Are 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency and Helicobacter pylori infection more common in obese people?

Year 2024, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 31 - 36, 23.04.2024

Adil Furkan Kılıç Muharrem Bayrak Kenan Çadırcı

Abstract

Introduction:Helicobacter pylori (Hp)infection is widespread in the world.Hp can lead to chronic gastritis, chronic inflammation, and immune response.Immune cytokines, adipokines that occur with an immune response have been associated with insulin resistance, and obesity has been associated with 25-hydroxy vitamin D deficiency.Our study aimed to show the significant relationship between Hp positivity and 25-hydroxy vitamin D deficiency in obese individuals.
Materials and Methods:Patients over the age of 20 who applied to the internal medicine department with dyspeptic complaints between January 1, 2019, and December 31, 2019, were divided into three groups as 18-24.9 (normal weight), 25-29.9 (overweight), 30-39.9 (obese) according to their body mass indexes (BMI).Urea breath test for Hp infection, 25-hydroxyvitamin D and other biochemical parameters, anthropometric measurements, education levels, systemic diseases, smoking history of patients who did not use proton pump inhibitor, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D for the last six months were retrospectively analyzed from the patient file archive.
Results:The study was carried out with 632 cases, 51.6% (n = 326) of the patients were male, and 48.4% (n = 306) were female.The ages of the cases ranged from 21 to 65, and the mean age was 43.97 ± 12.87 years.Body mass index measurements of the cases included in the study ranged between 18.8 and 39.9 kg/m2, with a mean of 28.02 ± 4.98 kg/m2; %31.3% (n = 198) were normal weight, 35.5% (n = 224) were overweight and 33.2% (n = 210) were obese.A statistically significant difference was found between the Hp incidence rates according to the body mass index levels of the groups(p=0.001; p<0.01). In mutual evaluations, the rate of Hp incidence in obese cases was higher than normal and overweight cases (p = 0.001; p = 0.001; p <0.01, respectively).The incidence of Hp in overweight cases is also higher than in normal-weight cases.A statistical difference was observed in the 25 hydroxyvitamin D values of the cases according to the body mass index levels(p=0.001; p<0.01).As a result of mutual comparisons, 25-hydroxyvitamin D measurements of obese cases were lower than those of overweight and normal-weight subjects (p = 0.001; p = 0.001; p <0.01, respectively).The 25-hydroxyvitamin D measurements of overweight patients were lower than those of normal weight (p = 0.001; p <0.01).
Conclusion:We investigated whether Hp infection and vitamin D deficiency are more common in obese people than in normal or overweight people.We found that Hp infection was more common in individuals with vitamin D deficiency and obesity.We think that vitamin D deficiency should be eliminated for eradication treatment in Hp positive individuals, and Hp should be investigated closely in obese people.We want to state that the study will contribute to studies on the relationship between Hp and vitamin D deficiency in obese people in the literature.

