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The Two Faces of Narcissism: A Review on the Developmental Foundations of Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism

Year 2023, Volume: 4 Issue: 4, 6 - 29, 31.12.2023

Abstract

Narcissism, a popular concept, is defined in various ways due to its complex nature and is classified as grandiose narcissism and vulnerable narcissism based on certain characteristics. Grandiose narcissism is expressed as the person’s belief that he/she is unique, emphasizing his/her own self and exhibiting exhibitionist and exploitative behaviors in relationships, while vulnerable narcissism is characterized by negative beliefs about self-efficacy and avoidant behaviors in social relationships. In DSM-5, the “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders”, the phenomenon of pathological narcissism is explained only with grandiose narcissism, while vulnerable narcissism is disregarded. In recent years, studies that include both dimensions of narcissism have gained significant importance in this respect. In addition, research on the etiology of narcissism emphasizes parent-child relationships, trauma, and
early childhood experiences, which are explained within the framework of environmental factors. In recent years, there has been a remarkable increase in research on the biological and genetic basis of narcissism. This literature review aims to examine the developmental foundations of pathological narcissism. In this regard, environmental factors such as parental attitudes, trauma
history, attachment style, and early maladaptive schemas, which play a role in the development of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism were examined. Subsequently, studies addressing biological factors, including biological temperament, and heritability have been reviewed. Finally, the developmental basis of narcissism is discussed, and suggestions are presented for future research on this subject in our country.

References

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  • American Psychiatric Association, DSM-5 (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5 (5th Ed.). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
  • Bachar, E., Canetti, L., Hadar, H., Baruch, J., Dor, Y., & Freedman, S. (2015). The role of narcissistic vulnerability in predicting adult posttraumatic symptoms from childhood sexual abuse. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 46, 800-809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-014-0521-z
  • Besser, A., & Priel, B. (2010). Grandiose narcissism versus vulnerable narcissism in threatening situations: Emotional reactions to achievement failure and interpersonal rejection. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29(8), 874-902. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2010.29.8.874
  • Cain, N. M., Pincus, A. L., & Ansell, E. B. (2008). Narcissism at the crossroads: Phenotypic description of pathological narcissism across clinical theory, social/personality psychol- ogy, and psychiatric diagnosis. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(4), 638-656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2007.09.00627
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  • Caspi, A., & Silva, P. A. (1995). Temperamental qualities at age three predict personality traits in young adulthood: Longitudinal evidence from a birth cohort. Child development, 66(2), 486-498. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00885.x
  • Cloninger, C. R. (1994). Temperament and personality. Current opinion in neurobiology, 4(2), 266-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-4388(94)90083-3
  • Cooper, A. M., & Ronningstam, E. (1992). Narcissistic personality disorder. American Psychiatric Press Review of Psychiatry, 11, 80-97.
  • Coolidge, F. L., Thede, L. L., & Jang, K. L. (2001). Heritability of personality disorders in childhood: A preliminary investigation. Journal of Personality Disorders, 15(1), 33-40.https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.15.1.33.18645
  • Demirci, İ., & Ekşi, F. (2017). Büyüklenmeci narsisizmin iki farklı yüzü: Narsistik hayranlık ve rekabetin mutlulukla ilişkisi. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 46(46), 37-58. https://doi.org/10.15285/maruaebd.330008
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  • Foster, J. D., & Trimm IV, R. F. (2008). On being eager and uninhibited: Narcissism and approach–avoidance motivation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(7), 1004-1017. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208316688
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  • Holtzman, N. S. (2011). Facing a psychopath: Detecting the dark triad from emotionally-neutral faces, using prototypes from the personality faceaurus. Journal of Research in Personal- ity, 45, 648-654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2011.09.002
  • Holtzman, N. S., & Donnellan, M. B. (2015). The roots of Narcissus: Old and new models of the evolution of narcissism. Zeigler-Hill, V., Welling, L., & Shackelford, T. (Ed.). Evolution- ary Perspectives on Social Psychology, (s. 479-489). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12697-5_36
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  • Horton, R. S., Bleau, G., & Drwecki, B. (2006). Parenting narcissus: What are the links between parenting and narcissism?. Journal of Personality, 74(2), 345-376. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00378.x
  • Gabbard, G. (1989). Two subtypes of narcissistic personality disorder. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 53, 527-532.
  • Grover, K. E., Carpenter, L. L., Price, L. H., Gagne, G. G., Mello, A. F., Mello, M. F., & Tyrka, A. R. (2007). The relationship between childhood abuse and adult personality disorder symptoms. Journal of Personality Disorders, 21(4), 442-447. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2007.21.4.442
  • Karaaziz, M., & Atak, İ. E. (2013). Narsisizm ve narsisizmle ilgili araştırmalar üzerine bir gözden geçirme. Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi, 1(2), 44-59. https://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-01-02-03
  • Kendler, K. S. (2005). “A gene for…”: the nature of gene action in psychiatric disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(7), 1243-1252. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.7.1243
  • Kernberg, O. F. (1970). Factors in the psychoanalytic treatment of narcissistic personalities. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 18(1), 51-85. https://doi.org/10.1177/000306517001800103
  • Kernberg, O. (1999). Sınır durumlar ve patolojik narsisizm (Çev. M. Atakay). Birinci Basım. Metis Yayınları. (Orijinal Basım Tarihi: 1975).
  • Kernberg, O. F. (2012). Overview and critique of the classification of personality disorders proposed for DSM-V. Swiss Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 163(7), 234-238.
  • Kernberg, O. F. (2014). An overview of the treatment of severe narcissistic pathology. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 95(5), 865-888. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745- 8315.12204
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Narsisizmin iki yüzü: Büyüklenmeci ve kırılgan narsisizmin gelişimsel temelleri üzerine bir gözden geçirme.

