Research Article
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Effect of Hydrotherapy on Muscle Activities and Running Kinetics in Adult Males with Pronated Foot: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Year 2023, Volume: 14 Issue: 3, 297 - 313, 29.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1350754

Abstract

The potential risk factor for injuries resulting from a pronated foot (PF) has been discussed. The water properties can be used to improve the biomechanics of the lower limb. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate hydrotherapy's effect on muscle activities and running kinetics in adult males with PF. This study was a randomized clinical trial type. Thirty adult males with PF were divided into two equally sized groups. Ground reaction forces (GRFs) were collected by a force plate on the runway. Muscle activities were recorded using a surface electromyography system. Statistical analysis was performed using repeated measures ANOVAs. The significance level was established at p<0.05. Significant main effects of “time” were found for first peak vertical GRF (p=0.032), first peak mediolateral GRF (p=0.007), last peak mediolateral GRF (p=0.041), first peak anterior-posterior GRF (p=0.028) and positive free moment (p=0.003). In the early stance phase of the experimental group, significantly larger tibialis anterior (p=0.026), gastrocnemius medialis (p=0.002), and gluteus medius (p=0.004) muscle activities were found after the test compared to before the test. Hydrotherapy changed the GRFs and muscular activities of the lower extremities in adult men with PF. More research is needed to understand this issue better.

