Review
BibTex RIS Cite

Psychodynamics of Betrayal Trauma and Therapeutic Approaches

Year 2023, Volume: 4 Issue: 4, 55 - 70, 31.12.2023

Abstract

The helplessness, terror and fear felt in cases of exposure to or witnessing physical harm is defined as trauma, as distinct from distress (Krupnik, 2019). In psychiatry and psychology, different types of trauma have been identified depending on their characteristics (Brooks et al., 2019) and their effects on developmental processes (Lebois et al., 2022). One of these traumas is betrayal trauma (Wills et al., 2022). It is thought that providing information about the psychodynamic features of betrayal trauma, which has not been examined much in our country, and psychotherapy approaches to these traumas will be useful for field experts and specialist candidates. According to Betrayal Trauma Theory (BTT), this type of trauma occurs when people or institutions that a person trusts and loves for protection, meeting their needs and survival violate that person’s trust, belief or peace of mind (Freyd, 1991). As with other types of trauma, there are various types of betrayal trauma. These include a) child sexual abuse, b) institutional betrayal (in academic and military institutions, law enforcement, and the healthcare system), and c) romantic betrayal and infidelity (Schimmenti, 2018). Depending on the type of abuse, infidelity or institutional betrayal trauma, the intensity of the event or the personality structure of the victim, the reactions that will emerge after the trauma differ from person to person (Freyd, 2017). The attachment effects in childhood abuse and the trauma effects that occur with the damage of attachment effects in infidelity between spouses may be different. Indeed, in the trauma of infidelity, there may be feelings of anger, doubt and guilt as well as loss of self-worth. The effects of trauma vary depending on many factors such as with whom and in which environment the spouse committed the act of infidelity, the inability to have children or the status of having children, whether the person experiencing or perpetrating infidelity trauma was abused as a child, and the presence of various types of addictions or personality disorders in addition to trauma. In this study, (1) cognitive-behavioral, (2) psychoanalytic and (3) mindfulness approaches which are considered as examples of the most commonly applied therapeutic theoretical approaches for the aforementioned types of trauma (Briere & Scott, 2014, p. 87), are presented. The basic theoretical approaches of each of these psychotherapy methods, which are quite different from each other, are briefly summarized. In conclusion, it was stated that there are some common core values in all trauma psychotherapy treatments. These values include basic human values such as respect, positive attitude, compassion and hope, which are involved in the therapeutic internal processing process. In this way, it is possible to protect people who are suffering. The basic therapeutic principles common to all therapeutic modalities, of whatever kind, include: (a) provide and secure safety; (b) provide and secure stability; (c) maintain a positive and consistent therapeutic relationship; (d) keep the therapy appropriate for the client; (e) consider gender issues; (f) be sensitive and aware of sociocultural issues; (g) monitor and control counter-activation; (h) work in accordance with ethical and care standards (Briere & Scott, 2014). The use of these basic principles in all therapeutic approaches to trauma is important for the health of the process. Likewise, in order to realize positive growth after trauma, the individual must experience positive psychological change within himself/herself during the challenging life experience. The realization of unconditional love and acceptance and self-compassion as variables that enable this cannot be denied. Those who have been exposed to the trauma of betrayal must also be able to evaluate themselves from a rationalist perspective without prejudice. It should be known that this can only be achieved with the support of psychotherapy that a professional expert deems appropriate in accordance with professional ethical standards.

References

  • Bedir, B. (2007). Bilişsel-davranışçı terapi teknikleri ve psikiyatri hemşireliği uygulaması. Psikiyatri Dergisi, 8, 132-139.
  • Bernstein, R. E., & Freyd, J. J. (2014). Trauma at home: How betrayal trauma and attachment theories understand the human response to abuse by an attachment figure. Attachment: New Directions in Psychotherapy and Relational Psychoanalysis, 8(1), 18-41.
  • Bostwick, J. M. (2003). Betrayed as boys: Psychodynamic treatment of sexually abused men. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 67(1), 72. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2000.54.3.439
  • Briere, J. N. ve Scott, C. (2014). Travma terapisinin ilkeleri: Belirtiler, değerlendirme ve tedavi için bir kılavuz (Çev. B. D. Genç). İkinci Basım. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Brooks, M., Graham-Kevan, N., Robinson, S., & Lowe, M. (2019). Trauma characteristics and posttraumatic growth: The mediating role of avoidance coping, intrusive thoughts, and social support. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 11(2), 232. https:// doi.org/10.1037/tra0000372
  • Call, D., Miron, L., & Orcutt, H. (2014). Effectiveness of brief mindfulness techniques in reducing symptoms of anxiety and stress. Mindfulness, 5(6), 658-668. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s12671-013-0218-6
  • Charles, M. (2012). Working with trauma: Lessons from Bion and Lacan. Jason Aronson.