Year 2023, Volume: 4 Issue: 4, 6 - 29, 31.12.2023

Abstract

Popüler bir kavram olan narsisizm, karmaşık doğası gereği çeşitli şekillerde tanımlanmakta ve belli özelliklerine göre büyüklenmeci ve kırılgan narsisizm olarak sınıflandırılmaktadır. Büyüklenmeci narsisizm kişinin benzersiz olduğuna inanarak kendi benliğini öne çıkarması, ilişkilerinde teşhirci ve sömürücü davranışlar sergilemesi olarak ifade edilirken; kırılgan narsisizm kişinin öz-yeterlik algısına yönelik olumsuz inançları ve çekingen davranışlar ile karakterizedir. “Mental Bozuklukların Tanısal ve Sayımsal Ölçütleri El Kitabı”olan DSM-5’te patolojik narsisizm olgusu yalnızca büyüklenmeci narsisizm ile açıklanırken; kırılgan narsistik özellikler ihmal edilmektedir. Son dönemlerde, narsisizmin her iki boyutunu da içeren araştırmalar bu açıdan büyük bir önem
kazanmaktadır. Bununla beraber, narsisizmin etiyolojisini konu alan araştırmalarda çevresel faktörler çerçevesinde açıklanan ebeveyn-çocuk ilişkileri, travma yaşantısı ve erken çocukluk deneyimleri öne çıkmaktadır. Son yıllarda narsisizmin biyolojik ve genetik temellerini ortaya çıkaran araştırma sonuçları dikkat çekici düzeyde artmaktadır. Bu gözden geçirme makalesinde, patolojik narsisizmin gelişimsel temellerini incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda uluslararası alanyazındaki büyüklenmeci ve kırılgan narsisizmin gelişiminde rol oynayan ebeveyn tutumları, travma geçmişi, bağlanma biçimi, erken dönem uyumsuz şemaları gibi çevresel ve sosyal faktörlerle beraber; biyolojik mizaç ve kalıtımı kapsayan biyolojik faktörleri konu alan çalışmalar incelen-
miştir. Son olarak narsisizmin gelişimsel temelleri tartışılarak, ülkemizde bu konuda yapılabilecek olan araştırmalara öneriler sunulmuştur.