Keywords

Obesity, 25-hydroxyvitamin deficiency, helicobacter pylori

References

• 1. Grethen E, McClintock R, Gupta CE, et al. Vitamin D and hyperparathyroidism in obesity. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2011;96(5):1320-1326. [CrossRef]
• 2. Wu M-S, Lee W-J, Wang H-H, Huang S-P, Lin J-T. A case-control study of association of Helicobacter pylori infection with morbid obesity in Taiwan. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2005;165(13):1552-1555. [CrossRef]
• 3. DiBaise JK, Zhang H, Crowell MD, Krajmalnik-Brown R, Decker GA, Rittmann BE. Gut microbiota and its possible relationship with obesity. Elsevier; 2008:460-469. [CrossRef]
• 4. Cho I, Blaser MJ, François F, et al. Helicobacter pylori and overweight status in the United States: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. American Journal of Epidemiology. 2005;162(6):579-584. [CrossRef]
• 5. Kamada T, Sugiu K, Haruma K. Development of obesity and hyperlipidemia after eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Nihon rinsho Japanese Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2005;63:536-538.
• 6. Sayılar EI, Çelik B, Dumlu Ş. Relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and metabolic syndrome. Turk J Gastroenterol. 2015;26(6):468-473. [CrossRef]
• 7. Parsonnet J. Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer. Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 1993;22(1):89-104. [CrossRef]
• 8. Larussa T, Leone I, Suraci E, Imeneo M, Luzza F. Helicobacter pylori and T helper cells: mechanisms of immune escape and tolerance. Journal of Immunology Research. 2015;2015 [CrossRef]
• 9. Shalaby SA, Handoka NM, Amin RE. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with urinary tract infection in children. Archives of Medical Science. 2018;14(1):115-121. [CrossRef]
• 10. Wang H, Chen W, Li D, et al. Vitamin D and chronic diseases. Aging and Disease. 2017;8(3):346. [CrossRef]
• 11. Coussens AK, Martineau AR, Wilkinson RJ. Anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial actions of vitamin D in combating TB/HIV. Scientifica. 2014;2014 [CrossRef]
• 12. Martins DdJ, Matos GC, Loiola RS, D’Annibale V, Corvelo T. Relationship of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms in Helicobacter pylori gastric patients. Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology. 2018:19-27. [CrossRef]
• 13. Lim SH, Kim N, Kwon JW, et al. Positive association between Helicobacter pylori infection and metabolic syndrome in a Korean population: a multicenter nationwide study. Digestive Diseases and Sciences. 2019;64:2219-2230. [CrossRef]
• 14. Shin DW, Kwon HT, Kang JM, et al. Association between metabolic syndrome and Helicobacter pylori infection diagnosed by histologic status and serological status. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology. 2012;46(10):840-845. [CrossRef]
• 15. Chen L-W, Chien C-Y, Hsieh C-W, et al. The associations between Helicobacter pylori infection, serum vitamin D, and metabolic syndrome: a community-based study. Medicine. 2016;95(18):e3616. [CrossRef]
• 16. Abbas MA. Physiological functions of Vitamin D in adipose tissue. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2017;165:369-381. [CrossRef]
• 17. Wimalawansa SJ. Associations of vitamin D with insulin resistance, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 2018;175:177-189. [CrossRef]
• 18. Garbossa SG, Folli F. Vitamin D, sub-inflammation and insulin resistance. A window on a potential role for the interaction between bone and glucose metabolism. Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. 2017;18(2):243-258. [CrossRef]
• 19. Peterson CA, Tosh AK, Belenchia AM. Vitamin D insufficiency and insulin resistance in obese adolescents. Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2014;5(6):166-189. [CrossRef]
• 20. Ju SY, Jeong HS, Kim DH. Blood vitamin D status and metabolic syndrome in the general adult population: a dose-response meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(3):1053-1063. [CrossRef]
• 21. An J, Yoon SR, Lee JH, Kim H, Kim OY. Importance of adherence to personalized diet intervention in obesity related metabolic improvement in overweight and obese Korean adults. Clinical Nutrition Research. 2019;8(3):171. [CrossRef]
• 22. Kumari M, Kozyrskyj A. Gut microbial metabolism defines host metabolism: an emerging perspective in obesity and allergic inflammation. Obesity Reviews. 2017;18(1):18-31. [CrossRef]
• 23. Xu X, Li W, Qin L, Yang W, Yu G, Wei Q. Relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and obesity in Chinese adults: a systematic review with meta-analysis. PloS one. 2019;14(9):e0221076. [CrossRef]
• 24. Tang DM, Kumar S. The association between Helicobacter pylori infection and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Current Gastroenterology Reports. 2017;19:1-5. [CrossRef]
• 25. Xu C, Yan M, Sun Y, et al. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and its relation with body mass index in a Chinese population. Helicobacter. 2014;19(6):437-442. [CrossRef]
• 26. Wan Z, Hu L, Hu M, Lei X, Huang Y, Lv Y. Helicobacter pylori infection and prevalence of high blood pressure among Chinese adults. Journal of Human Hypertension. 2018;32(2):158-164. [CrossRef]
• 27. Chen L-W, Kuo S-F, Chen C-H, Chien C-H, Lin C-L, Chien R-N. A community-based study on the association between Helicobacter pylori Infection and obesity. Scientific Reports. 2018;8(1):10746. [CrossRef]
• 28. Ogden CL. Prevalence of obesity among youths by household income and education level of head of household—United States 2011–2014. MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2018;67. [CrossRef]
• 29. Lender N, Talley N, Enck P, et al. associations between H elicobacter pylori and obesity‐an ecological study. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2014;40(1):24-31. [CrossRef]
• 30. Xu M-Y, Liu L, Yuan B-S, Yin J, Lu Q-B. Association of obesity with Helicobacter pylori infection: a retrospective study. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2017;23(15):2750. [CrossRef]
• 31. Arslan E, Atılgan H, Yavaşoğlu İ. The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in obese subjects. European Journal of Internal Medicine. 2009;20(7):695-697. [CrossRef]
• 32. Zhang Y, Du T, Chen X, Yu X, Tu L, Zhang C. Association between Helicobacter pylori infection and overweight or obesity in a Chinese population. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries. 2015;9(09):945-953. [CrossRef]
• 33. Suki M, Weissman YL, Boltin D, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection is positively associated with an increased BMI, irrespective of socioeconomic status and other confounders: a cohort study. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 2018;30(2):143-148. [CrossRef]
• 34. Al-Zubaidi AM, Alzobydi AH, Alsareii SA, Al-Shahrani A, Alzaman N, Kassim S. Body mass index and Helicobacter pylori among obese and non-obese patients in Najran, Saudi Arabia: a case-control study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018;15(11):2586.
• 35. Saliba W, Barnett-Griness O, Rennert G. The relationship between obesity and the increase in serum 25 (OH) D levels in response to vitamin D supplementation. Osteoporosis International. 2013;24:1447-1454. [CrossRef]
• 36. Wang T-T, Nestel FP, Bourdeau V, et al. Cutting edge: 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 is a direct inducer of antimicrobial peptide gene expression. The Journal of Immunology. 2004;173(5):2909-2912. [CrossRef]
• 37. Neshani A, Zare H, Akbari Eidgahi MR, Hooshyar Chichaklu A, Movaqar A, Ghazvini K. Review of antimicrobial peptides with anti‐Helicobacter pylori activity. Helicobacter. 2019;24(1):e12555. [CrossRef]
• 38. Ramanathan B, Davis EG, Ross CR, Blecha F. Cathelicidins: microbicidal activity, mechanisms of action, and roles in innate immunity. Microbes and Infection. 2002;4(3):361-372. [CrossRef]
• 39. El Shahawy MS, Hemida MH, El Metwaly I, Shady ZM. The effect of vitamin D deficiency on eradication rates of Helicobacter pylori infection. JGH Open. 2018;2(6):270-275. [CrossRef]
• 40. Saltiel AR, Olefsky JM. Inflammatory mechanisms linking obesity and metabolic disease. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 2017;127(1):1-4. [CrossRef]
• 41. Hall ME, Wang Z, do Carmo J, Kamimura D, Hall JE. Obesity and metabolic syndrome hypertension. Disorders of Blood Pressure Regulation: Phenotypes, Mechanisms, Therapeutic Options. 2018:705-722. [CrossRef]