  • Chaturvedi, S., & Arya, B. (2023). Mediating role of self-esteem and trust in the relationship between childhood trauma and romantic attachment in Indian adults. Journal of research and health, 13(5), 313-324. https://doi.org/10.32598/jrh.13.5.2296.1
  • Cohen, J. (1985). Trauma and repression. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 5(1), 163-189. https://doi.org/10.1080/07351698509533580
  • Cohen, J. A., & Mannarino, A. P. (2008). Trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy for children and parents. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 13(4), 158-162. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-3588.2008.00502.x
  • Contractor, A. A., Batley, P. N., Compton, S. E., & Weiss, N. H. (2023). Relations between posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and positive memory characteristics among women reporting intimate partner violence: A micro-longitudinal study. Journal of interpersonal violence, 38(11-12), 7266-7295. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605221143200
  • Corey, G. (2015). Psikolojik Danışma Kuram ve Uygulamaları. Mentis Yayıncılık.
  • Dussault, É., Girard, M., Fernet, M., & Godbout, N. (2022). A hierarchical cluster analysis of childhood interpersonal trauma and dispositional mindfulness: Heterogeneity of sexual and relational outcomes in adulthood. Journal of child sexual abuse, 31(7), 836-854. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2022.2090477
  • Freyd, J. J. (1991). Memory repression, dissociative states, and other cognitive control processes involved in adult sequelae of childhood trauma. Paper presented at the Second Annual Conference on A Psychodynamics – Cognitive Science Interface, Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, University of California, San Francisco, August 21–22.
  • Freyd, J. J. (1994). İhanet travması: Çocukluk istismarına uyumsal bir yanıt olarak travmatik amnezi. Etik ve Davranış, 4(4), 307-329. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327019eb0404_1
  • Freyd, J. J. (1996). İhanet travması: Çocukluk istismarını unutmanın mantığı. Harvard Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Freyd, J. J. (2002). Memory and dimension of trauma: Conte, J. R. (Ed.). Critical issues in child sexual abuse: Historical, legal, and psychological perspectives. Sage Publications.
  • Freyd, J. J. (2017). Nitelikler, davranışlar veya deneyimler? Cinsiyet farklılıklarına ilişkin travma araştırmalarından alınan dersler. Travma ve Ayrışma Dergisi, 18(5): 645-648. htt- ps://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2017.1358687.
  • Freyd, J. J., & DePrince, A. P. (2001). Travma ve bilişsel bilim: Zihin, bilim ve insan deneyiminin buluşması. Haworth Basın.
  • Freyd, J., & Birrell, P. (2013). Blind to betrayal: Why we fool ourselves we aren’t being fooled. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Fung, H. W., Chien, W. T., Chan, C., & Ross, C. A. (2023). A cross-cultural investigation of the association between betrayal trauma and dissociative features. Journal of interpersonal violence, 38(1-2), 1630-1653. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605221090568
  • Gardner, F. (2022). Institutional betrayal, psychoanalytic insights on the Anglican Church’s response to abuse. Religions, 13(10), 892. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13100892
  • Gartner, R. B. (2000). Betrayed as boys: Psychodynamic treatment of sexually abusedmen. Adolescence, 35(138), 420.
  • Gartner, R. B. (2014). Trauma and countertrauma, resilience and counterresilience. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 50(4), 609-626.
  • Gill, M. M. (1963). Topography and systems in psychoanalytic theory. International Universities Press. https://doi.org/10.1037/13109-000
  • Gleiser, K. A. (2003). Psychoanalytic perspectives on traumatic repetition. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 4(2), 27-47.
  • Godbout, N., Bakhos, G., Dussault, É., & Hébert, M. (2020). Childhood interpersonal trauma and sexual satisfaction in patients seeing sex therapy: Examining mindfulness and psychological distress as mediators. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 46(1), 43-56.
  • Goldsmith, Rachel E.; Freyd, Jennifer J.; DePrince, Anne P. (2012). Betrayal trauma: Associations with psychological and physical symptoms in young adults. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(3), 547-567.
