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An Evaluation of Fourth-wave Feminism and its Effects on 21st-Century British (Feminist) Theatre: The Example of #MeToo

Year 2023, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 135 - 161, 26.09.2023

Abstract

Starting out with Kira Cochrane’s observation in The Guardian in 2013, where she wrote: "Welcome to the fourth wave of feminism. [...] What is happening now seems to be something new again. It’s defined by technology", the aim of this study is to examine the fourth wave of feminism, which is still developing and has grown taking its strength from digital technology, and to explore what impact the developments in this current phase of the feminist movement have had on the UK, which has a long-established feminist theatre tradition. In this study, with an interdisciplinary approach, hashtag activism that has played a determining role in fourth wave feminism and the example of #MeToo will be examined and it will be endeavoured to reveal how British theatres have responded to this online feminist activism. With its findings and conclusions, this study hopes to help future researchers who will do further research in this area.

References

  • Akbar, A. (2019a, Ocak 11). Anomaly review –How a movie mogul's misconduct impacts his family.” The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2019/jan/11/anomaly-review-old-red-lion-theatre-london-liv-warden
  • Akbar, A. (2019b, Şubat 13). Harvey review –Steven Berkoff explores Harvey’s psyche. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2019/feb/13/harvey-review-steven-berkoff- harvey-weinstein-playground-theatre-london.
  • Akbar, A. (2019c, Ağustos 27). Theatre and #MeToo: 'There's a new anger in women's stories.' The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2019/aug/27/women-theatre-metoo-movement-sexy-lamp-bitter-wheat-harvey
  • BBC Four. (2018). Snatches: moments from women’s lives. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0b7pfcr/episodes/guide
  • Birmingham Press. (2022, Şubat 15). Medusa reimagined for international women’s day Medusa. Birmingham Press. https://thebirminghampress.com/2022/02/medusa-reimagined-for-international-womens-day/
  • Blay, Z. (2016, Mart 21). 21 hashtags that changed the way we talk about feminism. Huff Post. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/21-hashtags-that-changed-the-way-we-talk-about-feminism_n_56ec0978e4b084c6722000d1
  • Burke, T. (2023). History and inception. Me Too. https://metoomvmt.org/get-to-know-us/history-inception/ Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble. New York: Routledge.
  • Candemir, M. D. (2021, Nisan 2). Hashtag feminizmi. Feminist Bellek. https://feministbellek.org/hashtag-feminizmi/
  • CC Amstel. (2023). Endless Second. https://ccamstel.nl/programma/endless-second/
  • Chamberlain, P. (2016). Affective temporality: towards a fourth-wave. Gender and Education, 28(3), 458-464. doi:10.1080/09540253.2016.1169249
  • Cochrane, K. (2013, Aralık 10). The fourth wave of feminsim: Meet the rebel women. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/10/fourth-wave-feminism-rebel-women
  • Cut The Cord. (2022). Endless Second. https://www.cutthecordtheatre.com/endless-second DeConnick. (2016, Mart 12). Kelly Sue DeConnick explains the sexy lamp test. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_TAG8Pd20DY
  • Dixon, K. (2014). Feminist online identity: Analyzing the presence of hashtag feminism. Journal of Arts and Humanities, 3(7), 34-40. doi.org/10.18533/journal.v3i7.509
  • Dorman-Gajic, E. (2019, Ağustos 24). Review Sexy Lamp. ThreeWeeks. https://threeweeksedinburgh.com/article/sexy-lamp-katie-arnstein-and-victoria-gagliano/ Everything Theatre. (2019, Ocak 21). Anomaly review. https://everything-theatre.co.uk/2019/01/anomaly-the-old-red-lion-theatre-review/
  • Everything Theatre. (2018, Aralık 21). ‘Anomaly’: Liv Warden on putting women’s stories centre stage. https://everything-theatre.co.uk/2018/12/liv-warden-anomaly-old-red-lion-theatre-metoo/ Facebook. (2022, Mart 10). Badass Medusa #MeToo. Basın Bülteni. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/events/4483259465118009/?active_tab=discussion.
  • Faludi, S. (1991). Backlash: The undeclared war against American women. New York: Crown.
  • Fargnoli, D. (2018, Ocak 28). The words are coming- review. The Stage. https://www.thestage.co.uk/reviews/the-words-are-coming-now-review-at-theatre503-london--thought-provoking-nuanced-new-writing
  • Gardner, L. (2019, Şubat 4). Review -Back off, Berkoff (and Mamet) –Women own the #MeToo story. The Stage. https://www.thestage.co.uk/opinion/opinion/lyn-gardner-back-off-berkoff-and-mamet--women-own-the-metoo-story
  • Gardner, L. (2018, Nisan 26). The Prudes review- A couple’s very public attempt to revive their sex life. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2018/apr/26/the-prudes-review-a-couples-very-public-attempt-to-revive-their-sex-life-anthony-neilson
  • Gömceli, N. (2010). Timberlake Wertenbaker and contemporary British feminist drama. Palo Alto, California: Academica Press,
  • Gömceli, N. (2019). Süfraj hareketinin İngiliz tiyatrolarındaki yansımalarına bir örnek: Elizabeth Robins ve Votes for Women! (1907). Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 59(1), 100-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33171/dtcfjournal.2019.59.1.6