References

  • Adams, D., Pozzi, F., Willy, R. W. Carrol, A., and Zeni, J. (2018). "Altering cadence or vertical oscillation during running: effects on running related injury factors." International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 13(4): 633. https://doi.org/10.26603/ijspt20180633
  • Angin, S., Crofts, G., Mickle, K. J., and Nester, C. J. (2014). "Ultrasound evaluation of foot muscles and plantar fascia in pes planus." Gait & posture 40(1): 48-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014.02.008
  • Ay, A. and Yurtkuran, M., (2005). "Influence of aquatic and weight-bearing exercises on quantitative ultrasound variables in postmenopausal women." American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 84(1): 52-61. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.phm.0000146500.85850.be
  • Barrett, R. S., Neal, R. J., and Roberts, L. J. (1998). "The dynamic loading response of surfaces encountered in beach running." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 1(1): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1440-2440(98)80003-0
  • Beelen, P. E., Kingma, I., Nolte P. A., and van Dieën, J. H. (2020). "The effect of foot type, body length and mass on postural stability." Gait & Posture 81: 241-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.07.148
  • Brody, D. M. (1982). "Techniques in the evaluation and treatment of the injured runner." The orthopedic clinics of North America 13(3): 541-558. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0030-5898(20)30252-2
  • Bruening, D. A., Frimenko, R. E., Goodyear, C. D., Bowden D. R., and Fullenkamp, A. M. (2015). "Sex differences in whole body gait kinematics at preferred speeds." Gait & posture 41(2): 540-545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014.12.011
  • Clark, M. and Lucett S. (2010). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  • Crowell, H. P., Milner, C. E., Hamill J., and Davis, I. S. (2010). "Reducing impact loading during running with the use of real-time visual feedback." Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 40(4): 206-213. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2010.3166
  • Farahpour, N., Jafarnezhadgero, A., Allard, P., and Majlesi, M. (2018). "Muscle activity and kinetics of lower limbs during walking in pronated feet individuals with and without low back pain." Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 39: 35-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2018.01.006
  • Farrell, P. A., Joyner, M. J., and Caiozzo, V. (2011). ACSM's advanced exercise physiology, Wolters Kluwer Health Adis (ESP).
  • Grey, T., Redguard, D., Wengle, R., and Wegscheider, P. (2013). "Effect of plantar flexor muscle fatigue on postural control." Western Undergraduate Research Journal: Health and Natural Sciences 4(1). https://doi.org/10.5206/wurjhns.2013-14.1
  • Hermens, H. J., Freriks, B., Merletti, R., Stegeman, D., Blok, J., Rau, G., Disselhorst-Klug, C. and Hägg, G. J. R. r. (1999). European recommendations for surface electromyography. 8(2): 13-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1050-6411(00)00027-4
  • Horwood, A. M., and Chockalingam, N. (2017). "Defining excessive, over, or hyper-pronation: A quandary." The Foot 31: 49-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foot.2017.03.001
  • Jafarnezhadgero, A., Fatollahi, A., Amirzadeh, N., Siahkouhian, M., and Granacher, U. (2019). "Ground reaction forces and muscle activity while walking on sand versus stable ground in individuals with pronated feet compared with healthy controls." PloS one 14(9): e0223219. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223219
  • Jafarnezhadgero, A., Fatollahi, A., Sheykholeslami, A., Dionisio, V. C., and Akrami, M. (2021). "Long-term training on sand changes lower limb muscle activities during running in runners with over-pronated feet." Biomedical engineering online 20: 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12938-021-00955-8
  • Jafarnezhadgero, A., Ghorbanloo, F., Fatollahi, A., Dionisio, V. C., and Granacher, U. (2021). "Effects of an elastic resistance band exercise program on kinetics and muscle activities during walking in young adults with genu valgus: A double-blinded randomized controlled trial." Clinical Biomechanics 81: 105215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2020.105215
  • Jafarnezhadgero, A. A., Oliveira, A. S., Mousavi, S. H., Madadi-Shad, M. J. G., and posture (2018). "Combining valgus knee brace and lateral foot wedges reduces external forces and moments in osteoarthritis patients." Gait & posture 59: 104-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.09.040
  • Jafarnezhadgero, A. A., Shad, M. M., and Majlesi, M. (2017). "Effect of foot orthoses on the medial longitudinal arch in children with flexible flatfoot deformity: A three-dimensional moment analysis." Gait & posture 55: 75-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.04.011
  • Javorac, D., Stajer, V., and Ostojic, S. (2020). "Case report: Acute hydrotherapy with super-saturated hydrogen-rich water for ankle sprain in a professional athlete." F1000Research 9. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.22850.1
  • Kirkby Shaw, K., Alvarez, L., Foster, S. A., Tomlinson, J. E., Shaw A. J., and Pozzi, A. (2020). "Fundamental principles of rehabilitation and musculoskeletal tissue healing." Veterinary Surgery 49(1): 22-32. https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.13270
  • Letafatkar, A., Zandi, S., Khodayi, M., and Vashmesara, J. B. (2013). "Flat foot deformity, Q angle and knee pain are interrelated in wrestlers." J Nov Physiother 3(2): 138. https://doi.org/10.4172/2165-7025.1000138
  • LeVeau, B. F. and Rogers, C. (1980). "Selective training of the vastus medialis muscle using EMG biofeedback." Physical Therapy 60(11): 1410-1415. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/60.11.1410
  • McLean, S. G., Su, A., and van den Bogert, A. J. (2003). "Development and validation of a 3-D model to predict knee joint loading during dynamic movement." J. Biomech. Eng. 125(6): 864-874. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1634282
  • Milner, C. E., Davis, I. S., and Hamill, J. (2006). "Free moment as a predictor of tibial stress fracture in distance runners." Journal of Biomechanics 39(15): 2819-2825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.09.022
  • Moore, I. S. (2016). "Is there an economical running technique? A review of modifiable biomechanical factors affecting running economy." Sports Medicine 46(6): 793-807. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0474-4
  • Mooventhan, A. and Nivethitha, L. (2014). "Scientific evidence-based effects of hydrotherapy on various systems of the body." North American Journal of Medical Sciences 6(5): 199. https://doi.org/10.4103/1947-2714.132935
  • Park, K.-M., Kim, S.-Y., and Oh, D.-W. (2010). "Effects of the pelvic compression belt on gluteus medius, quadratus lumborum, and lumbar multifidus activities during side-lying hip abduction." Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 20(6): 1141–1145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2010.05.009
  • Redmond, A. C., Crosbie, J., and Ouvrier, R. A. (2006). "Development and validation of a novel rating system for scoring standing foot posture: The Foot Posture Index." Clinical Biomechanics 21(1): 89-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2005.08.002
  • Ukoha, U., Egwu, O., Okafor, I., Ogugua, P., and Igwenagu, V. (2012). "Pes planus: incidence among an adult population in Anambra State, Southeast Nigeria." Int J Biomed Adv Res 3(3): 166-168. https://doi.org/10.7439/ijbar.v3i3.286
  • Wu, A. C., Rauh, M. J., DeLuca, S., Lewis, M., Ackerman, K. E., Barrack, M. T., Heiderscheit, B., Krabak, B. J., Roberts, W. O., and Tenforde, A. S. (2022). "Running‐related injuries in middle school cross‐country runners: Prevalence and characteristics of common injuries." PM&R 14(7): 793-801. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmrj.12649
  • Yazdani, F., Razeghi, M., and Ebrahimi, S. (2020). "A comparison of the free moment pattern between normal and hyper-pronated aligned feet in female subjects during the stance phase of gait." Journal of Biomedical Physics & Engineering 10(1): 93. https://doi.org/10.31661/jbpe.v0i0.639
  • Zhang, X., Aeles, J., and Vanwanseele, B. (2017). "Comparison of foot muscle morphology and foot kinematics between recreational runners with normal feet and with asymptomatic over-pronated feet." Gait & posture 54: 290-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.03.030
  • Zhang, X., and Vanwanseele, B. (2023). "Immediate effects of forefoot wedges on multi-segment foot kinematics during jogging in recreational runners with a symptomatic pronated foot." Frontiers in Physiology 13: 2763. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.1064240
Year 2023, Volume: 14 Issue: 3, 297 - 313, 29.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1350754

