Research Article
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Adaptation of Sports Involvement Scale to Turkish Culture: A Validity and Reliability Study in Football Spectators

Year 2023, Volume: 14 Issue: 3, 327 - 345, 29.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1346228

Abstract

The Psychological Continuum Model (PCM) represents a gradual change of attitude formation. The continuum in the model is divided into four stages (Awareness, Attraction, Attachment, and Allegiance), which represent the formation of attitudes and involvement levels in increasingly stronger degrees towards the sport object (Funk & James, 2001). The first aim of the research is to adapt the Sports Involvement staging tool/scale developed for sports spectators by Doyle et al. (2013) within the scope of PCM for Turkish culture. The second aim of the research is to examine the differences in resistance to change levels of sports spectators regarding their involvement profiles. A total of 239 (x̄age = 37.00±14.46) football spectators aged between 18-70 participated in the study [56 female (x̄age = 31.79±13.29) and 183 male (x̄age = 38.59±14.47)]. CFA was performed for adapting the scale. The findings of the Confirmatory Factor Analysis revealed that the Sports Involvement Scale represented its structural validity and psychometric properties as in the original scale (Chi-square/sd = 2.43, p<0.01, RMSEA = 0.078, NNFI = 0.98, SRMR = 0.038, GFI = 0.95). The Cronbach alpha value was checked for the internal consistency of the Emotional Resistance to Change sub-dimension of the Resistance to Change Scale, which was developed by Oreg (2006) and adapted to Turkish culture by Çalışkan (2019), and the value was found to be 0.80. The findings show that the Sports Involvement Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool for Turkish culture. A statistically significant difference was found in the Resistance to Change values of the participants, depending on their level of sports involvement.

