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Health-Related Work Loss: Wellness Profiles of Information Technology Employees

Year 2023, Volume: 14 Issue: 3, 258 - 278, 29.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1348830

Abstract

Understanding health-related work loss and creating a comprehensive approach requires the identification of lifestyle behavior patterns. An essential part of this process is the examination of different profiles within the target population to develop effective intervention strategies. This study explored the wellness profiles of information technology (IT) employees regarding lifestyle behaviors and health-related work loss. The cross-sectional study surveyed 405 employees (174 women and 231 men) in six cities in Türkiye to examine lifestyle behaviors (exercise, nutrition, stress management, health responsibility, mental development, and interpersonal relations) and health-related work loss (presenteeism and absenteeism). Data analysis was conducted using independent samples t-test, ANOVA, multiple linear regression, and two-step cluster analysis. Regression findings indicated that physical activity, nutrition, and stress management behaviors statistically predict work performance in IT employees (p<0.05). The two-step cluster analysis showed four behavioral motivation clusters, including avoidance (no intention to change), intention (has the intention but no action), participation (has recently started), and maintenance (has become a habit). Certain lifestyle behaviors and clusters appear to be essential factors in health-related work loss among IT employees; thus, organizations that offer workplace wellness programs should prioritize these two issues. Clusters defined in this study could be used to help improve the wellness of IT sector employees.

