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Madder in Ancient Mesopotamian Cuneiform Documents: Ḫurātu

Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 161 - 172, 24.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1404810

Abstract

Ancient Mesopotamian cuneiform documents include both color and dye names. Among the dyes used was a red root dye called ḫurātu. The Akkadian word ḫurātu means “red root” or “root dye”. Its Sumerian equivalent is known as gišḪAB/úḪÁB. Among the primary sources in which the related words appear, texts from the Neo-Sumerian, Old-Middle-Neo Babylonian, Middle and Neo-Assyrian periods stand out. Historically, its use dates back to 2000 BC. Having seen long and stable use, ḫurātu is one of the oldest root dyes. The textile industry is one of the main areas where the related dye is used. In particular, ḫurātu was used to obtain the red color in textile products such as leather and wool fabric. Additionally, raw materials such as alum and mordant were needed to enhance the tone and permanence of the red color. The production of ḫurātu was laborious and costly. It was generally used by courtiers and members of the temple. It was also taken as an item of tribute or taxation between regions in ancient Mesopotamia. The article is divided into two sections: “The meaning and etymological origin of the word ḫurātu” and “ḫurātu in cuneiform documents”. The aim of the article is to provide information about the production and nature of ḫurātu in ancient Mesopotamia based on the texts of the Old-Middle-Neo Babylonian and Middle-Neo Assyrian Periods, and to determine who used it, for what purpose, where and when, and to determine which products it was used in.

References

  • ABRAHAMI, P., 2014. “Wool in the Nuzi Texts”, Wool Economy in the Ancient Near East and the Aegean: From the Beginnings of Sheep Husbandry to İnstitutional Textile Industry, Ed.: Catherine Breniquet ve Cécile Michel, Ancient Textiles Series 17, Oxbow Books, Oxford; Philadelphia, ss. 283-309.
  • DALLEY, S., 1996. “Neo-Assyrian Tablets from Til-Barsip”, Abr-Nahrain, 34, ss. 66-99.
  • DONBAZ, V., 1988. “Complementary Data on Some Assyrian Terms (ḫuruḫurātu, ḫuruḫuru, ḫurūtu, ḫuḫuru, akalu, kirrum)”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 40/1, ss. 69-80.
  • DURAND, J. M., 1983. Textes administratifs des salles 134 et 160 du palais de Mari ARM 21, Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, S.A., Paris.
  • ELMALI GÜLBAŞ, H. - KARAKAŞ S., 2017. “Deri İmalathanelerinde Tabaklama İşlemi Sırasında Kullanılan Kimyasalların Deri Yolu ile Temasında Karşılaşılan Olası Risklerin İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Açısından Belirlenmesi: Uşak İli Deri (Karma) Organize Sanayide Bir Uygulama”, NWSA Academic Journals, 12/1, ss. 37-53.
  • GASPA, S., 2018. Textiles in the Neo-Assyrian Empire A Study of Terminology, 19, Walter de Gruyter Inc., Boston/Berlin.
  • GELLER, M. J., 2010. Ancient Babylonian Medicine Theory and Practice, Wiley-Blackwell.
  • BARDET, G. - JOANNÈS, F. - LAFONT, B. - SOUBEYRAN, D. - VİLLARD, P., 1984. Archives royales de Mari 23-Archives administratives de Mari 1, Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations, Paris.
  • LANDSBERGER, B., 1967. “Über Farben im Sumerisch-Akkadischen”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 21/1, ss. 139-173.
  • LEVEY M., 1957. “Tanning Technology in Ancient Mesopotamia”, Ambix, 6/1, ss. 35-46.
  • MARTÍNEZ GARCÍA J. M., 2020. “Technology and Production of Reddish Purple Vegetable Dye in the Bronze Age and Iron Age: Written Sources and Textile Remains in the Iberian Peninsula”, SAGVNTVM Extra 20, ss. 47-56.
  • NICHOLSON, P. T. – SHAW I., 2000. Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • NØRTOFT, M. J., 2017. “The Red-Blue Conundrum an Archaeo-Linguistic Approach to Red Dyes and Blue Flowers in Prehistory”, Archaeological Textiles Review, 59, ss. 44-66.
  • OPPENHEIM, A. L., 1967. “Essay on Overland Trade in the First Millennium B.C.”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 21/1, ss. 236-254.
  • QUILLIEN, L., 2019. “The Economic Role of Coloured Textiles in Babylonia (1st Millennium BC)”, Value of Colour Material and Economic Aspects in the Ancient World, Ed.: Shiyanthi Thavapalan and David A. Warburton, Berlin Studies of the Ancient World 70, Edition Topoi, Berlin, ss. 201-230.
  • SCHRAMM, W., 2010. Akkadische Logogramme, Göttingen University Press, Göttingen.
  • SOLDT, W. H. V., 1990. “Fabrics and Dyes at Ugarit”, Ugarit-Forschungen 22. ss. 321-357.
  • SORIGA, E., 2017. “Mari(ne) Purple: Western Textile Technology in Middle Bronze Age Syria”, Treasures from the Sea: Sea Silk and Shellfish Purple Dye in Antiquity, Ed.: Hedvig Landenius Enegren ve Francesco Meo, Ancient Textiles Series 30, Oxbow Books, Oxford; Philadelphia, ss. 84-86.
  • ŞANLI, S. H. – ÇATALKAYA GÖK, E., 2017. “Bitkisel Boyacılıkta Kökboyanın (rubia tinctorum l.) Önemi”, Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10/48, s. 772-778. https://www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/abstract/the-importance-of-madder-rubia-tinctorum-l-in-vegetable-dyeing-72485.html
  • THAVAPALAN, S., 2018. “Purple Fabrics and Garments in Akkadian Documents”, Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History, 3/2, ss. 163-190.
  • THAVAPALAN, S., 2020. The Meaning of Color in Ancient Mesopotamia, Brill, Leiden; Boston.
  • THOMSON, R., 2011. The Role of Leather Science and Technology in Heritage Conservation, University of Northampton, Doctoral Thesis, United Kingdom.
  • WARBURTON, D. A., 2014. “Ancient Color Categories”, Encyclopedia of Color Science and Technology, Ed.: Ronnier Luo, Springer, New York, ss. 1-9.
  • ZAWADZKI, S., 2006. Garments of the Gods: Studies on the Textile Industry and the Pantheon of Sippar according to the Texts from the Ebabbar Archive, Academic Press Vandenhoeck-Ruprecht, Fribourg Göttingen.
  • ZAWADZKI, S., 2013. Garments of the Gods Vol. 2: Texts, Academic Press Vandenhoeck-Ruprecht, Fribourg Göttingen.
  • BagM Beih. 02, 005, http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/cams/gkab/P363269, Erişim Tarihi 31.10.2023.
  • KAJ 130, http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/tcma/assur/P282144, Erişim Tarihi 31.10.2023.
  • SAA 07 115; SAA 07 116, http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/saao/pager, Erişim Tarihi 09.03.2023.
  • SAA 07 116, http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/saao/P335781/, Erişim Tarihi 31.10.2023.
  • Madder, https://www.britannica.com/plant/madder, Erişim Tarihi 09.03.2023.