  • Gómez, J. M., Lewis, J. K., Noll, L. K., Smidt, A. M., & Birrell, P. J. (2016). Shifting the focus: Nonpathologizing approaches to healing from betrayal trauma through an emphasis on rela- tional care. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 17(2), 165-185. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2016.1103104
  • González-Prendes, A. A., Resko, S., & Cassady, C. M. (2019). Cognitive-behavioral therapy. In (Eds.), Trauma: Contemporary directions in trauma theory, research, and practice (pp. 20-66). Columbia University Press.
  • Goodman, G. S., Wolpe, S., & Gonzalves, L. (2019). Childhood Trauma and Repressed Memories: Building on Williams (1994). Clinical Psychology: Revisiting the Classic Studies, 62, 97. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526483232.n7
  • Goodman, R., & Calderon, A. (2012). The use of mindfulness in trauma counseling. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 34(3), 254-268. Hargaden, H. (2019). “Father, Where Art Thou?” The significance of transgenerational trauma in a psychotherapy with Luke. Transactional Analysis Journal, 49(4), 248-262. https://doi.org/10.1080/03621537.2019.1649933
  • Harsey, S., & Freyd, J. J. (2020). Deny, attack, and reverse victim and offender (DARVO): What is the influence on perceived perpetrator and victim credibility?. Journal of Aggressi- on, Maltreatment and Trauma, 29(8), 897-916.
  • Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D. & Wilson, K. G. (2011). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: The process and practice of mindful change. New York: Guilford.
  • Holliday, R., Monteith, L. L., & Wortzel, H. S. (2018). Understanding, assessing, and conceptualizing suicide risk among veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Federal Practitioner, 35(4), 24-27.
  • Hunyady, O., Josephs, L., & Jost, J. T. (2008). Priming the primal scene: Betrayal trauma, narcissism, and attitudes toward sexual infidelity. Self and Identity, 7(3), 278-294. https:// doi.org/10.1080/15298860701620227
  • Josephs, L. (2013). The challenge of mentalizing sexual betrayal. In The Stories We Tell Ourselves (pp. 234-255). Routledge.
  • Kabat-Zinn, J. (1982). An outpatient program in behavioral medicine for chronic pain patients based on the practice of mindfulness meditation: Theoretical considerations and preliminary results. General Hospital Psychiatry, 4(1), 33-47.
  • Karakaya, I. (2014). Çocukluk çağı travmalarında travma odaklı bilişsel davranışçı tedavi modeli. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry/Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 15(4).
  • Kelley, L.P, Weathers, F.W., Mason, E.A., & Pruneau, G.M. (2012). Association of life threat and betrayal with posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25, 408-415.
  • Korkmaz, A. (2021). Lacanyen psikanalizde travma ve düşlem. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 8(2), 161-185.
  • Krupnik, V. (2019). Trauma or adversity?. Traumatology, 25(4), 256. https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000169
  • Lebois, L. A., Harnett, N. G., van Rooij, S. J., Ely, T. D., Jovanovic, T., Bruce, S. E., ... & Ressler, K. J. (2022). Persistent dissociation and its neural correlates in predicting outcomes after trauma exposure. American journal of psychiatry, 179(9), 661-672.
  • Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Liotti, G. (2006). A model of dissociation based on attachment theory and research. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation. 7(4), 55-73. https://doi.org/10.1300/j229v07n04_04
  • MacIntosh, H. B., Vaillancourt-Morel, M. P., Bergeron, S. O. P. H. I. E., Binik, Y. M., & Hall, K. (2020). Sex and couple therapy with survivors of childhood trauma. Principles and Practice of Sex Therapy, 6.
  • Martin, C. G., Cromer, L. D., DePrince, A. P., & Freyd, J. J. (2013). The role of cumulative trauma, betrayal, and appraisals in understanding trauma symptomatology. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 5(2), 110.
  • Meichenbaum, D. (1977). Cognitive behaviour modification. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 6(4), 185-192.
  • Meichenbaum, D. (2006). Trauma and suicide: A constructive narrative perspective. In T. E. Ellis (Ed.), Cognition and suicide: Theory, research, and therapy (pp. 333-353). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/11377-015
  • Meichenbaum, D. (2017). Resilience and posttraumatic growth: A constructive narrative perspective. In The Evolution of Cognitive Behavior Therapy (pp. 157-171). Routledge.
  • Monteith, L. L., Schneider, A. L., Holliday, R., & Bahraini, N. H. (2021). Assessing institutional betrayal among female veterans who experienced military sexual trauma: A Rasch Analysis of the institutional betrayal questionnaire. 2. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(23-24), 10861-10883. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520983959
  • Panisch, L. S., & LaBrenz, C. A. (2023). Betrayal trauma, parental substance use disorder, and reunification outcomes among child welfare-involved families. Journal of Family Violence, 1-15.