References

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  • Bahar, Z., Beser, A., Gordes, N., Ersin, F., & Kissal, A. (2008). Saglıklı yaşam biçimi davranışları ölçegi II’nin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalısması (Healthy lifestyle behavior scale II: A reliability and validity study). Cumhuriyet Universitesi Hemsirelik Yuksekokulu Dergisi, 12, 1–13.
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  • Blatter, M., Muehlemann, S., & Schenker, S. (2012). The costs of hiring skilled workers. European Economic Review, 56(1), 20–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2011.08.001
  • Braakman-Jansen, L. M., Taal, E., Kuper, I. H., & van de Laar, M. A. (2012). Productivity loss due to absenteeism and presenteeism by different instruments in patients with RA and subjects without RA. Rheumatology, 51(2), 354–361. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/ker371
  • Castells, M. (2014). Technopoles of the world: The making of 21st century industrial complexes. Routledge.
  • Cengiz, C., İnce, M. L., & Çiçek, Ş. (2009). Exercise stages of change in Turkish university students by sex, residence, and department. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 108(2), 411–421. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.108.2.411-421
  • Chu, B., Marwaha, K., Sanvictores, T., & Ayers, D. (2021). Physiology, stress reaction. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.
  • Coolever. (2021). 2021 Yazılım Geliştirici Maaş Raporu (TR). . Retrieved August 16, 2023, from https://job.coolever.life/salary-report/2021-yazilim-gelistirici-maas-raporu/
  • Crivelli, D., Fronda, G., Venturella, I., & Balconi, M. (2019). Stress and neurocognitive efficiency in managerial contexts: A study on technology-mediated mindfulness practice. International Journal of Workplace Health Management, 12(2), 42–56. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijwhm-07-2018-0095
  • Dar, T., Radfar, A., Abohashem, S., Pitman, R. K., Tawakol, A., & Osborne, M. T. (2019). Psychosocial stress and cardiovascular disease. Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine, 21, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11936-019-0724-5
  • De Vries, H., van’t Riet, J., Spigt, M., Metsemakers, J., van den Akker, M., Vermunt, J. K., & Kremers, S. (2008). Clusters of lifestyle behaviors: Results from the Dutch SMILE study. Preventive Medicine, 46(3), 203–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.08.005
  • Drewnowski, A. (2020). Impact of nutrition interventions and dietary nutrient density on productivity in the workplace. Nutrition Reviews, 78(3), 215–224. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuz088
  • Ekienabor, E. E. (2016). Impact of job stress on employees’ productivity and commitment. International Journal for Research in Business, Management and Accounting, 2(5), 124–133.
  • Ekpanyaskul, C., & Padungtod, C. (2021). Occupational health problems and lifestyle changes among novice working-from-home workers amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Safety and Health at Work, 12(3), 384–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2021.01.010
  • Franken, E., Bentley, T., Shafaei, A., Farr-Wharton, B., Onnis, L., & Omari, M. (2021). Forced flexibility and remote working: Opportunities and challenges in the new normal. Journal of Management & Organization, 27(6), 1131–1149.
  • Grimani, A., Aboagye, E., & Kwak, L. (2019). The effectiveness of workplace nutrition and physical activity interventions in improving productivity, work performance and workability: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-8033-1
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  • He, L., Li, X., Wang, W., Wang, Y., Qu, H., Zhao, Y., & Lin, D. (2021). Clustering of multiple lifestyle behaviors among migrant, left-behind and local adolescents in China: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 542. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10584-4
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  • Johns, G. (2010). Presenteeism in the workplace: A review and research agenda. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(4), 519–542. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.630
  • Kessler, R. C., Barber, C., Beck, A., Berglund, P., Cleary, P. D., McKenas, D., Pronk, N., Simon, G., Stang, P., Ustun, T. B., & Wang, P. (2003). The World Health Organization Health and Work Performance Questionnaire (HPQ). J Occup Environ Med, 45, 156–174. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jom.0000052967.43131.51
  • Kinman, G. (2019). Sickness presenteeism at work: Prevalence, costs and management. Cambridge University Press.
  • Klemm, K., Krell-Roesch, J., De Clerck, I. L., Brehm, W., & Boes, K. (2021). Health-Related Fitness in Adults From Eight European Countries—An Analysis Based on Data From the European Fitness Badge. Frontiers in Physiology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.615237
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  • Lee, D.-W., Lee, J., Kim, H.-R., & Kang, M.-Y. (2021). Health-related productivity loss according to health conditions among workers in South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(14), 7589. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147589
  • Marais, G. A., Lantheaume, S., Fiault, R., & Shankland, R. (2020). Mindfulness-based programs improve psychological flexibility, mental health, well-being, and time Management in Academics. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 10(4), 1035–1050. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe10040073
  • Marcus, B. H., & Owen, N. (1992). Motivational Readiness, Self‐Efficacy and Decision‐Making for Exercise1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22(1), 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1992.tb01518.x
  • McKee, G., Bannon, J., Kerins, M., & FitzGerald, G. (2007). Changes in diet, exercise and stress behaviours using the stages of change model in cardiac rehabilitation patients. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 6(3), 233–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcnurse.2006.10.00
  • Mehta, P. (2022). Work alienation as a mediator between work from home-related isolation, loss of task identity and job insecurity amid the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Workplace Health Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijwhm-03-2021-0070
  • Moran, K. E., Ommerborn, M. J., Blackshear, C. T., Sims, M., & Clark, C. R. (2019). Financial stress and risk of coronary heart disease in the Jackson heart study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 56(2), 224–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2018.09.022
  • Norusis, M. (2011). Cluster analysis, Chapter 17. IBM SPSS Statistics, 19.
  • Piroșcă, G. I., Șerban-Oprescu, G. L., Badea, L., Stanef-Puică, M.-R., & Valdebenito, C. R. (2021). Digitalization and labor market—A perspective within the framework of pandemic crisis. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 16(7), 2843–2857. https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer16070156
  • Poortinga, W. (2007). The prevalence and clustering of four major lifestyle risk factors in an English adult population. Preventive Medicine, 44(2), 124–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.10.006
  • Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1983). Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51(3), 390.
  • Pronk, N. P., & Kottke, T. E. (2009). Physical activity promotion as a strategic corporate priority to improve worker health and business performance. Preventive Medicine, 49(4), 316–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.06.025
  • Proper, K., & van Mechelen, W. (2008). Effectiveness and economic impact of worksite interventions to promote physical activity and healthy diet. Geneva: World Health Organization.
  • Rani, U., & Gobel, N. (2022). Job instability, precarity, informality, and inequality: Labour in the gig economy. In The Routledge Handbook of the Gig Economy (pp. 15–32). Routledge.
  • Rongen, A., Robroek, S. J. W., van Lenthe, F. J., & Burdorf, A. (2013). Workplace health promotion: A meta-analysis of effectiveness. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 44(4), 406–415.
  • Ruhle, S., Breitsohl, H., Aboagye, E., Baba, V., Biron, C., Correia Leal, C., Dietz, C., Ferreira, A. I., Gerich, J., & Johns, G. (2020). “To work, or not to work, that is the question”–Recent trends and avenues for research on presenteeism. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 29(3), 344–363. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432x.2019.1704734
  • Ruiz, J. R., Castro-Piñero, J., Artero, E. G., Ortega, F. B., Sjöström, M., Suni, J., & Castillo, M. J. (2009). Predictive validity of health-related fitness in youth: A systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(12), 909–923. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2008.056499
  • Santos, I. L., & Miragaia, D. (2023). Physical activity in the workplace: A cost or a benefit for organizations? A systematic review. International Journal of Workplace Health Management, ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijwhm-04-2021-0076
  • Sassen, B., Kok, G., Schaalma, H., Kiers, H., & Vanhees, L. (2010). Cardiovascular risk profile: Cross-sectional analysis of motivational determinants, physical fitness and physical activity. BMC Public Health, 10, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-592
  • Schuit, A. J., van Loon, A. J. M., Tijhuis, M., & Ocké, M. C. (2002). Clustering of Lifestyle Risk Factors in a General Adult Population. Preventive Medicine, 35(3), 219–224. https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.2002.1064
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Year 2023, Volume: 14 Issue: 3, 258 - 278, 29.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1348830