Abstract

References

  • Adams, D., Pozzi, F., Willy, R. W. Carrol, A., and Zeni, J. (2018). "Altering cadence or vertical oscillation during running: effects on running related injury factors." International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 13(4): 633. https://doi.org/10.26603/ijspt20180633
  • Angin, S., Crofts, G., Mickle, K. J., and Nester, C. J. (2014). "Ultrasound evaluation of foot muscles and plantar fascia in pes planus." Gait & posture 40(1): 48-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014.02.008
  • Ay, A. and Yurtkuran, M., (2005). "Influence of aquatic and weight-bearing exercises on quantitative ultrasound variables in postmenopausal women." American Journal of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation 84(1): 52-61. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.phm.0000146500.85850.be
  • Barrett, R. S., Neal, R. J., and Roberts, L. J. (1998). "The dynamic loading response of surfaces encountered in beach running." Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport 1(1): 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1440-2440(98)80003-0
  • Beelen, P. E., Kingma, I., Nolte P. A., and van Dieën, J. H. (2020). "The effect of foot type, body length and mass on postural stability." Gait & Posture 81: 241-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.07.148
  • Brody, D. M. (1982). "Techniques in the evaluation and treatment of the injured runner." The orthopedic clinics of North America 13(3): 541-558. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0030-5898(20)30252-2
  • Bruening, D. A., Frimenko, R. E., Goodyear, C. D., Bowden D. R., and Fullenkamp, A. M. (2015). "Sex differences in whole body gait kinematics at preferred speeds." Gait & posture 41(2): 540-545. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014.12.011
  • Clark, M. and Lucett S. (2010). NASM essentials of corrective exercise training, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  • Crowell, H. P., Milner, C. E., Hamill J., and Davis, I. S. (2010). "Reducing impact loading during running with the use of real-time visual feedback." Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy 40(4): 206-213. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2010.3166
  • Farahpour, N., Jafarnezhadgero, A., Allard, P., and Majlesi, M. (2018). "Muscle activity and kinetics of lower limbs during walking in pronated feet individuals with and without low back pain." Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 39: 35-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2018.01.006
  • Farrell, P. A., Joyner, M. J., and Caiozzo, V. (2011). ACSM's advanced exercise physiology, Wolters Kluwer Health Adis (ESP).
  • Grey, T., Redguard, D., Wengle, R., and Wegscheider, P. (2013). "Effect of plantar flexor muscle fatigue on postural control." Western Undergraduate Research Journal: Health and Natural Sciences 4(1). https://doi.org/10.5206/wurjhns.2013-14.1
  • Hermens, H. J., Freriks, B., Merletti, R., Stegeman, D., Blok, J., Rau, G., Disselhorst-Klug, C. and Hägg, G. J. R. r. (1999). European recommendations for surface electromyography. 8(2): 13-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1050-6411(00)00027-4
  • Horwood, A. M., and Chockalingam, N. (2017). "Defining excessive, over, or hyper-pronation: A quandary." The Foot 31: 49-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foot.2017.03.001
  • Jafarnezhadgero, A., Fatollahi, A., Amirzadeh, N., Siahkouhian, M., and Granacher, U. (2019). "Ground reaction forces and muscle activity while walking on sand versus stable ground in individuals with pronated feet compared with healthy controls." PloS one 14(9): e0223219. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223219
  • Jafarnezhadgero, A., Fatollahi, A., Sheykholeslami, A., Dionisio, V. C., and Akrami, M. (2021). "Long-term training on sand changes lower limb muscle activities during running in runners with over-pronated feet." Biomedical engineering online 20: 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12938-021-00955-8
  • Jafarnezhadgero, A., Ghorbanloo, F., Fatollahi, A., Dionisio, V. C., and Granacher, U. (2021). "Effects of an elastic resistance band exercise program on kinetics and muscle activities during walking in young adults with genu valgus: A double-blinded randomized controlled trial." Clinical Biomechanics 81: 105215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2020.105215
  • Jafarnezhadgero, A. A., Oliveira, A. S., Mousavi, S. H., Madadi-Shad, M. J. G., and posture (2018). "Combining valgus knee brace and lateral foot wedges reduces external forces and moments in osteoarthritis patients." Gait & posture 59: 104-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.09.040