  • Parker, I. (2003). Therapy versus Lacanian psychoanalysis. International Journal of Critical Psychology, 7, 170-172.
  • Pennebakar, J. W. ve Campbell, R. S. (2000). The effects of writting about traumatic experience. National Center for TSSB Clinical Quarterly, 9, 17-21.
  • Reffi, A. N., Pinciotti, C. M., & Orcutt, H. K. (2021). Psychometric properties of the institutional betrayal questionnaire, Version 2: Evidence for a two-factor model. Journal of interpersonal violence, 36(11-12). https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518805771
  • Resick, P. A., & Schnicke, M. K. (1992). Cognitive processing therapy for sexual assault victims. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 60(5), 748.
  • Rogers, A. G. (2007). The unsayable, Lacanian psychoanalysis, and the art of narrative interviewing. Handbook of narrative inquiry: Mapping a methodology, 99-119.
  • Rose, D. S. (1991). A model for psychodynamic psychotherapy with the rape victim. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 28(1), 85. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033- 3204.28.1.85
  • Schimmenti, A. (2018). The trauma factor: Examining the relationships among different types of trauma, dissociation, and psychopathology. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 19(5), 552-571. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2017.1402400
  • Segal, Z., Williams, M., & Teasdale, J. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach to preventing relapse. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Senger, A. R., Torres, D., & Ratcliff, C. G. (2022). Potentially morally injurious events as a mediator of the association of gratitude and mindfulness with distress. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy.
  • Smith, C. P., & Freyd, J. J. (2013). Dangerous safe havens: Institutional betrayal exacerbates sexual trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26(1), 119-124. https://doi.org/10.1002/ jts.21778
  • Smith, C. P., & Freyd, J. J. (2014). Institutional betrayal. American Psychologist, 69(6), 575.
  • Spermon, D., Darlington, Y., & Gibney, P. (2010). Psychodynamic psychotherapy for complex trauma: Targets, focus, applications, and outcomes. Psychology research and behavior ma- nagement, 3, 119. https://doi.org/10.2147/prbm.s10215
  • Su, W. M., & Stone, L. (2020). Adult survivors of childhood trauma: Complex trauma, complex needs. Australian Journal of General Practice, 49(7), 423-430.
  • Wells, A. (2005). Detached mindfulness in cognitive therapy: A metacognitive analysis and ten techniques. Journal of rational-emotive and cognitive-behavior therapy, 23(4), 337- 355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-005-0018-6
  • Wills, C., Cuevas, C. A., & Sabina, C. (2022). The role of the victim-offender relationship on psychological distress among Latinx women: A betrayal trauma perspective. Psychological trauma: theory, research, practice, and policy, 14(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000923
  • Wilson, K. G. (2009). Mindfulness for two: An acceptance and commitment therapy approach to mindfulness in psychotherapy. New Harbinger Publications.
  • Yovell, Y. (2000). From hysteria to posttraumatic stress disorder: Psychoanalysis and the neurobiology of traumatic memories. Neuropsychoanalysis, 2(2), 171-181. https://doi.org/1 0.1080/15294145.2000.10773303

İhanet Travmasının Psikodinamikleri ve Terapötik Yaklaşımlar

Year 2023, Volume: 4 Issue: 4, 55 - 70, 31.12.2023

Abstract

