Politik Kutuplaşma ve İdari Davalar: Avrupa ve Türkiye İçin Ampirik Bir Analiz. Mülkiye Dergisi. 2024;48(1):219-42.
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