References

  • Ainsworth, M. (1978). The Bowlby-Ainsworth attachment theory. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1(3), 436-438. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X00075828
  • Ainsworth, M. S., & Bowlby, J. (1991). An ethological approach to personality development.
  • American Psychologist, 46(4), 333-341. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.46.4.333
  • Akhtar, S. & Thompson, J. A. (1982). Overview: Narcissistic personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139(1), 12-20.
  • American Psychiatric Association, DSM-3 (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-III (3rd Ed.). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780521315289.dsm-iii
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  • Bachar, E., Canetti, L., Hadar, H., Baruch, J., Dor, Y., & Freedman, S. (2015). The role of narcissistic vulnerability in predicting adult posttraumatic symptoms from childhood sexual abuse. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 46, 800-809. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-014-0521-z
  • Besser, A., & Priel, B. (2010). Grandiose narcissism versus vulnerable narcissism in threatening situations: Emotional reactions to achievement failure and interpersonal rejection. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 29(8), 874-902. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2010.29.8.874
  • Cain, N. M., Pincus, A. L., & Ansell, E. B. (2008). Narcissism at the crossroads: Phenotypic description of pathological narcissism across clinical theory, social/personality psychol- ogy, and psychiatric diagnosis. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(4), 638-656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2007.09.00627
  • Cambridge Online Dictionary, (2023). Narcissism https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/narcissism. Erişim Tarihi: 20.11.2023
  • Campbell, W. K., & Foster, J. D. (2011). The narcissistic self: Background, an extended agency model, and ongoing controversies. Constantine Sedikides & Steven J. Spencer (Ed.). The Self (s. 115-138). New York: Psychology Press.
  • Caspi, A., & Silva, P. A. (1995). Temperamental qualities at age three predict personality traits in young adulthood: Longitudinal evidence from a birth cohort. Child development, 66(2), 486-498. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00885.x
  • Cloninger, C. R. (1994). Temperament and personality. Current opinion in neurobiology, 4(2), 266-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-4388(94)90083-3
  • Cooper, A. M., & Ronningstam, E. (1992). Narcissistic personality disorder. American Psychiatric Press Review of Psychiatry, 11, 80-97.
  • Coolidge, F. L., Thede, L. L., & Jang, K. L. (2001). Heritability of personality disorders in childhood: A preliminary investigation. Journal of Personality Disorders, 15(1), 33-40.https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.15.1.33.18645
  • Demirci, İ., & Ekşi, F. (2017). Büyüklenmeci narsisizmin iki farklı yüzü: Narsistik hayranlık ve rekabetin mutlulukla ilişkisi. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 46(46), 37-58. https://doi.org/10.15285/maruaebd.330008
  • Dickinson, K. A., & Pincus, A. L. (2003). Interpersonal analysis of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism. Journal of Personality Disorders, 17(3), 188-207. https://doi.org/10.1521/ pedi.17.3.188.22146
  • Eldoğan, D. (2016). Hangi narsizm? Büyüklenmeci ve kırılgan narsizmin karşılaştırılmasına ilişkin bir gözden geçirme. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 19(37), 1-10.
  • Elliot, A. J., & Thrash, T. M. (2002). Approach-avoidance motivation in personality: Approach and avoidance temperaments and goals. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(5), 804. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.82.5.804
  • Ellis, H. (1898). Auto-eroticism: A psychological study. Alienist and Neurologist, 19, 260-299.
  • Foster, J. D., & Trimm IV, R. F. (2008). On being eager and uninhibited: Narcissism and approach–avoidance motivation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 34(7), 1004-1017. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167208316688
  • Freud, S. (1932). Libidinal types. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 1(1), 3-6.