Fiziksel bir zarara maruz kalma veya buna tanık olma durumlarında hissedilen çaresizlik, dehşet ve korku, sıkıntıdan farklı olarak travma diye tanımlanmaktadır (Krupnik, 2019). Psikiyatri ve psikolojide karakteristik özelliklerine bağlı olarak değişik travmanın türleri (Brooks vd., 2019) ve gelişim süreçlerine bağlı etkileri belirtilmiştir Lebois vd., 2022). Bu travmalardan biri de ihanet travmasıdır (Wills vd., 2022). Ülkemizde çok fazla incelenmemiş olan ihanet travmasının psikodinamik özellikleri ve bunlara yönelik psikoterapi yaklaşımları hakkında bilgi verilmesinin alan uzmanı ve uzman adayları için yararlı olacağı düşünülmektedir. İhanet Travması Teorisine (Betrayal Trauma Theory; BTT) göre, bir kişinin korunması, ihtiyaçlarının karşılanması ve hayatta kalması için güvendiği, sevdiği kişi veya kurumlar o kişinin güvenini, inancını veya huzurunu ihlal ettiğinde bu tür bir travma ortaya çıkmaktadır (Freyd, 1991). Diğer travma türlerinde olduğu gibi ihanet travmasının da kendi içinde çeşitli türleri bulunmaktadır. Bunlar: a) çocuklarda cinsel istismar, b) kurumsal ihanet (akademik ve askeri kurumlarda, hukuki yaptırımlarda ve sağlık sisteminde) ve c) romantik ihanet ve aldatma olarak adlandırılabilir (Schimmenti, 2018). Kişinin yaşadığı istismar, aldatma veya kurumsal ihanet travma türüne, olayın yoğunluğuna veya mağdurun kişilik yapısına bağlı olarak, travma sonrası ortaya çıkacak tepkiler kişiden kişiye farklılık göstermektedir (Freyd, 2017). Çocukluk istismarındaki bağlanma etkisi ile eşler arasındaki aldatma durumundaki bağlanma etkilerinin hasarı ile ortaya çıkan travma etkileri farklı olabilir. Nitekim sadakatsizlik travmasında, öfke, kuşku ve suçluluk duyguları yanında öz de-
ğer kaybı da olabilmektedir. Eşin aldatma eylemini kiminle ve hangi ortamda yaptığı, çocuk sahibi olamama veya olma durumu, ihanet travması yaşayan veya yaşatan kişinin küçükken istismara uğrayıp uğramadığı, travma yanında değişik türden bağımlılıkların veya kişilik bozukluklarının varlığı gibi birçok duruma bağlı olarak travmanın etkileri değişmektedir. Bu çalışmada adı geçen travma türlerine yönelik en çok uygulanan terapötik kuramsal yaklaşımlara örnek olarak kabul edilen (1) bilişsel davranışçı, (2) psikoanalitik ve (3) farkındalık yaklaşımları (Briere ve Scott, 2014, s. 87) sunulmuştur. Birbirinden oldukça farklı olan bu psikoterapi yöntemlerinin her birinin temel kuramsal yaklaşımlarının neler olduğu kısaca özetlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak tüm travmaya psikoterapi tedavilerinde yer alan bazı ortak temel değerlerin var olduğu belirtilmiştir. Bu değerler terapötik içsel işleme sürecinde yer alan saygı, olumlu tutum, şefkat ve umut gibi temel insani değerleri kapsamaktadır. Bu şekilde acı çeken insanların korunması mümkün olabilmektedir. Hangi türden olursa olsun tüm terapötik yöntemlerde bulunan ortak temel tedavi ilkeleri olarak şunlar sayılabilir: (a) güvenlik sağlama ve güvenceye al; (b) istikrar sağla ve güvenceye al, (c) olumlu ve tutarlı bir terapötik ilişki sürdür, (d)terapiyi danışana uygun sürdür, (e) toplumsal cinsiyet konularını dikkate al, (f) sosyokültürel konuların farkında olarak hassas ol, (g) karşı aktivasyonu izle ve kontrol et, (h) etik ve bakım standartlarına uygun çalış (Briere ve Scott, 2014). Travmaya yönelik tüm terapötik yaklaşımlarda bu temel ilkelerin kullanılması sürecin sağlığı açısından önemlidir. Aynı şekilde travma sonrası olumlu büyümenin gerçekleştirilmesi için bireyin zorlu yaşam deneyiminde olumlu psikolojik değişimi kendi içinde yaşaması gerekir. Bunu sağlayan değişkenler olarak koşulsuz sevgi ve kabul ile öz şefkatin gerçekleştirilmesi yadsınamaz. İhanet travmasına maruz kalanların da kendisini ön yargısız bir şekilde rasyonalist bir açıdan değerlendirebilmesi gerekir. Bunun da ancak profesyonel bir uzmanın mesleki etik standartlarında uygun gördüğü psikoterapi desteği ile gerçekleştirilebileceği bilinmelidir.

References

  • Bedir, B. (2007). Bilişsel-davranışçı terapi teknikleri ve psikiyatri hemşireliği uygulaması. Psikiyatri Dergisi, 8, 132-139.
  • Bernstein, R. E., & Freyd, J. J. (2014). Trauma at home: How betrayal trauma and attachment theories understand the human response to abuse by an attachment figure. Attachment: New Directions in Psychotherapy and Relational Psychoanalysis, 8(1), 18-41.