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References

  • Alpar, R. (2000). Spor Bilimlerinde Uygulamalı İstatistik. GSGM Yayınları. Ankara.
  • Beaton, A. A., Funk, D. C., & Alexandris, K. (2009). Operationalizing A Theory of Participation in Physically Active Leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 41(2), 175-203. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2009.11950165
  • Beaton, A. A., Funk, D.C., Ridinger, L. & Jordan, J. (2011) Sport Involvement: A Conceptual and Empirical Analysis. Sport Management Review, 14, 126-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2010.07.002
  • Bozgeyikli, H., Taşğin, Ö., & Eroğlu, S. E. (2018). Taraftar psikolojik bağlılık ölçeği Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 9(16), 481-497. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.481001
  • Brislin, R. W., (1986). The Wording and Translation of Research Instruments. In: W. J. Lonner, J. W. Berry (Eds.), Field Methods in Educational Research. Sage, Newbury Park, CA, P: 137-164.
  • Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological methods & research, 21(2), 230-258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002005
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2002). Faktör analizi: Temel Kavramlar ve Ölçek Geliştirmede Kullanımı. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 32, 470-483.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2014). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı: İstatistik, Araştırma Deseni SPSS Uygulamaları ve Yorum (Genişletilmiş 20. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Çalışkan, A. (2019). Değişime Direnç: Bir Ölçek Uyarlama Çalışması. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(2), 237-252.
  • Çapık, C., Gözüm, S., & Aksayan, S. (2018). Kültürlerarası ölçek uyarlama aşamaları, dil ve kültür uyarlaması: Güncellenmiş rehber. Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 26(3), 199-210.
  • Doyle, J. P., Kunkel, T., & Funk, D. C. (2013). Sports Spectator Segmentation: Examining The Differing Psychological Connections Among Spectators of Leagues and Teams. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 14 (2) 20-36. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-14-02-2013-B003
  • Erkuş, A. (2007). Ölçek geliştirme ve uyarlama çalışmalarında karşılaşılan sorunlar. Türk Psikoloji Bülteni, 13(40), 17–25.
  • Funk, D. C., Beaton, A., & Pritchard, M. (2011). The Stage-Based Development of Physically Active Leisure: A Recreational Golf Context. Journal of Leisure Research, 43(2), 268-289. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2011.11950236
  • Funk, D. (2008). Consumer behaviour in sport and events. Oxford: Elsevier
  • Funk, D. C. & James, J. D. (2001) The Psychological Continuum Model: A Conceptual Framework for Understanding an İndividual’s Psychological Commitment to Sport. Sport Management Review, 4, 119-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1441-3523(01)70072-1
  • Funk, D. C. & James, J.D. (2006) Consumer Loyalty: The Meaning of Attachment in the Development of Sport Team Allegiance. Journal of Sport Management, 20, 189-217. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.20.2.189
  • Funk, D. C., & Pastore, D. L. (2000). Equating Attitudes to Allegiance: The Usefulness of Selected Attitudinal Information in Segmenting Loyalty to Professional Sports Teams. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 9(4), 175-184.
  • Gladden J. M., & Funk, D. C. (2001). Understanding Brand Loyalty in Professional Sport: Examining the Link Between Brand Association and Brand Loyalty. International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship, 3, 67-94. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-03-01-2001-B006
  • Göksel, A. G., Zorba, E., Yıldız, M., & Caz Ç. (2020). Spor bilimleri fakültesi öğrencilerinin taraftarı oldukları futbol takımına karşı psikolojik bağlılıklarının incelenmesi. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 15(25), 3800-3818. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.623549
  • Günay, N., & Tiryaki, Ş. (2003). Spor Taraftarı Özdeşleşme Ölçeği (STÖÖ) Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 14(1), 14-26.
  • Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139–152. https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202
  • Hansen, H., & Gauthier, R. (1989). Factors Affecting Attendance at Professional Sports Events. Journal of Sport Management, 3, 15-32. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.3.1.15
  • Havitz, M. E. & Dimanche, F. (1997) Leisure Involvement Revisited: Conceptual Conundrums and Measurement Advances. Journal of Leisure Research, 29, 245-278. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1997.11949796
  • Hill, B., & Green, B. C. (2000). Repeat Attendance as a Function of Involvement, Loyalty, and the Sportscape Across Three Football Contexts. Sport Management Review, 3(2), 145-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1441-3523(00)70083-0
  • Hu L. T., Bentler P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1):1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • International Test Commission (ITC), (2018). Guidelines for Translating and Adapting Tests. International Journal of Testing 18(2):101–34. https://doi:10.1080/15305058.2017.1398166
  • Iwasaki, Y., & Havitz, M. E. (2004). Examining Relationships Between Leisure Involvement, Psychological Commitment and Loyalty to a Recreation Agency. Journal of leisure research, 36(1), 45-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2004.11950010
  • Iwasaki, Y., & Havitz, M. E. (1998). A Path Analytic Model of The Relationships Between Involvement, Psychological Commitment, and Loyalty. Journal of Leisure Research, 30, 256-280. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1998.11949829
  • Kapferer, J. N. & Laurent, G. (1993) Further Evidence on the Consumer Involvement Profile: Five Antecedents of İnvolvement. Psychology and Marketing, 10, 347-356. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.4220100408
  • Mahony, D. F., & Howard, D. R. (1998). The İmpact of Attitudes on the Behavioral Intentions of Sport Spectators. International Sports Journal, 2, 96-110.
  • Mahony, D. F., & Moorman, A. M. (1999). The Impact of Fan Attitudes on Intentions to Watch Professional Basketball Teams on Television. Sport Management Review, 2(1), 43-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1441-3523(99)70089-6
  • Oreg, S. (2006). Personality, Context, and Resistance to Organizational Change. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 15(1), 73-101. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320500451247
  • Özsoy, A. & Karlı, Ü. (2022). Spor Taraftarı Aşk ve Nefret Ölçeği ile Spor Takımı Lisanslı Ürün Satın Alma Niyeti Ölçeğinin Geçerlik Güvenirlik Çalışması. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(1), 42-57. https://doi.org/10.33459/cbubesbd.1089938
  • Pooley, J. C. (1978). The Sport Fan: A Social Psychology of Misbehavior. CAPHER Sociology of Sport Monograph Series. University of Calgary, Canada, P:14.
  • Schermelleh Engel K., Moosbrugger H., & Müller H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: tests of significance and descriptive goodness of fit measures. Methods of psychological Research, 8(2):23-74.
  • Stewart, B., Smith, A., & Nicholson, M. (2003). Sport consumer typologies: A critical review. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 12(4), 206-216.
  • Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics (Vol. 5, pp. 481-498). Boston, MA: Pearson.
  • Taşmektepligil, M.Y., Çankaya, S. & Tunç, T. (2015). Futbol Taraftarı Fanatiklik Ölçeği. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(1), 41-49. https://doi.org/10.17155/spd.73408
  • Tavşancıl, E. (2014). Tutumların Ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile Veri Analizi (5. Baskı). Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi.
  • Yaşlıoğlu, M. M. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde faktör analizi ve geçerlilik: Keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanılması. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 46, 74-85.
Year 2023, Volume: 14 Issue: 3, 327 - 345, 29.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1346228

