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SUALTI SERAMİK KÜLTÜR VARLIKLARINDA TUZDAN ARINDIRMA: KERPE SUALTI KAZILARI ÖRNEĞİ

Year 2024, Volume: 2 Issue: 3, 133 - 146, 28.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.56170/propontica.1386168

Abstract

Deniz ortamının kimyasal özelliklerinden biri olan tuzluluk, atmosfer ve hidrosfer arasındaki dinamik değişim süreçleri ve deniz dibindeki deniz canlılarının kabuklarının çözünmesi nedeniyle deniz suyuna karışmaktadır. Çözünebilir tuzların miktarı milyonda parça (ppm) olarak ölçülmektedir ancak bu makalede binde parça (ppt) olarak ölçülmüştür. Çözünebilir tuzlar uygun koruma yöntemleriyle uzaklaştırılmadığında, sualtı kültür mirasını oluşturan eserlerin gözeneklerinde kristalleşir. Bu kristaller gözenekli kültür varlıklarından olan seramiklerde yüzeyden parça dökülmesi, mikroskobik çatlaklar gibi fiziksel bozulmalara neden olur. Bu nedenle sualtı arkeoloji kazı çalışmaları sonunda ele geçen kültür kalıntılarının onarımın ilk aşaması; eserlerin gözeneklilik ve tuz emme kapasitesi gibi fiziksel özelliklerinin ve gözeneklerinde biriken tuzun türü ve miktarının belirlenmesidir. Böylece hem uygun tuzdan arındırma yöntemi seçilebilir hem de arındırma sürecinin ne kadar zaman alacağı üzerinde tahminler yapılabilir. Bu çalışmada Kocaeli, Türkiye’deki antik liman Kerpe Körfezi’nde 2022 yılında gerçekleştirilen sualtı kazılarında ele geçen, Roma ve Bizans Dönemine tarihlenen amphora ve pişirme kaplarına ait seramik parçalar üzerinde çalışılmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı; örnekler üzerinde yapılacak analitik analizleri de içerecek sonraki çalışmalar için bir ön inceleme yapmak ve örneklerde biriken tuz türleri ile miktarının tespit edilmesidir. Örnekler bir ay boyunca 200 ml’lik kaplar içerisinde haftalık deiyonize su değişimleri ile tuzdan arındırılmış ve tuzdan arındırma suyu, tuzluluğu ölçmek ve çözünmüş tuz türlerini belirlemek için test edilmiştir. Çözünmüş tuzların belirlenmesi için spot testler kullanılmıştır. Bu testler sonucunda örneklerde sülfat, klorür ve karbonat bulunmuştur. Numunelerin porozitesi su emme yöntemi ile belirlenmiştir.

References

  • Alkan et. al. 2011, Alkan, N. – Çağıran, E. – Ersan, H. Ö. – Eruş, M., Restorasyon ve Konservasyon Laboratuvarları, İstanbul.
  • Du et. al. 2019, Du, J. – Luo W. – Li N. – Wang, C., “Characterization Of the Micro-Contaminants from the Inner- Body of Kraak Porcelain Excavated from the “Nan’ao I” Shipwreck, The South China Sea”, Heritage Science, 7, 1, 1-9.
  • Gedük – Bilir 2022, Gedük, S. – Bilir, A., “Kerpe Koyu Sualtı Araştırmaları ve Sualtı Kazısı”, TINA Denizcilik ve Arkeoloji Dergisi, 18, 66-95.
  • Gedük – Çomak, 2022, Gedük, S. – Çomak, A., “Nikomedia’nın Karadeniz’e Açılan Kapısı: Antik Kalpe (Kerpe) Limanı”, Sosyal Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi (KOUSBAD), 16, 1-14.
  • Geldiay – Kocataş 2014, Geldiay, R. – Kocataş, A., Deniz Biyolojisi, Bursa.
  • İvgin 2021, İvgin, İ, “Sualtından Ele Geçirilen Pişmiş Toprak Kültür Varlıklarının Yüzey Temizliği Hakkında Bazı Düşünceler”, Journal Of Ceramic Research, SRMK 3, 78-98.
  • Lopez-Arce et. al. 2013, López-Arce, P. – Zornoza-Indart, A. – Gomez-Villalba, L. – Pérez-Monserrat, M. E. – Alvarez De Buergo, M. – Vivar, G. – Fort, R., “Archaeological Ceramic Amphora from Underwater Marine Environments: Influence of Firing Temperature and Salt Crystallization Decay”, Journal of European Ceramic Society, 33, 10, 2031-2042.
  • MacLeod – Davies, 1987, MacLeod, I. D. – Davies, J. A., “Desalination of glass, stone and ceramics recovered from shipwreck sites”, In ICOM committee for conservation: 8th triennial meeting, Sydney 1987, 3, 1005-1007.
  • Montana et. al. 2014, Montana, G. – Randazzo, L. – Castiglia, A. – La Russa, M. F. – La Rocca, R. – Bellomo, S., “Different Methods For Soluble Salt Removal Tested On Late-Roman Cooking Ware From A Submarine Excavation At The Island Of Pantelleria (Sicily, Italy)”, Journal Of Cultural Heritage, 15, 4, 403-413.
  • Morrissey – Sumich 2012, Morrissey, J. F. – Sumich, J. L., Introduction to the Biology of Marine Life, Jones & Bartlett Learning.
  • O’Brien 1990, O’Brien, P., “An Experimental Study of the Effects of Salt Erosion on Pottery”, Journal of Archaeological Science, 17, 4, 393-401.
  • Pearson 1987, Pearson, C., “Deterioration of Ceramic and Stone”, Conservation of Marine Archaeological Objects, (ed. Colin Pearson), London, 99-104.
  • Ricca et. al. 2021, Ricca, M. – Camara, B. – Fort, R. – De Buergo, M. Á. – Randazzo, L. – Petriaggi, B. D. – La Russa, M. F., “Definition Of Analytical Cleaning Procedures for Archaeological Pottery from Underwater Environments: The Case Study of Samples from Baia (Naples, South Italy)”, Materials & Design, 197/109278, 1-12.
  • Rice 1992, Rice, P. M., Pottery Analysis: A Sourcebook, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • Zornoza-Indart et. al. 2011, Zornoza-Indart, A. – López-Arce, P. – Gómez-Villalba, L. S. – Alvarez De Buergo, M. – Fort, R. – Vivar, G. – Bettuzzi, M., “Salt Weathering in Desalinated and Non-Desalinated Ceramic Amphorae from Underwater Marine Environments”, Proceedings Of SWBSS, Cyprus 2011, 249-256.