  • Bostwick, J. M. (2003). Betrayed as boys: Psychodynamic treatment of sexually abused men. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 67(1), 72. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2000.54.3.439
  • Briere, J. N. ve Scott, C. (2014). Travma terapisinin ilkeleri: Belirtiler, değerlendirme ve tedavi için bir kılavuz (Çev. B. D. Genç). İkinci Basım. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Brooks, M., Graham-Kevan, N., Robinson, S., & Lowe, M. (2019). Trauma characteristics and posttraumatic growth: The mediating role of avoidance coping, intrusive thoughts, and social support. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 11(2), 232. https:// doi.org/10.1037/tra0000372
  • Call, D., Miron, L., & Orcutt, H. (2014). Effectiveness of brief mindfulness techniques in reducing symptoms of anxiety and stress. Mindfulness, 5(6), 658-668. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s12671-013-0218-6
  • Charles, M. (2012). Working with trauma: Lessons from Bion and Lacan. Jason Aronson.
  • Chaturvedi, S., & Arya, B. (2023). Mediating role of self-esteem and trust in the relationship between childhood trauma and romantic attachment in Indian adults. Journal of research and health, 13(5), 313-324. https://doi.org/10.32598/jrh.13.5.2296.1
  • Cohen, J. (1985). Trauma and repression. Psychoanalytic Inquiry, 5(1), 163-189. https://doi.org/10.1080/07351698509533580
  • Cohen, J. A., & Mannarino, A. P. (2008). Trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy for children and parents. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 13(4), 158-162. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-3588.2008.00502.x
  • Contractor, A. A., Batley, P. N., Compton, S. E., & Weiss, N. H. (2023). Relations between posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and positive memory characteristics among women reporting intimate partner violence: A micro-longitudinal study. Journal of interpersonal violence, 38(11-12), 7266-7295. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605221143200
  • Corey, G. (2015). Psikolojik Danışma Kuram ve Uygulamaları. Mentis Yayıncılık.
  • Dussault, É., Girard, M., Fernet, M., & Godbout, N. (2022). A hierarchical cluster analysis of childhood interpersonal trauma and dispositional mindfulness: Heterogeneity of sexual and relational outcomes in adulthood. Journal of child sexual abuse, 31(7), 836-854. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2022.2090477
  • Freyd, J. J. (1991). Memory repression, dissociative states, and other cognitive control processes involved in adult sequelae of childhood trauma. Paper presented at the Second Annual Conference on A Psychodynamics – Cognitive Science Interface, Langley Porter Psychiatric Institute, University of California, San Francisco, August 21–22.
  • Freyd, J. J. (1994). İhanet travması: Çocukluk istismarına uyumsal bir yanıt olarak travmatik amnezi. Etik ve Davranış, 4(4), 307-329. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327019eb0404_1
  • Freyd, J. J. (1996). İhanet travması: Çocukluk istismarını unutmanın mantığı. Harvard Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Freyd, J. J. (2002). Memory and dimension of trauma: Conte, J. R. (Ed.). Critical issues in child sexual abuse: Historical, legal, and psychological perspectives. Sage Publications.
  • Freyd, J. J. (2017). Nitelikler, davranışlar veya deneyimler? Cinsiyet farklılıklarına ilişkin travma araştırmalarından alınan dersler. Travma ve Ayrışma Dergisi, 18(5): 645-648. htt- ps://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2017.1358687.
  • Freyd, J. J., & DePrince, A. P. (2001). Travma ve bilişsel bilim: Zihin, bilim ve insan deneyiminin buluşması. Haworth Basın.
  • Freyd, J., & Birrell, P. (2013). Blind to betrayal: Why we fool ourselves we aren’t being fooled. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Fung, H. W., Chien, W. T., Chan, C., & Ross, C. A. (2023). A cross-cultural investigation of the association between betrayal trauma and dissociative features. Journal of interpersonal violence, 38(1-2), 1630-1653. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605221090568
  • Gardner, F. (2022). Institutional betrayal, psychoanalytic insights on the Anglican Church’s response to abuse. Religions, 13(10), 892. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13100892
  • Gartner, R. B. (2000). Betrayed as boys: Psychodynamic treatment of sexually abusedmen. Adolescence, 35(138), 420.
  • Gartner, R. B. (2014). Trauma and countertrauma, resilience and counterresilience. Contemporary Psychoanalysis, 50(4), 609-626.
  • Gill, M. M. (1963). Topography and systems in psychoanalytic theory. International Universities Press. https://doi.org/10.1037/13109-000
  • Gleiser, K. A. (2003). Psychoanalytic perspectives on traumatic repetition. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 4(2), 27-47.