Eski Mezopotamya Çivi Yazılı Belgelerinde Kök Boya: Ḫurātu

Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 1, 161 - 172, 24.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1404810

Abstract

Eski Mezopotamya çivi yazılı belgeleri hem renk hem de boya isimlerine yer vermiştir. Kullanılan boyalar arasında ḫurātu isimli kırmızı renkli kök boya da yer almıştır. Akadca bir kelime olan ḫurātu, “Kızılkök, kök boya” anlamlarına sahiptir. Sumerce karşılığı ise gišḪAB/úḪÁB olarak bilinmektedir. İlgili kelimelerinin geçtiği birincil kaynaklar arasında Yeni Sumer, Eski-Orta-Yeni Babil, Orta ve Yeni Asur Dönemi metinleri öne çıkmaktadır. Tarihsel olarak bakıldığında kullanımı MÖ 2000’li yıllara kadar gitmektedir. Uzun ve istikrarlı bir kullanım görmüş olan ḫurātu, en eski kök boyalardan birisidir. İlgili boyanın kullanıldığı alanların başında tekstil endüstrisi gelmektedir. Özellikle deri yün kumaş gibi tekstil ürünlerinde kırmızı rengin elde edilmesi için ḫurātu kullanılmıştır. İlaveten kırmızı renkte ton ve kalıcılığı artırmak için şap ve mordan gibi hammaddelere de ihtiyaç duyulmuştur. Ḫurātu’nun üretimi zahmetli olduğu için maliyeti yüksektir. Genellikle saray ve tapınak mensupları tarafından kullanım görmüştür. Ayrıca eski Mezopotamya’da bölgeler arasında bir haraç veya vergi öğesi olarak da alınmıştır. Makale “ḫurātu kelimesinin anlamı ve etimolojik kökeni” ve “çivi yazılı belgelerde ḫurātu” olmak üzere iki başlığa ayrılarak çalışılmıştır. Makalenin amacı belirlediğimiz Eski-Orta-Yeni Babil ve Orta-Yeni Asur Dönemi metinlerinden yola çıkarak eski Mezopotamya’da ḫurātu’nun üretimi ve mahiyeti hakkında bilgi vermek ve kimler tarafından ne amaçla, nerede ve ne zaman kullanıldığını tespit ederek hangi ürünlerde kullanıldığını saptamaktır.