DESALINATION OF UNDERWATER CERAMIC CULTURAL HERITAGE: THE EXAMPLE OF KERPE UNDERWATER EXCAVATION

Year 2024, Volume: 2 Issue: 3, 133 - 146, 28.03.2024
https://doi.org/10.56170/propontica.1386168

Abstract

Salinity, which is one of the chemical properties of the marine environment, is mixed into seawater due to the dynamic exchange processes between the atmosphere and the hydrosphere and the dissolution of the shells of marine organisms on the seabed. The amount of soluble salts is measured in parts per million (ppm), but in this article, it is measured in parts per thousand (ppt). When soluble salts are not removed by appropriate conservation methods, they crystalize in the pores of artefacts that constitute underwater cultural heritage. These crystals cause physical deterioration in ceramics, which are porous cultural heritage, such as fragmentation from the surface and microscopic cracks. For this reason, the first step in repairing cultural remains recovered from underwater archaeological excavations is to determine the physical properties of the artefacts, such as porosity and salt absorption capacity, as well as the type and amount of salt accumulated in their pores. Thus, the appropriate desalination method can be selected, and estimates can be made on how long the desalination process will take. This paper studied ceramic sherds of Roman and Byzantine amphorae and cooking vessels recovered during underwater excavations in the ancient harbor of Kerpe Bay in Kocaeli, Turkey, in 2022. The aim of the study was to make a preliminary examination for further studies, including instrumental analyses, and to determine the types and amounts of salt deposited on the samples. The samples were desalinated for one month in 200 ml containers with weekly changes of deionized water, and the desalination water was tested to measure salinity and determine the dissolved salt species. Spot tests were used to determine dissolved salts. Sulphate, chloride and carbonate were found in the samples due to these tests. The porosity of the samples was determined by the water absorption method.