  • Godbout, N., Bakhos, G., Dussault, É., & Hébert, M. (2020). Childhood interpersonal trauma and sexual satisfaction in patients seeing sex therapy: Examining mindfulness and psychological distress as mediators. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 46(1), 43-56.
  • Goldsmith, Rachel E.; Freyd, Jennifer J.; DePrince, Anne P. (2012). Betrayal trauma: Associations with psychological and physical symptoms in young adults. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(3), 547-567.
  • Gómez, J. M., Lewis, J. K., Noll, L. K., Smidt, A. M., & Birrell, P. J. (2016). Shifting the focus: Nonpathologizing approaches to healing from betrayal trauma through an emphasis on rela- tional care. Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 17(2), 165-185. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2016.1103104
  • González-Prendes, A. A., Resko, S., & Cassady, C. M. (2019). Cognitive-behavioral therapy. In (Eds.), Trauma: Contemporary directions in trauma theory, research, and practice (pp. 20-66). Columbia University Press.
  • Goodman, G. S., Wolpe, S., & Gonzalves, L. (2019). Childhood Trauma and Repressed Memories: Building on Williams (1994). Clinical Psychology: Revisiting the Classic Studies, 62, 97. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781526483232.n7
  • Goodman, R., & Calderon, A. (2012). The use of mindfulness in trauma counseling. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 34(3), 254-268. Hargaden, H. (2019). “Father, Where Art Thou?” The significance of transgenerational trauma in a psychotherapy with Luke. Transactional Analysis Journal, 49(4), 248-262. https://doi.org/10.1080/03621537.2019.1649933
  • Harsey, S., & Freyd, J. J. (2020). Deny, attack, and reverse victim and offender (DARVO): What is the influence on perceived perpetrator and victim credibility?. Journal of Aggressi- on, Maltreatment and Trauma, 29(8), 897-916.
  • Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D. & Wilson, K. G. (2011). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: The process and practice of mindful change. New York: Guilford.
  • Holliday, R., Monteith, L. L., & Wortzel, H. S. (2018). Understanding, assessing, and conceptualizing suicide risk among veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Federal Practitioner, 35(4), 24-27.
  • Hunyady, O., Josephs, L., & Jost, J. T. (2008). Priming the primal scene: Betrayal trauma, narcissism, and attitudes toward sexual infidelity. Self and Identity, 7(3), 278-294. https:// doi.org/10.1080/15298860701620227
  • Josephs, L. (2013). The challenge of mentalizing sexual betrayal. In The Stories We Tell Ourselves (pp. 234-255). Routledge.
  • Kabat-Zinn, J. (1982). An outpatient program in behavioral medicine for chronic pain patients based on the practice of mindfulness meditation: Theoretical considerations and preliminary results. General Hospital Psychiatry, 4(1), 33-47.
  • Karakaya, I. (2014). Çocukluk çağı travmalarında travma odaklı bilişsel davranışçı tedavi modeli. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry/Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 15(4).
  • Kelley, L.P, Weathers, F.W., Mason, E.A., & Pruneau, G.M. (2012). Association of life threat and betrayal with posttraumatic stress disorder symptom severity. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 25, 408-415.
  • Korkmaz, A. (2021). Lacanyen psikanalizde travma ve düşlem. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 8(2), 161-185.
  • Krupnik, V. (2019). Trauma or adversity?. Traumatology, 25(4), 256. https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000169
  • Lebois, L. A., Harnett, N. G., van Rooij, S. J., Ely, T. D., Jovanovic, T., Bruce, S. E., ... & Ressler, K. J. (2022). Persistent dissociation and its neural correlates in predicting outcomes after trauma exposure. American journal of psychiatry, 179(9), 661-672.
  • Linehan, M. M. (1993). Cognitive behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Liotti, G. (2006). A model of dissociation based on attachment theory and research. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation. 7(4), 55-73. https://doi.org/10.1300/j229v07n04_04
  • MacIntosh, H. B., Vaillancourt-Morel, M. P., Bergeron, S. O. P. H. I. E., Binik, Y. M., & Hall, K. (2020). Sex and couple therapy with survivors of childhood trauma. Principles and Practice of Sex Therapy, 6.
  • Martin, C. G., Cromer, L. D., DePrince, A. P., & Freyd, J. J. (2013). The role of cumulative trauma, betrayal, and appraisals in understanding trauma symptomatology. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 5(2), 110.
  • Meichenbaum, D. (1977). Cognitive behaviour modification. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 6(4), 185-192.
