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Analysis of France's Post-2015 Strategy of Fighting Terrorism in the Context of Internal Security

Year 2023, Volume: 15 Issue: 3, 239 - 256, 26.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.47932/ortetut.1399665

Abstract

A common definition that would explain the concepts of terror and terrorism has not yet been reached at a minimum level. Although there are difficulties in the definition phase, there are similarities in the methods of states' fight against terrorism. States' perspectives and perceptions of the phenomenon of terrorism have changed, especially after the September 11 Terrorist Attacks in the United States. These attacks are important in understanding that the security of any state cannot be fully ensured. France, analyzed in our study, sought to take effective measures in the fight against terrorism after the terrorist bomb attacks in its major cities in 2015. The fact that mostly civilians lost their lives in terrorist attacks in France brought to the agenda the demand of the central government to take deterrent measures against terrorism. In this context, important operations have been carried out by French law enforcement forces since 2016. People affiliated with terrorism have been neutralized and it has been observed that the arrest rates have increased significantly in the process to date. However, there are some reservations that the operations carried out within the scope of the fight against terrorism in France are carried out with sensitivity against all terrorist organizations - especially within the scope of the fight against the PKK terrorist organization. In our study, we tried to reach conclusions by examining news, articles, magazines, books, reports and academic sources on the subject with a descriptive analysis method.

References

  • “2004: Madrid Train Attacks”, BBC News, 7 Eylül 2011.
  • “Charlie Hebdo: Fourteen guilty in 2015 Paris terror attacks trial”, BBC News, 16 Aralık 2020.
  • “Conclusions and Plan of Action of the Extraordinary European Council Meeting”, European Council, 21 Eylül 2001.
  • “EU Terrorism Situation And Trend Report (TE-SAT),” EUROPOL, 14 Haziran 2023.
  • “France Approves Tough New Anti-Terror Laws”, BBC News, 4 Ekim 2017. “France Using State Of Emergency Against Peaceful Protests, Amnesty Says”, BBC News, 31 Mayıs 2017.
  • “François Hollande’s Speech Before a Joint Session of Parliament”, Per- manent Mission of France, 16 Kasım 2015.
  • “Nice Attack Remembered In Photos”, ABC News, 14 Ağustos 2016.
  • “Paris Attacks: France Will Destroy IS’- Hollande”, BBC News, 16 Kasım 2015. “Paris’teki IŞİD saldırılarının hayatta kalan tek zanlısı suçlamaları reddet- ti, BBC News, 9 Şubat 2022.
  • “Terrorism Situation and Trend Report”, EUROPOL, 20 Haziran 2016.
  • “Terrorism Situation and Trend Report”, EUROPOL, 13 Temmuz 2022.
  • “Terrorism Situation and Trend Report”, EUROPOL, 15 Haziran 2017.
  • “Terrorism Situation and Trend Report”, EUROPOL, 20 Haziran 2018.
  • “Terrorism Situation and Trend Report”, EUROPOL, 22 Haziran 2021.
  • “Terrorism Situation and Trend Report”, EUROPOL, 23 Haziran 2020.
  • “Terrorism Situation and Trend Report ” EUROPOL, 27 Haziran 2019. “The European Union Counter-Terrorism Strategy”, European Council, 30 Kasım 2005.
  • “The Stockholm Programme An Open and Secure Europe Serving and Protecting Citizens”, European Council, 4 Mayıs 2010.
  • Alaattin Doğru, “Fransa’da Anayasa Konseyi tartışmalı terörle mücadele ve istihbarat yasasını onayladı”, Anadolu Ajansı, 31 Temmuz 2021.
  • Alex Peter Schmid, Albert J Jongman, Political Terrorism: A Research Gu- ide To Concepts, Theories, Data Bases and Literatures, (Transactions Books, 1988).
  • Ben Naidenov, An Evaluative Study Of Operation Sentinelle: The French Response to Its Domestic Terrorism Threat, (The University Of Edinburgh Law School, 2022).
  • Bernhard Blumenau , The United Nations and Terrorism: Germany, Mul- tiliteralism and Antiterrorism Efforts in the 1970’s, (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014).
  • Communıcatıon From The Commıssıon To The European Parlıament And The Councıl The Eu Internal Security Strategy İn Action: Five Steps Towards A More Secure Europe”, European Commission, 22 Kasım 2010.
  • Gilles Kepel , Terror in France The Rise of Jihad in the West, (Princeton University Press 2017).
  • Institute for Economic and Peace, Global Terrorism Index, Vision Of Hu- manity Resources, 2022.
  • James A. H. Murray, A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles: Founded Mainly on the Materials Collected by the Philological Society, (Ox- ford. Clarendon Press, 1919).
  • Jean-Charles Brisard, The Paris Attacks and the Evolving Islamic State Threat to France, Combating Terrorism Center, Kasım / Aralık 2015, Vol. 8, Sayı 11 .
  • League of Nations. (1935). , Committee on the International Repression of Terrorism. Legislation Regarding Political Terrorist Crimes: Geneva, League of Nations Doc CRT.9., 1935.
  • Micheal Ray, “London Bombings of 2005”, Britannica, 24 Mayıs 2023 Ömer Aydın, Paris Saldırısı ve PKK’nın Fransa Yapılanması, Kriter Ocak 2023 / Yıl 7, Sayı 75.
  • Rob Murphy, France’s war on terror: A domestic or foreign threat? Politics Review, 2016, 25 (4): 1-3. Murphy, R. (2016), France’s war on terror: A do- mestic or foreign threat? Politics Review, 25 (4): 1-3.
  • Russell A. Berman, Freedom or Terror Europe Faces Jihad, (Hoover Ins- tutiton Press, 2010).
  • Saul, B., (2022). Terörizmin Tanımlanması. Chenoweth E., English, R., Gofas, A., Kalyvas, S. (Ed). Çınar Özen, Çev.Macit, E., Samancı, İ. Teröriz- min El Kitabı içinde. (ss 69-84), (. Siyasal Kitabevi, 2022).
  • United Nations Documents. (1972). A/RES/3034(XXVII), Erişim Tarihi: 11 Aralık 2022. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/ NR0/270/64/IMG/NR027064.pdf?OpenElement.
  • United Nations Security Council. (8 Kasım 2004). Resolution 1566.
  • White, N.D. (2012). The United Nations and Counter-Terrorism: Multi- lateral and Executive Law Making. Salinas De Frias A.M., Katja, S.L.H. ve
  • White N.D. (Ed.) Counter-Terrorism: International Law and Practice içinde (ss. 54-82). Oxford University Press.