  • Greenstreet, H. (2018, Ocak 29). Review- The words are coming now at Theatre 503. Exeunt Magazine. https://exeuntmagazine.com/reviews/review-words-coming-now-theatre503/#author-info Guerassio, J. (2017, Kasım 3). ‘Wonder Woman’ is now the highest-grossing superhero origin movie of all time. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/wonder-woman-highest-grossing-superhero-origin-movie-2017-11.
  • Hanisch, C. (2006). The personal is political. https://webhome.cs.uvic.ca/~mserra/AttachedFiles/PersonalPolitical.pdf
  • Hemming, S. (2018). The Prudes, Royal Court Theatre, London — sexual politics in the age of #MeToo. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/a5aa141a-4c7d-11e8-8a8e-22951a2d8493
  • Hesse, A. (2018, Şubat 5). Every feminist hashtag you need to know, from #Metoo to #Timesup. Your Dream. https://yourdream.liveyourdream.org/2018/02/feminist-hashtags-metoo-timesup/ India Today Information Desk. (2023, Nisan 23). Meet the man who invented the #hashtags. India Today. https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/meet-the-man-who-invented-hashtags-2363569-2023-04-23 Italie, L. (2017, Ekim 17). Me Too: Alyssa Milano elevates Harvey Weinstein conversation. WHSV3. https://www.whsv.com/content/news/Me-Too-Alyssa-Milano-elevates-Harvey-Weinstein-conversation-451297233.html
  • Jordan, A. (2016). Conceptualizing backlash: (UK) men’s rights groups, anti-feminism, and postfeminism. Canadian Journal of Women and the Law, 28(1), 18-44. https://www.muse.jhu.edu/article/614548
  • Martens-Fox, E. (2022, Nisan 7). Still a work in progress: What has #MeToo done for women in theatre?” The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2022/apr/07/me-too-have-things-changed-for-women-in-theatre
  • Massie-Blomfield, A. (2018, Ekim 15). A year on from #MeToo - How much has theatre really changed? The Stage. 1-23. https://www.thestage.co.uk/features/a-year-on-from-metoo-how-much-has-theatre-really-changed
  • Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary. (2023). Merriam-Webster’s 2017 words of the year. https://www.merriam-webster.com/wordplay/word-of-the-year-2017-feminism
  • Mitra, S. (2019). Analyzing the global diffusion of the #Metoo movement using Twitter data. Yayımlanmamış Master Tezi. North Carolina Üniversitesi. https://repository.charlotte.edu. PDF.
  • Mobilise. (2022). Badass Medusa #MeToo. Mobilise Arts Centre. https://www.mobilisearts.co.uk/badass-medusa-metoo.
  • Munro, E. (2013). Feminism: A fourth wave? Political Insight, 4(2), 22-25. doi:10.1111/2041-9066.12021
  • Ohlheiser, A. (2017, Ekim 19). Meet the woman who coined 'Me Too' 10 years ago — to help women of color. Chicago Tribune. https://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/ct-me-too-campaign-origins-20171019-story.html
  • O’Thomas, M. (2022). Rita, Sue and #Metoo: The Royal Court Theatre, London, and liberalism. Comparative Drama, 56 (1-2), 157-178. doi:10.1353/cdr.2022.0006
  • Play’s The Thing. (2022, Mayıs 2). What has happened since #MeToo? The Play’s the Thing Theatre. https://playsthethingtheatrecompany.co.uk/news/what-has-happened-since-metoo.
  • Royal Court Theatre. (2017a). No Grey Area: Your Stories Heard. https://royalcourttheatre.com/whats-on/no-grey-area-your-stories-heard/
  • Royal Court Theatre. (2017b). A Code of Behaviour. https://royalcourttheatre.com/code-of-behaviour/
  • Royal Court Theatre. (2018). Snatches: Moments from 100 years of women’s lives. https://royalcourttheatre.com/whats-on/snatches/
  • Rudakoff, J. (Ed.). (2021). Performing #MeToo: How not to look away. Bristol: Intellect Books. Showden, C. (2009). What's political about the new feminisms? Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, 30(2), 166-198. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40388740
  • Thefry, C. (2021, Nisan 23). Interview—Katie Arnstein. Centre Stage. https://cfrycentrestage.wordpress.com/2021/04/23/interview-katie-arnstein-sexy-lamp/
  • Thomas, G. (2023). Socially minded theatre: When verbatim theatre and the #MeToo movement intersect. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi. Edge Hill Üniversitesi. https://research.edgehill.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/socially-minded-theatre-when-verbatim-theatre-and-the-metoo-movem
  • UK Theatre, & SOLT. (2018). Encouraging safer and more supportive working practices in theatre. https://www.culturehive.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Handbook-Encouraging-Safer-More-Supportive-Working-Practices-in-Theatre-v2.pdf
  • UK Theatre Web. (2023). Archive listings for the words are coming now. https://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Play/The-Words-are-Coming-Now/S0150219339/
  • Wiegand, C. (2019, 18 Ağustos). Sexy Lamp review – actor shines stark light on the misogyny of her industry. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2019/aug/18/sexy-lamp-review-edinburgh-2019 Wolf, N. (1991). The beauty myth. New York: W.Morrow.
  • Wyver, K. (2018, 26 Ocak). The words are coming now review – urgent responses to the #MeToo moment. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2018/jan/26/the-words-are-coming-now-review-theatre-503