Abstract

Project Number

-

References

  • Alpar, R. (2000). Spor Bilimlerinde Uygulamalı İstatistik. GSGM Yayınları. Ankara.
  • Beaton, A. A., Funk, D. C., & Alexandris, K. (2009). Operationalizing A Theory of Participation in Physically Active Leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 41(2), 175-203. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2009.11950165
  • Beaton, A. A., Funk, D.C., Ridinger, L. & Jordan, J. (2011) Sport Involvement: A Conceptual and Empirical Analysis. Sport Management Review, 14, 126-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2010.07.002
  • Bozgeyikli, H., Taşğin, Ö., & Eroğlu, S. E. (2018). Taraftar psikolojik bağlılık ölçeği Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 9(16), 481-497. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.481001
  • Brislin, R. W., (1986). The Wording and Translation of Research Instruments. In: W. J. Lonner, J. W. Berry (Eds.), Field Methods in Educational Research. Sage, Newbury Park, CA, P: 137-164.
  • Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological methods & research, 21(2), 230-258. https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124192021002005
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2002). Faktör analizi: Temel Kavramlar ve Ölçek Geliştirmede Kullanımı. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Yönetimi, 32, 470-483.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2014). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı: İstatistik, Araştırma Deseni SPSS Uygulamaları ve Yorum (Genişletilmiş 20. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Çalışkan, A. (2019). Değişime Direnç: Bir Ölçek Uyarlama Çalışması. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(2), 237-252.
  • Çapık, C., Gözüm, S., & Aksayan, S. (2018). Kültürlerarası ölçek uyarlama aşamaları, dil ve kültür uyarlaması: Güncellenmiş rehber. Florence Nightingale Journal of Nursing, 26(3), 199-210.
  • Doyle, J. P., Kunkel, T., & Funk, D. C. (2013). Sports Spectator Segmentation: Examining The Differing Psychological Connections Among Spectators of Leagues and Teams. International Journal of Sports Marketing and Sponsorship, 14 (2) 20-36. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-14-02-2013-B003
  • Erkuş, A. (2007). Ölçek geliştirme ve uyarlama çalışmalarında karşılaşılan sorunlar. Türk Psikoloji Bülteni, 13(40), 17–25.
  • Funk, D. C., Beaton, A., & Pritchard, M. (2011). The Stage-Based Development of Physically Active Leisure: A Recreational Golf Context. Journal of Leisure Research, 43(2), 268-289. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2011.11950236
  • Funk, D. (2008). Consumer behaviour in sport and events. Oxford: Elsevier
  • Funk, D. C. & James, J. D. (2001) The Psychological Continuum Model: A Conceptual Framework for Understanding an İndividual’s Psychological Commitment to Sport. Sport Management Review, 4, 119-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1441-3523(01)70072-1
  • Funk, D. C. & James, J.D. (2006) Consumer Loyalty: The Meaning of Attachment in the Development of Sport Team Allegiance. Journal of Sport Management, 20, 189-217. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.20.2.189
  • Funk, D. C., & Pastore, D. L. (2000). Equating Attitudes to Allegiance: The Usefulness of Selected Attitudinal Information in Segmenting Loyalty to Professional Sports Teams. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 9(4), 175-184.
  • Gladden J. M., & Funk, D. C. (2001). Understanding Brand Loyalty in Professional Sport: Examining the Link Between Brand Association and Brand Loyalty. International Journal of Sports Marketing & Sponsorship, 3, 67-94. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSMS-03-01-2001-B006
  • Göksel, A. G., Zorba, E., Yıldız, M., & Caz Ç. (2020). Spor bilimleri fakültesi öğrencilerinin taraftarı oldukları futbol takımına karşı psikolojik bağlılıklarının incelenmesi. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 15(25), 3800-3818. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.623549
  • Günay, N., & Tiryaki, Ş. (2003). Spor Taraftarı Özdeşleşme Ölçeği (STÖÖ) Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 14(1), 14-26.
  • Hair, J. F., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a silver bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139–152. https://doi.org/10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202