Abstract

References

  • Alavinia, S. M., Molenaar, D., & Burdorf, A. (2009). Productivity loss in the workforce: Associations with health, work demands, and individual characteristics. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 52(1), 49–56. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajim.20648
  • Bahar, Z., Beser, A., Gordes, N., Ersin, F., & Kissal, A. (2008). Saglıklı yaşam biçimi davranışları ölçegi II’nin geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalısması (Healthy lifestyle behavior scale II: A reliability and validity study). Cumhuriyet Universitesi Hemsirelik Yuksekokulu Dergisi, 12, 1–13.
  • Bassuk, S. S., & Manson, J. E. (2005). Epidemiological evidence for the role of physical activity in reducing risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Journal of Applied Physiology. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00160.2005
  • Blatter, M., Muehlemann, S., & Schenker, S. (2012). The costs of hiring skilled workers. European Economic Review, 56(1), 20–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroecorev.2011.08.001
  • Braakman-Jansen, L. M., Taal, E., Kuper, I. H., & van de Laar, M. A. (2012). Productivity loss due to absenteeism and presenteeism by different instruments in patients with RA and subjects without RA. Rheumatology, 51(2), 354–361. https://doi.org/10.1093/rheumatology/ker371
  • Castells, M. (2014). Technopoles of the world: The making of 21st century industrial complexes. Routledge.
  • Cengiz, C., İnce, M. L., & Çiçek, Ş. (2009). Exercise stages of change in Turkish university students by sex, residence, and department. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 108(2), 411–421. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.108.2.411-421
  • Chu, B., Marwaha, K., Sanvictores, T., & Ayers, D. (2021). Physiology, stress reaction. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.
  • Coolever. (2021). 2021 Yazılım Geliştirici Maaş Raporu (TR). . Retrieved August 16, 2023, from https://job.coolever.life/salary-report/2021-yazilim-gelistirici-maas-raporu/
  • Crivelli, D., Fronda, G., Venturella, I., & Balconi, M. (2019). Stress and neurocognitive efficiency in managerial contexts: A study on technology-mediated mindfulness practice. International Journal of Workplace Health Management, 12(2), 42–56. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijwhm-07-2018-0095
  • Dar, T., Radfar, A., Abohashem, S., Pitman, R. K., Tawakol, A., & Osborne, M. T. (2019). Psychosocial stress and cardiovascular disease. Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine, 21, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11936-019-0724-5
  • De Vries, H., van’t Riet, J., Spigt, M., Metsemakers, J., van den Akker, M., Vermunt, J. K., & Kremers, S. (2008). Clusters of lifestyle behaviors: Results from the Dutch SMILE study. Preventive Medicine, 46(3), 203–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2007.08.005
  • Drewnowski, A. (2020). Impact of nutrition interventions and dietary nutrient density on productivity in the workplace. Nutrition Reviews, 78(3), 215–224. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuz088
  • Ekienabor, E. E. (2016). Impact of job stress on employees’ productivity and commitment. International Journal for Research in Business, Management and Accounting, 2(5), 124–133.
  • Ekpanyaskul, C., & Padungtod, C. (2021). Occupational health problems and lifestyle changes among novice working-from-home workers amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Safety and Health at Work, 12(3), 384–389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2021.01.010
  • Franken, E., Bentley, T., Shafaei, A., Farr-Wharton, B., Onnis, L., & Omari, M. (2021). Forced flexibility and remote working: Opportunities and challenges in the new normal. Journal of Management & Organization, 27(6), 1131–1149.
  • Grimani, A., Aboagye, E., & Kwak, L. (2019). The effectiveness of workplace nutrition and physical activity interventions in improving productivity, work performance and workability: A systematic review. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-8033-1
  • Haas, S., & Nigg, C. R. (2009). Construct validation of the stages of change with strenuous, moderate, and mild physical activity and sedentary behaviour among children. Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport, 12(5), 586–591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2008.11.001
  • He, L., Li, X., Wang, W., Wang, Y., Qu, H., Zhao, Y., & Lin, D. (2021). Clustering of multiple lifestyle behaviors among migrant, left-behind and local adolescents in China: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 542. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10584-4
  • Johns, G. (2008). Absenteeism and presenteeism: Not at work or not working well. The Sage Handbook of Organizational Behavior, 1, 160–177.
  • Johns, G. (2010). Presenteeism in the workplace: A review and research agenda. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 31(4), 519–542. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.630
  • Kessler, R. C., Barber, C., Beck, A., Berglund, P., Cleary, P. D., McKenas, D., Pronk, N., Simon, G., Stang, P., Ustun, T. B., & Wang, P. (2003). The World Health Organization Health and Work Performance Questionnaire (HPQ). J Occup Environ Med, 45, 156–174. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.jom.0000052967.43131.51
  • Kinman, G. (2019). Sickness presenteeism at work: Prevalence, costs and management. Cambridge University Press.