  • Jafarnezhadgero, A. A., Shad, M. M., and Majlesi, M. (2017). "Effect of foot orthoses on the medial longitudinal arch in children with flexible flatfoot deformity: A three-dimensional moment analysis." Gait & posture 55: 75-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.04.011
  • Javorac, D., Stajer, V., and Ostojic, S. (2020). "Case report: Acute hydrotherapy with super-saturated hydrogen-rich water for ankle sprain in a professional athlete." F1000Research 9. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.22850.1
  • Kirkby Shaw, K., Alvarez, L., Foster, S. A., Tomlinson, J. E., Shaw A. J., and Pozzi, A. (2020). "Fundamental principles of rehabilitation and musculoskeletal tissue healing." Veterinary Surgery 49(1): 22-32. https://doi.org/10.1111/vsu.13270
  • Letafatkar, A., Zandi, S., Khodayi, M., and Vashmesara, J. B. (2013). "Flat foot deformity, Q angle and knee pain are interrelated in wrestlers." J Nov Physiother 3(2): 138. https://doi.org/10.4172/2165-7025.1000138
  • LeVeau, B. F. and Rogers, C. (1980). "Selective training of the vastus medialis muscle using EMG biofeedback." Physical Therapy 60(11): 1410-1415. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/60.11.1410
  • McLean, S. G., Su, A., and van den Bogert, A. J. (2003). "Development and validation of a 3-D model to predict knee joint loading during dynamic movement." J. Biomech. Eng. 125(6): 864-874. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1634282
  • Milner, C. E., Davis, I. S., and Hamill, J. (2006). "Free moment as a predictor of tibial stress fracture in distance runners." Journal of Biomechanics 39(15): 2819-2825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2005.09.022
  • Moore, I. S. (2016). "Is there an economical running technique? A review of modifiable biomechanical factors affecting running economy." Sports Medicine 46(6): 793-807. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0474-4
  • Mooventhan, A. and Nivethitha, L. (2014). "Scientific evidence-based effects of hydrotherapy on various systems of the body." North American Journal of Medical Sciences 6(5): 199. https://doi.org/10.4103/1947-2714.132935
  • Park, K.-M., Kim, S.-Y., and Oh, D.-W. (2010). "Effects of the pelvic compression belt on gluteus medius, quadratus lumborum, and lumbar multifidus activities during side-lying hip abduction." Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology 20(6): 1141–1145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jelekin.2010.05.009
  • Redmond, A. C., Crosbie, J., and Ouvrier, R. A. (2006). "Development and validation of a novel rating system for scoring standing foot posture: The Foot Posture Index." Clinical Biomechanics 21(1): 89-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2005.08.002
  • Ukoha, U., Egwu, O., Okafor, I., Ogugua, P., and Igwenagu, V. (2012). "Pes planus: incidence among an adult population in Anambra State, Southeast Nigeria." Int J Biomed Adv Res 3(3): 166-168. https://doi.org/10.7439/ijbar.v3i3.286
  • Wu, A. C., Rauh, M. J., DeLuca, S., Lewis, M., Ackerman, K. E., Barrack, M. T., Heiderscheit, B., Krabak, B. J., Roberts, W. O., and Tenforde, A. S. (2022). "Running‐related injuries in middle school cross‐country runners: Prevalence and characteristics of common injuries." PM&R 14(7): 793-801. https://doi.org/10.1002/pmrj.12649
  • Yazdani, F., Razeghi, M., and Ebrahimi, S. (2020). "A comparison of the free moment pattern between normal and hyper-pronated aligned feet in female subjects during the stance phase of gait." Journal of Biomedical Physics & Engineering 10(1): 93. https://doi.org/10.31661/jbpe.v0i0.639
  • Zhang, X., Aeles, J., and Vanwanseele, B. (2017). "Comparison of foot muscle morphology and foot kinematics between recreational runners with normal feet and with asymptomatic over-pronated feet." Gait & posture 54: 290-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.03.030
  • Zhang, X., and Vanwanseele, B. (2023). "Immediate effects of forefoot wedges on multi-segment foot kinematics during jogging in recreational runners with a symptomatic pronated foot." Frontiers in Physiology 13: 2763. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.1064240
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Physical Activity and Health, Biomechanics in Sports Science
Journal Section Physical Activity, Health & Exercise
Authors

Amir Fatollahi 0000-0002-0192-4358

Mohsen Barghamadi 0000-0002-1794-9410

Mohammad Abdollahpor Darvishani 0000-0002-0446-1037

Publication Date December 29, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 14 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Fatollahi, A., Barghamadi, M., & Abdollahpor Darvishani, M. (2023). Effect of Hydrotherapy on Muscle Activities and Running Kinetics in Adult Males with Pronated Foot: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Pamukkale Journal of Sport Sciences, 14(3), 297-313. https://doi.org/10.54141/psbd.1350754