  • Hansen, H., & Gauthier, R. (1989). Factors Affecting Attendance at Professional Sports Events. Journal of Sport Management, 3, 15-32. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.3.1.15
  • Havitz, M. E. & Dimanche, F. (1997) Leisure Involvement Revisited: Conceptual Conundrums and Measurement Advances. Journal of Leisure Research, 29, 245-278. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1997.11949796
  • Hill, B., & Green, B. C. (2000). Repeat Attendance as a Function of Involvement, Loyalty, and the Sportscape Across Three Football Contexts. Sport Management Review, 3(2), 145-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1441-3523(00)70083-0
  • Hu L. T., Bentler P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1):1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  • International Test Commission (ITC), (2018). Guidelines for Translating and Adapting Tests. International Journal of Testing 18(2):101–34. https://doi:10.1080/15305058.2017.1398166
  • Iwasaki, Y., & Havitz, M. E. (2004). Examining Relationships Between Leisure Involvement, Psychological Commitment and Loyalty to a Recreation Agency. Journal of leisure research, 36(1), 45-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2004.11950010
  • Iwasaki, Y., & Havitz, M. E. (1998). A Path Analytic Model of The Relationships Between Involvement, Psychological Commitment, and Loyalty. Journal of Leisure Research, 30, 256-280. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1998.11949829
  • Kapferer, J. N. & Laurent, G. (1993) Further Evidence on the Consumer Involvement Profile: Five Antecedents of İnvolvement. Psychology and Marketing, 10, 347-356. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.4220100408
  • Mahony, D. F., & Howard, D. R. (1998). The İmpact of Attitudes on the Behavioral Intentions of Sport Spectators. International Sports Journal, 2, 96-110.
  • Mahony, D. F., & Moorman, A. M. (1999). The Impact of Fan Attitudes on Intentions to Watch Professional Basketball Teams on Television. Sport Management Review, 2(1), 43-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1441-3523(99)70089-6
  • Oreg, S. (2006). Personality, Context, and Resistance to Organizational Change. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 15(1), 73-101. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320500451247
  • Özsoy, A. & Karlı, Ü. (2022). Spor Taraftarı Aşk ve Nefret Ölçeği ile Spor Takımı Lisanslı Ürün Satın Alma Niyeti Ölçeğinin Geçerlik Güvenirlik Çalışması. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(1), 42-57. https://doi.org/10.33459/cbubesbd.1089938
  • Pooley, J. C. (1978). The Sport Fan: A Social Psychology of Misbehavior. CAPHER Sociology of Sport Monograph Series. University of Calgary, Canada, P:14.
  • Schermelleh Engel K., Moosbrugger H., & Müller H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: tests of significance and descriptive goodness of fit measures. Methods of psychological Research, 8(2):23-74.
  • Stewart, B., Smith, A., & Nicholson, M. (2003). Sport consumer typologies: A critical review. Sport Marketing Quarterly, 12(4), 206-216.
  • Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics (Vol. 5, pp. 481-498). Boston, MA: Pearson.
  • Taşmektepligil, M.Y., Çankaya, S. & Tunç, T. (2015). Futbol Taraftarı Fanatiklik Ölçeği. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(1), 41-49. https://doi.org/10.17155/spd.73408
  • Tavşancıl, E. (2014). Tutumların Ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile Veri Analizi (5. Baskı). Ankara: Nobel Yayınevi.
  • Yaşlıoğlu, M. M. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde faktör analizi ve geçerlilik: Keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanılması. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 46, 74-85.
There are 40 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Sociology of Sports
Journal Section Social & Behavioral Sciences
Authors

Gülçin Sezer Hocaoğlu 0000-0002-0998-833X

Sema Alay Özgül 0000-0002-8329-0028

Ünal Karlı 0000-0002-4497-4443

Project Number -
Publication Date December 29, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 14 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Sezer Hocaoğlu, G., Alay Özgül, S., & Karlı, Ü. (2023). Adaptation of Sports Involvement Scale to Turkish Culture: A Validity and Reliability Study in Football Spectators. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences, 14(3), 327-345. https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1346228