  • Klemm, K., Krell-Roesch, J., De Clerck, I. L., Brehm, W., & Boes, K. (2021). Health-Related Fitness in Adults From Eight European Countries—An Analysis Based on Data From the European Fitness Badge. Frontiers in Physiology, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2020.615237
  • Kuru, H., & Balkan, C. (2019). Sağlık ve iş performası ölçeği’nin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması: Güvenilirlik ve geçerlilik analizi. Journal of Ekonomi, 5–9.
  • Lee, D.-W., Lee, J., Kim, H.-R., & Kang, M.-Y. (2021). Health-related productivity loss according to health conditions among workers in South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(14), 7589. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147589
  • Marais, G. A., Lantheaume, S., Fiault, R., & Shankland, R. (2020). Mindfulness-based programs improve psychological flexibility, mental health, well-being, and time Management in Academics. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 10(4), 1035–1050. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe10040073
  • Marcus, B. H., & Owen, N. (1992). Motivational Readiness, Self‐Efficacy and Decision‐Making for Exercise1. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 22(1), 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1992.tb01518.x
  • McKee, G., Bannon, J., Kerins, M., & FitzGerald, G. (2007). Changes in diet, exercise and stress behaviours using the stages of change model in cardiac rehabilitation patients. European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing, 6(3), 233–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejcnurse.2006.10.00
  • Mehta, P. (2022). Work alienation as a mediator between work from home-related isolation, loss of task identity and job insecurity amid the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Workplace Health Management. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijwhm-03-2021-0070
  • Moran, K. E., Ommerborn, M. J., Blackshear, C. T., Sims, M., & Clark, C. R. (2019). Financial stress and risk of coronary heart disease in the Jackson heart study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 56(2), 224–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2018.09.022
  • Norusis, M. (2011). Cluster analysis, Chapter 17. IBM SPSS Statistics, 19.
  • Piroșcă, G. I., Șerban-Oprescu, G. L., Badea, L., Stanef-Puică, M.-R., & Valdebenito, C. R. (2021). Digitalization and labor market—A perspective within the framework of pandemic crisis. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Electronic Commerce Research, 16(7), 2843–2857. https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer16070156
  • Poortinga, W. (2007). The prevalence and clustering of four major lifestyle risk factors in an English adult population. Preventive Medicine, 44(2), 124–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2006.10.006
  • Prochaska, J. O., & DiClemente, C. C. (1983). Stages and processes of self-change of smoking: Toward an integrative model of change. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 51(3), 390.
  • Pronk, N. P., & Kottke, T. E. (2009). Physical activity promotion as a strategic corporate priority to improve worker health and business performance. Preventive Medicine, 49(4), 316–321. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2009.06.025
  • Proper, K., & van Mechelen, W. (2008). Effectiveness and economic impact of worksite interventions to promote physical activity and healthy diet. Geneva: World Health Organization.
  • Rani, U., & Gobel, N. (2022). Job instability, precarity, informality, and inequality: Labour in the gig economy. In The Routledge Handbook of the Gig Economy (pp. 15–32). Routledge.
  • Rongen, A., Robroek, S. J. W., van Lenthe, F. J., & Burdorf, A. (2013). Workplace health promotion: A meta-analysis of effectiveness. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 44(4), 406–415.
  • Ruhle, S., Breitsohl, H., Aboagye, E., Baba, V., Biron, C., Correia Leal, C., Dietz, C., Ferreira, A. I., Gerich, J., & Johns, G. (2020). “To work, or not to work, that is the question”–Recent trends and avenues for research on presenteeism. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 29(3), 344–363. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432x.2019.1704734
  • Ruiz, J. R., Castro-Piñero, J., Artero, E. G., Ortega, F. B., Sjöström, M., Suni, J., & Castillo, M. J. (2009). Predictive validity of health-related fitness in youth: A systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 43(12), 909–923. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2008.056499
  • Santos, I. L., & Miragaia, D. (2023). Physical activity in the workplace: A cost or a benefit for organizations? A systematic review. International Journal of Workplace Health Management, ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijwhm-04-2021-0076
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There are 58 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Physical Activity and Health
Journal Section Physical Activity, Health & Exercise
Authors

Hakan Kuru 0000-0002-6477-1782

Elcin Sakmar 0000-0001-7379-8787

Yeşim Aydın Son 0000-0002-8118-4272

Mustafa Levent İnce 0000-0001-9860-4336

Publication Date December 29, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 14 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Kuru, H., Sakmar, E., Son, Y. A., İnce, M. L. (2023). Health-Related Work Loss: Wellness Profiles of Information Technology Employees. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences, 14(3), 258-278. https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1348830