Fransa'nın 2015 Sonrası Terörizmle Mücadele Stratejisinin İç Güvenlik Bağlamında Analizi

Year 2023, Volume: 15 Issue: 3, 239 - 256, 26.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.47932/ortetut.1399665

Abstract

Terör ve terörizm kavramlarını açıklayacak ortak bir tanımlamaya asgari müşterekte henüz ulaşılamamıştır. Her ne kadar tanımlama aşamasında zorluklar yaşansa da terörle mücadele hususunda devletlerin mücadele yöntemlerinde benzerlikler görülmektedir. Devletlerin terör olgusuna bakış açıları ve algılamaları özellikle Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde gerçekleştirilen 11 Eylül Terör Saldırıları sonrasında değişiklik göstermiştir. Bu saldırılar hiçbir devletin güvenliğinin tam olarak sağlanamayacağının anlaşılması açısından önemlidir. Çalışmamızda analiz edilen Fransa, 2015 yılında büyük şehirlerinde gerçekleştirilen bombalı terör saldırılarından sonra terörizmle mücadele kapsamında etkin önlemler icra etme arayışına girmiştir. Fransa’da gerçekleştirilen terör saldırılarında çoğunlukla sivil vatandaşların hayatlarını kaybetmesi halk tabanında merkezi hükümetin teröre karşı caydırıcı önlemler alma talebini gündeme getirmiştir. Bu bağlamda 2016 yılından itibaren Fransa kolluk kuvvetleri tarafından önemli operasyonlara imza atılmıştır. Terörle iltisaklı kişiler etkisiz hale getirilmiş ve günümüze kadar olan süreçte tutuklama oranlarının büyük ölçüde arttığı gözlemlenmiştir. Ancak Fransa’da terörle mücadele kapsamında yürütülen operasyonların tüm terör örgütlerine karşı hassasiyetle yürütüldüğüne dair -özellikle PKK terör örgütü ile mücadele kapsamında- bazı çekinceler bulunmaktadır. Çalışmamızda konuyla ilgili haber, makale, dergi, kitap, rapor ve akademik kaynaklar betimsel bir analiz yöntemi ile incelenerek sonuca ulaşılmaya çalışılmıştır.