References

  • Alkan et. al. 2011, Alkan, N. – Çağıran, E. – Ersan, H. Ö. – Eruş, M., Restorasyon ve Konservasyon Laboratuvarları, İstanbul.
  • Du et. al. 2019, Du, J. – Luo W. – Li N. – Wang, C., “Characterization Of the Micro-Contaminants from the Inner- Body of Kraak Porcelain Excavated from the “Nan’ao I” Shipwreck, The South China Sea”, Heritage Science, 7, 1, 1-9.
  • Gedük – Bilir 2022, Gedük, S. – Bilir, A., “Kerpe Koyu Sualtı Araştırmaları ve Sualtı Kazısı”, TINA Denizcilik ve Arkeoloji Dergisi, 18, 66-95.
  • Gedük – Çomak, 2022, Gedük, S. – Çomak, A., “Nikomedia’nın Karadeniz’e Açılan Kapısı: Antik Kalpe (Kerpe) Limanı”, Sosyal Bilimler Araştırma Dergisi (KOUSBAD), 16, 1-14.
  • Geldiay – Kocataş 2014, Geldiay, R. – Kocataş, A., Deniz Biyolojisi, Bursa.
  • İvgin 2021, İvgin, İ, “Sualtından Ele Geçirilen Pişmiş Toprak Kültür Varlıklarının Yüzey Temizliği Hakkında Bazı Düşünceler”, Journal Of Ceramic Research, SRMK 3, 78-98.
  • Lopez-Arce et. al. 2013, López-Arce, P. – Zornoza-Indart, A. – Gomez-Villalba, L. – Pérez-Monserrat, M. E. – Alvarez De Buergo, M. – Vivar, G. – Fort, R., “Archaeological Ceramic Amphora from Underwater Marine Environments: Influence of Firing Temperature and Salt Crystallization Decay”, Journal of European Ceramic Society, 33, 10, 2031-2042.
  • MacLeod – Davies, 1987, MacLeod, I. D. – Davies, J. A., “Desalination of glass, stone and ceramics recovered from shipwreck sites”, In ICOM committee for conservation: 8th triennial meeting, Sydney 1987, 3, 1005-1007.
  • Montana et. al. 2014, Montana, G. – Randazzo, L. – Castiglia, A. – La Russa, M. F. – La Rocca, R. – Bellomo, S., “Different Methods For Soluble Salt Removal Tested On Late-Roman Cooking Ware From A Submarine Excavation At The Island Of Pantelleria (Sicily, Italy)”, Journal Of Cultural Heritage, 15, 4, 403-413.
  • Morrissey – Sumich 2012, Morrissey, J. F. – Sumich, J. L., Introduction to the Biology of Marine Life, Jones & Bartlett Learning.
  • O’Brien 1990, O’Brien, P., “An Experimental Study of the Effects of Salt Erosion on Pottery”, Journal of Archaeological Science, 17, 4, 393-401.
  • Pearson 1987, Pearson, C., “Deterioration of Ceramic and Stone”, Conservation of Marine Archaeological Objects, (ed. Colin Pearson), London, 99-104.
  • Ricca et. al. 2021, Ricca, M. – Camara, B. – Fort, R. – De Buergo, M. Á. – Randazzo, L. – Petriaggi, B. D. – La Russa, M. F., “Definition Of Analytical Cleaning Procedures for Archaeological Pottery from Underwater Environments: The Case Study of Samples from Baia (Naples, South Italy)”, Materials & Design, 197/109278, 1-12.
  • Rice 1992, Rice, P. M., Pottery Analysis: A Sourcebook, The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • Zornoza-Indart et. al. 2011, Zornoza-Indart, A. – López-Arce, P. – Gómez-Villalba, L. S. – Alvarez De Buergo, M. – Fort, R. – Vivar, G. – Bettuzzi, M., “Salt Weathering in Desalinated and Non-Desalinated Ceramic Amphorae from Underwater Marine Environments”, Proceedings Of SWBSS, Cyprus 2011, 249-256.
There are 15 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Cultural Heritage and Conservation
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Hiranur Gültekin 0000-0001-9546-4251

Serkan Gedük 0000-0002-5747-7251

Publication Date March 28, 2024
Submission Date November 4, 2023
Acceptance Date March 15, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 2 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Gültekin, H., & Gedük, S. (2024). DESALINATION OF UNDERWATER CERAMIC CULTURAL HERITAGE: THE EXAMPLE OF KERPE UNDERWATER EXCAVATION. PROPONTICA, 2(3), 133-146. https://doi.org/10.56170/propontica.1386168
AMA Gültekin H, Gedük S. DESALINATION OF UNDERWATER CERAMIC CULTURAL HERITAGE: THE EXAMPLE OF KERPE UNDERWATER EXCAVATION. PROPONTICA. March 2024;2(3):133-146. doi:10.56170/propontica.1386168
Chicago Gültekin, Hiranur, and Serkan Gedük. “DESALINATION OF UNDERWATER CERAMIC CULTURAL HERITAGE: THE EXAMPLE OF KERPE UNDERWATER EXCAVATION”. PROPONTICA 2, no. 3 (March 2024): 133-46. https://doi.org/10.56170/propontica.1386168.
EndNote Gültekin H, Gedük S (March 1, 2024) DESALINATION OF UNDERWATER CERAMIC CULTURAL HERITAGE: THE EXAMPLE OF KERPE UNDERWATER EXCAVATION. PROPONTICA 2 3 133–146.
IEEE H. Gültekin and S. Gedük, “DESALINATION OF UNDERWATER CERAMIC CULTURAL HERITAGE: THE EXAMPLE OF KERPE UNDERWATER EXCAVATION”, PROPONTICA, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 133–146, 2024, doi: 10.56170/propontica.1386168.
ISNAD Gültekin, Hiranur - Gedük, Serkan. “DESALINATION OF UNDERWATER CERAMIC CULTURAL HERITAGE: THE EXAMPLE OF KERPE UNDERWATER EXCAVATION”. PROPONTICA 2/3 (March 2024), 133-146. https://doi.org/10.56170/propontica.1386168.
JAMA Gültekin H, Gedük S. DESALINATION OF UNDERWATER CERAMIC CULTURAL HERITAGE: THE EXAMPLE OF KERPE UNDERWATER EXCAVATION. PROPONTICA. 2024;2:133–146.
MLA Gültekin, Hiranur and Serkan Gedük. “DESALINATION OF UNDERWATER CERAMIC CULTURAL HERITAGE: THE EXAMPLE OF KERPE UNDERWATER EXCAVATION”. PROPONTICA, vol. 2, no. 3, 2024, pp. 133-46, doi:10.56170/propontica.1386168.
Vancouver Gültekin H, Gedük S. DESALINATION OF UNDERWATER CERAMIC CULTURAL HERITAGE: THE EXAMPLE OF KERPE UNDERWATER EXCAVATION. PROPONTICA. 2024;2(3):133-46.

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