  • Meichenbaum, D. (2006). Trauma and suicide: A constructive narrative perspective. In T. E. Ellis (Ed.), Cognition and suicide: Theory, research, and therapy (pp. 333-353). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/11377-015
  • Meichenbaum, D. (2017). Resilience and posttraumatic growth: A constructive narrative perspective. In The Evolution of Cognitive Behavior Therapy (pp. 157-171). Routledge.
  • Monteith, L. L., Schneider, A. L., Holliday, R., & Bahraini, N. H. (2021). Assessing institutional betrayal among female veterans who experienced military sexual trauma: A Rasch Analysis of the institutional betrayal questionnaire. 2. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(23-24), 10861-10883. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520983959
  • Panisch, L. S., & LaBrenz, C. A. (2023). Betrayal trauma, parental substance use disorder, and reunification outcomes among child welfare-involved families. Journal of Family Violence, 1-15.
  • Parker, I. (2003). Therapy versus Lacanian psychoanalysis. International Journal of Critical Psychology, 7, 170-172.
  • Pennebakar, J. W. ve Campbell, R. S. (2000). The effects of writting about traumatic experience. National Center for TSSB Clinical Quarterly, 9, 17-21.
  • Reffi, A. N., Pinciotti, C. M., & Orcutt, H. K. (2021). Psychometric properties of the institutional betrayal questionnaire, Version 2: Evidence for a two-factor model. Journal of interpersonal violence, 36(11-12). https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518805771
  • Resick, P. A., & Schnicke, M. K. (1992). Cognitive processing therapy for sexual assault victims. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 60(5), 748.
  • Rogers, A. G. (2007). The unsayable, Lacanian psychoanalysis, and the art of narrative interviewing. Handbook of narrative inquiry: Mapping a methodology, 99-119.
  • Rose, D. S. (1991). A model for psychodynamic psychotherapy with the rape victim. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 28(1), 85. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033- 3204.28.1.85
  • Schimmenti, A. (2018). The trauma factor: Examining the relationships among different types of trauma, dissociation, and psychopathology. Journal of Trauma and Dissociation, 19(5), 552-571. https://doi.org/10.1080/15299732.2017.1402400
  • Segal, Z., Williams, M., & Teasdale, J. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach to preventing relapse. New York: Guilford Press.
  • Senger, A. R., Torres, D., & Ratcliff, C. G. (2022). Potentially morally injurious events as a mediator of the association of gratitude and mindfulness with distress. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy.
  • Smith, C. P., & Freyd, J. J. (2013). Dangerous safe havens: Institutional betrayal exacerbates sexual trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26(1), 119-124. https://doi.org/10.1002/ jts.21778
  • Smith, C. P., & Freyd, J. J. (2014). Institutional betrayal. American Psychologist, 69(6), 575.
  • Spermon, D., Darlington, Y., & Gibney, P. (2010). Psychodynamic psychotherapy for complex trauma: Targets, focus, applications, and outcomes. Psychology research and behavior ma- nagement, 3, 119. https://doi.org/10.2147/prbm.s10215
  • Su, W. M., & Stone, L. (2020). Adult survivors of childhood trauma: Complex trauma, complex needs. Australian Journal of General Practice, 49(7), 423-430.
  • Wells, A. (2005). Detached mindfulness in cognitive therapy: A metacognitive analysis and ten techniques. Journal of rational-emotive and cognitive-behavior therapy, 23(4), 337- 355. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-005-0018-6
  • Wills, C., Cuevas, C. A., & Sabina, C. (2022). The role of the victim-offender relationship on psychological distress among Latinx women: A betrayal trauma perspective. Psychological trauma: theory, research, practice, and policy, 14(1), 20. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000923
  • Wilson, K. G. (2009). Mindfulness for two: An acceptance and commitment therapy approach to mindfulness in psychotherapy. New Harbinger Publications.
  • Yovell, Y. (2000). From hysteria to posttraumatic stress disorder: Psychoanalysis and the neurobiology of traumatic memories. Neuropsychoanalysis, 2(2), 171-181. https://doi.org/1 0.1080/15294145.2000.10773303
There are 69 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Social and Humanities Education (Excluding Economics, Business and Management)
Journal Section Psychodynamics of Betrayal Trauma and Therapeutic Approaches
Authors

Servet Bayram 0000-0003-4087-3669

Publication Date December 31, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 4 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Bayram, S. (2023). İhanet Travmasının Psikodinamikleri ve Terapötik Yaklaşımlar. Türk Eğitim Değerlendirmeleri Dergisi, 4(4), 55-70.