  • Holtzman, N. S. (2011). Facing a psychopath: Detecting the dark triad from emotionally-neutral faces, using prototypes from the personality faceaurus. Journal of Research in Personal- ity, 45, 648-654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2011.09.002
  • Holtzman, N. S., & Donnellan, M. B. (2015). The roots of Narcissus: Old and new models of the evolution of narcissism. Zeigler-Hill, V., Welling, L., & Shackelford, T. (Ed.). Evolution- ary Perspectives on Social Psychology, (s. 479-489). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-12697-5_36
  • Horney, K. (2007). Çağımızın nevrotik kişiliği (Çev. S. Koçak). İstanbul: Doruk Yayınları. (Orijinal Basım Tarihi: 1937).
  • Horton, R. S., Bleau, G., & Drwecki, B. (2006). Parenting narcissus: What are the links between parenting and narcissism?. Journal of Personality, 74(2), 345-376. https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2005.00378.x
  • Gabbard, G. (1989). Two subtypes of narcissistic personality disorder. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 53, 527-532.
  • Grover, K. E., Carpenter, L. L., Price, L. H., Gagne, G. G., Mello, A. F., Mello, M. F., & Tyrka, A. R. (2007). The relationship between childhood abuse and adult personality disorder symptoms. Journal of Personality Disorders, 21(4), 442-447. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2007.21.4.442
  • Karaaziz, M., & Atak, İ. E. (2013). Narsisizm ve narsisizmle ilgili araştırmalar üzerine bir gözden geçirme. Nesne Psikoloji Dergisi, 1(2), 44-59. https://doi.org/10.7816/nesne-01-02-03
  • Kendler, K. S. (2005). “A gene for…”: the nature of gene action in psychiatric disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 162(7), 1243-1252. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.162.7.1243
  • Kernberg, O. F. (1970). Factors in the psychoanalytic treatment of narcissistic personalities. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 18(1), 51-85. https://doi.org/10.1177/000306517001800103
  • Kernberg, O. (1999). Sınır durumlar ve patolojik narsisizm (Çev. M. Atakay). Birinci Basım. Metis Yayınları. (Orijinal Basım Tarihi: 1975).
  • Kernberg, O. F. (2012). Overview and critique of the classification of personality disorders proposed for DSM-V. Swiss Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 163(7), 234-238.
  • Kernberg, O. F. (2014). An overview of the treatment of severe narcissistic pathology. The International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 95(5), 865-888. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745- 8315.12204
  • Kohut, H. (1966). Forms and transformations of narcissism. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 14(2), 243-272. https://doi.org/10.1177/000306516601400201
  • Kohut, H. (1972). Thoughts on narcissism and narcissistic rage. The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child, 27(1), 360-400. Kohut, H. (2020). Kendiliğin çözümlenmesi. (Çev. C. Atbaşoğlu, B. Büyükkal, C. İşcan). Beşinci Basım. İstanbul: Metis Yayıncılık. (Orijinal Basım Tarihi: 1971).
  • Kohut, H. ve Wolf, E. S. (1978). The disorders of the self and their treatment. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 59, 413-425.
  • Levy, K. N., Ellison, W. D., & Reynoso, J. S. (2011). A historical review of narcissism and narcissistic personality. W. Keith Campbell & Joshua D. Miller (Ed.). The handbook of narcissism and narcissistic personality disorder: Theoretical approaches, empirical findings, and treatments (pp. 1-13). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118093108.ch1
  • Luo, Y. L., & Cai, H. (2018). The etiology of narcissism: A review of behavioral genetic studies. Anthony D. Hermann, Amy B. Brunell, & Joshua D. Foster (Ed.) Handbook of Trait Narcis- sism: Key Advances, Research Methods, and Controversies (s. 149-156). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_16
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There are 57 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Social and Humanities Education (Excluding Economics, Business and Management)
Journal Section The Two Faces of Narcissism: A Review on the Developmental Foundations of Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism
Authors

Havvanur Akyol Kol

Publication Date December 31, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 4 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Akyol Kol, H. (2023). Narsisizmin iki yüzü: Büyüklenmeci ve kırılgan narsisizmin gelişimsel temelleri üzerine bir gözden geçirme. Türk Eğitim Değerlendirmeleri Dergisi, 4(4), 6-29.