References

  • ABRAHAMI, P., 2014. “Wool in the Nuzi Texts”, Wool Economy in the Ancient Near East and the Aegean: From the Beginnings of Sheep Husbandry to İnstitutional Textile Industry, Ed.: Catherine Breniquet ve Cécile Michel, Ancient Textiles Series 17, Oxbow Books, Oxford; Philadelphia, ss. 283-309.
  • DALLEY, S., 1996. “Neo-Assyrian Tablets from Til-Barsip”, Abr-Nahrain, 34, ss. 66-99.
  • DONBAZ, V., 1988. “Complementary Data on Some Assyrian Terms (ḫuruḫurātu, ḫuruḫuru, ḫurūtu, ḫuḫuru, akalu, kirrum)”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 40/1, ss. 69-80.
  • DURAND, J. M., 1983. Textes administratifs des salles 134 et 160 du palais de Mari ARM 21, Librairie Orientaliste Paul Geuthner, S.A., Paris.
  • ELMALI GÜLBAŞ, H. - KARAKAŞ S., 2017. “Deri İmalathanelerinde Tabaklama İşlemi Sırasında Kullanılan Kimyasalların Deri Yolu ile Temasında Karşılaşılan Olası Risklerin İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Açısından Belirlenmesi: Uşak İli Deri (Karma) Organize Sanayide Bir Uygulama”, NWSA Academic Journals, 12/1, ss. 37-53.
  • GASPA, S., 2018. Textiles in the Neo-Assyrian Empire A Study of Terminology, 19, Walter de Gruyter Inc., Boston/Berlin.
  • GELLER, M. J., 2010. Ancient Babylonian Medicine Theory and Practice, Wiley-Blackwell.
  • BARDET, G. - JOANNÈS, F. - LAFONT, B. - SOUBEYRAN, D. - VİLLARD, P., 1984. Archives royales de Mari 23-Archives administratives de Mari 1, Éditions Recherche sur les Civilisations, Paris.
  • LANDSBERGER, B., 1967. “Über Farben im Sumerisch-Akkadischen”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 21/1, ss. 139-173.
  • LEVEY M., 1957. “Tanning Technology in Ancient Mesopotamia”, Ambix, 6/1, ss. 35-46.
  • MARTÍNEZ GARCÍA J. M., 2020. “Technology and Production of Reddish Purple Vegetable Dye in the Bronze Age and Iron Age: Written Sources and Textile Remains in the Iberian Peninsula”, SAGVNTVM Extra 20, ss. 47-56.
  • NICHOLSON, P. T. – SHAW I., 2000. Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • NØRTOFT, M. J., 2017. “The Red-Blue Conundrum an Archaeo-Linguistic Approach to Red Dyes and Blue Flowers in Prehistory”, Archaeological Textiles Review, 59, ss. 44-66.
  • OPPENHEIM, A. L., 1967. “Essay on Overland Trade in the First Millennium B.C.”, Journal of Cuneiform Studies, 21/1, ss. 236-254.
  • QUILLIEN, L., 2019. “The Economic Role of Coloured Textiles in Babylonia (1st Millennium BC)”, Value of Colour Material and Economic Aspects in the Ancient World, Ed.: Shiyanthi Thavapalan and David A. Warburton, Berlin Studies of the Ancient World 70, Edition Topoi, Berlin, ss. 201-230.
  • SCHRAMM, W., 2010. Akkadische Logogramme, Göttingen University Press, Göttingen.
  • SOLDT, W. H. V., 1990. “Fabrics and Dyes at Ugarit”, Ugarit-Forschungen 22. ss. 321-357.
  • SORIGA, E., 2017. “Mari(ne) Purple: Western Textile Technology in Middle Bronze Age Syria”, Treasures from the Sea: Sea Silk and Shellfish Purple Dye in Antiquity, Ed.: Hedvig Landenius Enegren ve Francesco Meo, Ancient Textiles Series 30, Oxbow Books, Oxford; Philadelphia, ss. 84-86.
  • ŞANLI, S. H. – ÇATALKAYA GÖK, E., 2017. “Bitkisel Boyacılıkta Kökboyanın (rubia tinctorum l.) Önemi”, Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10/48, s. 772-778. https://www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/abstract/the-importance-of-madder-rubia-tinctorum-l-in-vegetable-dyeing-72485.html
  • THAVAPALAN, S., 2018. “Purple Fabrics and Garments in Akkadian Documents”, Journal of Ancient Near Eastern History, 3/2, ss. 163-190.
  • THAVAPALAN, S., 2020. The Meaning of Color in Ancient Mesopotamia, Brill, Leiden; Boston.
  • THOMSON, R., 2011. The Role of Leather Science and Technology in Heritage Conservation, University of Northampton, Doctoral Thesis, United Kingdom.
  • WARBURTON, D. A., 2014. “Ancient Color Categories”, Encyclopedia of Color Science and Technology, Ed.: Ronnier Luo, Springer, New York, ss. 1-9.
  • ZAWADZKI, S., 2006. Garments of the Gods: Studies on the Textile Industry and the Pantheon of Sippar according to the Texts from the Ebabbar Archive, Academic Press Vandenhoeck-Ruprecht, Fribourg Göttingen.
  • ZAWADZKI, S., 2013. Garments of the Gods Vol. 2: Texts, Academic Press Vandenhoeck-Ruprecht, Fribourg Göttingen.
  • BagM Beih. 02, 005, http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/cams/gkab/P363269, Erişim Tarihi 31.10.2023.
  • KAJ 130, http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/tcma/assur/P282144, Erişim Tarihi 31.10.2023.
  • SAA 07 115; SAA 07 116, http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/saao/pager, Erişim Tarihi 09.03.2023.
  • SAA 07 116, http://oracc.museum.upenn.edu/saao/P335781/, Erişim Tarihi 31.10.2023.
  • Madder, https://www.britannica.com/plant/madder, Erişim Tarihi 09.03.2023.
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects History of Old Asia Minor
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Hasan Ali Şahin 0000-0001-7391-7598