References

  • “2004: Madrid Train Attacks”, BBC News, 7 Eylül 2011.
  • “Charlie Hebdo: Fourteen guilty in 2015 Paris terror attacks trial”, BBC News, 16 Aralık 2020.
  • “Conclusions and Plan of Action of the Extraordinary European Council Meeting”, European Council, 21 Eylül 2001.
  • “EU Terrorism Situation And Trend Report (TE-SAT),” EUROPOL, 14 Haziran 2023.
  • “France Approves Tough New Anti-Terror Laws”, BBC News, 4 Ekim 2017. “France Using State Of Emergency Against Peaceful Protests, Amnesty Says”, BBC News, 31 Mayıs 2017.
  • “François Hollande’s Speech Before a Joint Session of Parliament”, Per- manent Mission of France, 16 Kasım 2015.
  • “Nice Attack Remembered In Photos”, ABC News, 14 Ağustos 2016.
  • “Paris Attacks: France Will Destroy IS’- Hollande”, BBC News, 16 Kasım 2015. “Paris’teki IŞİD saldırılarının hayatta kalan tek zanlısı suçlamaları reddet- ti, BBC News, 9 Şubat 2022.
  • “Terrorism Situation and Trend Report”, EUROPOL, 20 Haziran 2016.
  • “Terrorism Situation and Trend Report”, EUROPOL, 13 Temmuz 2022.
  • “Terrorism Situation and Trend Report”, EUROPOL, 15 Haziran 2017.
  • “Terrorism Situation and Trend Report”, EUROPOL, 20 Haziran 2018.
  • “Terrorism Situation and Trend Report”, EUROPOL, 22 Haziran 2021.
  • “Terrorism Situation and Trend Report”, EUROPOL, 23 Haziran 2020.
  • “Terrorism Situation and Trend Report ” EUROPOL, 27 Haziran 2019. “The European Union Counter-Terrorism Strategy”, European Council, 30 Kasım 2005.
  • “The Stockholm Programme An Open and Secure Europe Serving and Protecting Citizens”, European Council, 4 Mayıs 2010.
  • Alaattin Doğru, “Fransa’da Anayasa Konseyi tartışmalı terörle mücadele ve istihbarat yasasını onayladı”, Anadolu Ajansı, 31 Temmuz 2021.
  • Alex Peter Schmid, Albert J Jongman, Political Terrorism: A Research Gu- ide To Concepts, Theories, Data Bases and Literatures, (Transactions Books, 1988).
  • Ben Naidenov, An Evaluative Study Of Operation Sentinelle: The French Response to Its Domestic Terrorism Threat, (The University Of Edinburgh Law School, 2022).
  • Bernhard Blumenau , The United Nations and Terrorism: Germany, Mul- tiliteralism and Antiterrorism Efforts in the 1970’s, (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014).
  • Communıcatıon From The Commıssıon To The European Parlıament And The Councıl The Eu Internal Security Strategy İn Action: Five Steps Towards A More Secure Europe”, European Commission, 22 Kasım 2010.
  • Gilles Kepel , Terror in France The Rise of Jihad in the West, (Princeton University Press 2017).
  • Institute for Economic and Peace, Global Terrorism Index, Vision Of Hu- manity Resources, 2022.
  • James A. H. Murray, A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles: Founded Mainly on the Materials Collected by the Philological Society, (Ox- ford. Clarendon Press, 1919).
  • Jean-Charles Brisard, The Paris Attacks and the Evolving Islamic State Threat to France, Combating Terrorism Center, Kasım / Aralık 2015, Vol. 8, Sayı 11 .
  • League of Nations. (1935). , Committee on the International Repression of Terrorism. Legislation Regarding Political Terrorist Crimes: Geneva, League of Nations Doc CRT.9., 1935.
  • Micheal Ray, “London Bombings of 2005”, Britannica, 24 Mayıs 2023 Ömer Aydın, Paris Saldırısı ve PKK’nın Fransa Yapılanması, Kriter Ocak 2023 / Yıl 7, Sayı 75.
  • Rob Murphy, France’s war on terror: A domestic or foreign threat? Politics Review, 2016, 25 (4): 1-3. Murphy, R. (2016), France’s war on terror: A do- mestic or foreign threat? Politics Review, 25 (4): 1-3.
  • Russell A. Berman, Freedom or Terror Europe Faces Jihad, (Hoover Ins- tutiton Press, 2010).
  • Saul, B., (2022). Terörizmin Tanımlanması. Chenoweth E., English, R., Gofas, A., Kalyvas, S. (Ed). Çınar Özen, Çev.Macit, E., Samancı, İ. Teröriz- min El Kitabı içinde. (ss 69-84), (. Siyasal Kitabevi, 2022).
  • United Nations Documents. (1972). A/RES/3034(XXVII), Erişim Tarihi: 11 Aralık 2022. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/ NR0/270/64/IMG/NR027064.pdf?OpenElement.
  • United Nations Security Council. (8 Kasım 2004). Resolution 1566.
  • White, N.D. (2012). The United Nations and Counter-Terrorism: Multi- lateral and Executive Law Making. Salinas De Frias A.M., Katja, S.L.H. ve
  • White N.D. (Ed.) Counter-Terrorism: International Law and Practice içinde (ss. 54-82). Oxford University Press.