Şerife Koçyiğit 0000-0003-3301-8349

Publication Date March 24, 2024
Submission Date December 14, 2023
Acceptance Date March 1, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 6 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Şahin, H. A., & Koçyiğit, Ş. (2024). Eski Mezopotamya Çivi Yazılı Belgelerinde Kök Boya: Ḫurātu. OANNES - Uluslararası Eskiçağ Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(1), 161-172. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1404810
AMA Şahin HA, Koçyiğit Ş. Eski Mezopotamya Çivi Yazılı Belgelerinde Kök Boya: Ḫurātu. OANNES. March 2024;6(1):161-172. doi:10.33469/oannes.1404810
Chicago Şahin, Hasan Ali, and Şerife Koçyiğit. “Eski Mezopotamya Çivi Yazılı Belgelerinde Kök Boya: Ḫurātu”. OANNES - Uluslararası Eskiçağ Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 6, no. 1 (March 2024): 161-72. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1404810.
EndNote Şahin HA, Koçyiğit Ş (March 1, 2024) Eski Mezopotamya Çivi Yazılı Belgelerinde Kök Boya: Ḫurātu. OANNES - Uluslararası Eskiçağ Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 6 1 161–172.
IEEE H. A. Şahin and Ş. Koçyiğit, “Eski Mezopotamya Çivi Yazılı Belgelerinde Kök Boya: Ḫurātu”, OANNES, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 161–172, 2024, doi: 10.33469/oannes.1404810.
ISNAD Şahin, Hasan Ali - Koçyiğit, Şerife. “Eski Mezopotamya Çivi Yazılı Belgelerinde Kök Boya: Ḫurātu”. OANNES - Uluslararası Eskiçağ Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi 6/1 (March 2024), 161-172. https://doi.org/10.33469/oannes.1404810.
JAMA Şahin HA, Koçyiğit Ş. Eski Mezopotamya Çivi Yazılı Belgelerinde Kök Boya: Ḫurātu. OANNES. 2024;6:161–172.
MLA Şahin, Hasan Ali and Şerife Koçyiğit. “Eski Mezopotamya Çivi Yazılı Belgelerinde Kök Boya: Ḫurātu”. OANNES - Uluslararası Eskiçağ Tarihi Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 6, no. 1, 2024, pp. 161-72, doi:10.33469/oannes.1404810.
Vancouver Şahin HA, Koçyiğit Ş. Eski Mezopotamya Çivi Yazılı Belgelerinde Kök Boya: Ḫurātu. OANNES. 2024;6(1):161-72.

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