تحليل استراتيجية فرنسا لمكافحة الإرهاب بعد عام 2015 في سياق الأمن الداخلي

Year 2023, Volume: 15 Issue: 3, 239 - 256, 26.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.47932/ortetut.1399665

Abstract

ولم يتم بعد التوصل إلى تعريف مشترك يشرح مفهومي الإرهاب والإرهاب عند الحد الأدنى. وعلى الرغم من وجود صعوبات في مرحلة التعريف، إلا أن هناك أوجه تشابه في أساليب مكافحة الدول للإرهاب. لقد تغيرت وجهات نظر الدول وتصوراتها لظاهرة الإرهاب، خاصة بعد هجمات 11 سبتمبر الإرهابية على الولايات المتحدة. إن هذه الهجمات مهمة في فهم أنه لا يمكن ضمان أمن أي دولة بشكل كامل. سعت فرنسا، التي تم تحليلها في دراستنا، إلى اتخاذ تدابير فعالة في مكافحة الإرهاب بعد التفجيرات الإرهابية في مدنها الكبرى في عام 2015. إن حقيقة مقتل معظم المدنيين في الهجمات الإرهابية في فرنسا قد دفعت إلى جدول الأعمال مطالبة الحكومة المركزية باتخاذ إجراءات رادعة ضد الإرهاب. وفي هذا السياق، نفذت قوات إنفاذ القانون الفرنسية عمليات مهمة منذ عام 2016. وقد تم تحييد الأشخاص المرتبطين بالإرهاب ولوحظ أن معدلات الاعتقال زادت بشكل كبير في هذه العملية حتى الآن. ومع ذلك، هناك بعض التحفظات على أن العمليات التي يتم تنفيذها في نطاق مكافحة الإرهاب في فرنسا يتم تنفيذها بحساسية ضد جميع المنظمات الإرهابية، وخاصة في نطاق الحرب ضد منظمة حزب العمال الكردستاني الإرهابية. وحاولنا في دراستنا الوصول إلى نتيجة من خلال فحص الأخبار والمقالات والمجلات والكتب والتقارير والمصادر الأكاديمية حول الموضوع بأسلوب التحليل الوصفي.

References

  • “2004: Madrid Train Attacks”, BBC News, 7 Eylül 2011.
  • “Charlie Hebdo: Fourteen guilty in 2015 Paris terror attacks trial”, BBC News, 16 Aralık 2020.
  • “Conclusions and Plan of Action of the Extraordinary European Council Meeting”, European Council, 21 Eylül 2001.
  • “EU Terrorism Situation And Trend Report (TE-SAT),” EUROPOL, 14 Haziran 2023.
  • “France Approves Tough New Anti-Terror Laws”, BBC News, 4 Ekim 2017. “France Using State Of Emergency Against Peaceful Protests, Amnesty Says”, BBC News, 31 Mayıs 2017.
  • “François Hollande’s Speech Before a Joint Session of Parliament”, Per- manent Mission of France, 16 Kasım 2015.
  • “Nice Attack Remembered In Photos”, ABC News, 14 Ağustos 2016.
  • “Paris Attacks: France Will Destroy IS’- Hollande”, BBC News, 16 Kasım 2015. “Paris’teki IŞİD saldırılarının hayatta kalan tek zanlısı suçlamaları reddet- ti, BBC News, 9 Şubat 2022.
  • “Terrorism Situation and Trend Report”, EUROPOL, 20 Haziran 2016.
  • “Terrorism Situation and Trend Report”, EUROPOL, 13 Temmuz 2022.
  • “Terrorism Situation and Trend Report”, EUROPOL, 15 Haziran 2017.
  • “Terrorism Situation and Trend Report”, EUROPOL, 20 Haziran 2018.
  • “Terrorism Situation and Trend Report”, EUROPOL, 22 Haziran 2021.
  • “Terrorism Situation and Trend Report”, EUROPOL, 23 Haziran 2020.
  • “Terrorism Situation and Trend Report ” EUROPOL, 27 Haziran 2019. “The European Union Counter-Terrorism Strategy”, European Council, 30 Kasım 2005.
  • “The Stockholm Programme An Open and Secure Europe Serving and Protecting Citizens”, European Council, 4 Mayıs 2010.
  • Alaattin Doğru, “Fransa’da Anayasa Konseyi tartışmalı terörle mücadele ve istihbarat yasasını onayladı”, Anadolu Ajansı, 31 Temmuz 2021.
  • Alex Peter Schmid, Albert J Jongman, Political Terrorism: A Research Gu- ide To Concepts, Theories, Data Bases and Literatures, (Transactions Books, 1988).
  • Ben Naidenov, An Evaluative Study Of Operation Sentinelle: The French Response to Its Domestic Terrorism Threat, (The University Of Edinburgh Law School, 2022).
  • Bernhard Blumenau , The United Nations and Terrorism: Germany, Mul- tiliteralism and Antiterrorism Efforts in the 1970’s, (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014).
  • Communıcatıon From The Commıssıon To The European Parlıament And The Councıl The Eu Internal Security Strategy İn Action: Five Steps Towards A More Secure Europe”, European Commission, 22 Kasım 2010.
  • Gilles Kepel , Terror in France The Rise of Jihad in the West, (Princeton University Press 2017).
  • Institute for Economic and Peace, Global Terrorism Index, Vision Of Hu- manity Resources, 2022.
  • James A. H. Murray, A New English Dictionary on Historical Principles: Founded Mainly on the Materials Collected by the Philological Society, (Ox- ford. Clarendon Press, 1919).
  • Jean-Charles Brisard, The Paris Attacks and the Evolving Islamic State Threat to France, Combating Terrorism Center, Kasım / Aralık 2015, Vol. 8, Sayı 11 .
  • League of Nations. (1935). , Committee on the International Repression of Terrorism. Legislation Regarding Political Terrorist Crimes: Geneva, League of Nations Doc CRT.9., 1935.
  • Micheal Ray, “London Bombings of 2005”, Britannica, 24 Mayıs 2023 Ömer Aydın, Paris Saldırısı ve PKK’nın Fransa Yapılanması, Kriter Ocak 2023 / Yıl 7, Sayı 75.
  • Rob Murphy, France’s war on terror: A domestic or foreign threat? Politics Review, 2016, 25 (4): 1-3. Murphy, R. (2016), France’s war on terror: A do- mestic or foreign threat? Politics Review, 25 (4): 1-3.
  • Russell A. Berman, Freedom or Terror Europe Faces Jihad, (Hoover Ins- tutiton Press, 2010).
  • Saul, B., (2022). Terörizmin Tanımlanması. Chenoweth E., English, R., Gofas, A., Kalyvas, S. (Ed). Çınar Özen, Çev.Macit, E., Samancı, İ. Teröriz- min El Kitabı içinde. (ss 69-84), (. Siyasal Kitabevi, 2022).
  • United Nations Documents. (1972). A/RES/3034(XXVII), Erişim Tarihi: 11 Aralık 2022. https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/ NR0/270/64/IMG/NR027064.pdf?OpenElement.
  • United Nations Security Council. (8 Kasım 2004). Resolution 1566.
  • White, N.D. (2012). The United Nations and Counter-Terrorism: Multi- lateral and Executive Law Making. Salinas De Frias A.M., Katja, S.L.H. ve
  • White N.D. (Ed.) Counter-Terrorism: International Law and Practice içinde (ss. 54-82). Oxford University Press.
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects International Security
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Serhat Güzel 0000-0001-6569-9041

Güngör Şahin 0000-0001-6296-8568

Early Pub Date December 25, 2023
Publication Date December 26, 2023
Submission Date December 3, 2023
Acceptance Date December 16, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 15 Issue: 3

Cite

Chicago Güzel, Serhat, and Güngör Şahin. “Fransa’nın 2015 Sonrası Terörizmle Mücadele Stratejisinin İç Güvenlik Bağlamında Analizi”. Ortadoğu Etütleri 15, no. 3 (December 2023): 239-56. https://doi.org/10.47932/ortetut.1399665.

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