Dördüncü Dalga Feminizm ve 21. Yüzyıl İngiliz (Feminist) Tiyatrosunda Görülen Etkileri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme: #MeToo Örneği

Year 2023, Volume: 1 Issue: 2, 135 - 161, 26.09.2023

Abstract

İngiliz The Guardian gazetesi yazarı Kira Cochrane’in 2013’te paylaştığı “Feminizmin dördüncü dalgasına hoş geldiniz. [...] Şu anda olanlar yine yeni bir şeymiş gibi görünüyor. Bu yeni şey, teknoloji tarafından belirlenip şekillendiriliyor” gözleminden hareketle bu araştırmanın amacı gücünü dijital teknolojiden alarak büyüyen ve halen devam etmekte olan dördüncü dalga feminizmi ve feminist hareketin bu evresinde yaşanan gelişmelerin köklü bir feminist tiyatro geleneği olan İngiltere’de nasıl bir etki yarattığını incelemektir. Bu çalışmada disiplinler arası bir yaklaşımla dördüncü dalga feminizmde belirleyici rol oynayan hashtag aktivizmi ve #MeToo örneği incelenecek ve bu çevrimiçi feminist aktivizme İngiliz tiyatrolarının nasıl bir tepki verdiği ortaya çıkarılmaya çalışılacaktır. Elde edilen bulgular ve varılan sonuçlarla bu inceleme gelecekte bu alanda çalışmalar yapacak araştırmacılara ışık tutmayı ümit eder.

References

  • Akbar, A. (2019a, Ocak 11). Anomaly review –How a movie mogul's misconduct impacts his family.” The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2019/jan/11/anomaly-review-old-red-lion-theatre-london-liv-warden
  • Akbar, A. (2019b, Şubat 13). Harvey review –Steven Berkoff explores Harvey’s psyche. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2019/feb/13/harvey-review-steven-berkoff- harvey-weinstein-playground-theatre-london.
  • Akbar, A. (2019c, Ağustos 27). Theatre and #MeToo: 'There's a new anger in women's stories.' The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2019/aug/27/women-theatre-metoo-movement-sexy-lamp-bitter-wheat-harvey
  • BBC Four. (2018). Snatches: moments from women’s lives. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0b7pfcr/episodes/guide
  • Birmingham Press. (2022, Şubat 15). Medusa reimagined for international women’s day Medusa. Birmingham Press. https://thebirminghampress.com/2022/02/medusa-reimagined-for-international-womens-day/
  • Blay, Z. (2016, Mart 21). 21 hashtags that changed the way we talk about feminism. Huff Post. https://www.huffpost.com/entry/21-hashtags-that-changed-the-way-we-talk-about-feminism_n_56ec0978e4b084c6722000d1
  • Burke, T. (2023). History and inception. Me Too. https://metoomvmt.org/get-to-know-us/history-inception/ Butler, J. (1990). Gender trouble. New York: Routledge.
  • Candemir, M. D. (2021, Nisan 2). Hashtag feminizmi. Feminist Bellek. https://feministbellek.org/hashtag-feminizmi/
  • CC Amstel. (2023). Endless Second. https://ccamstel.nl/programma/endless-second/
  • Chamberlain, P. (2016). Affective temporality: towards a fourth-wave. Gender and Education, 28(3), 458-464. doi:10.1080/09540253.2016.1169249
  • Cochrane, K. (2013, Aralık 10). The fourth wave of feminsim: Meet the rebel women. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/10/fourth-wave-feminism-rebel-women
  • Cut The Cord. (2022). Endless Second. https://www.cutthecordtheatre.com/endless-second DeConnick. (2016, Mart 12). Kelly Sue DeConnick explains the sexy lamp test. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_TAG8Pd20DY
  • Dixon, K. (2014). Feminist online identity: Analyzing the presence of hashtag feminism. Journal of Arts and Humanities, 3(7), 34-40. doi.org/10.18533/journal.v3i7.509
  • Dorman-Gajic, E. (2019, Ağustos 24). Review Sexy Lamp. ThreeWeeks. https://threeweeksedinburgh.com/article/sexy-lamp-katie-arnstein-and-victoria-gagliano/ Everything Theatre. (2019, Ocak 21). Anomaly review. https://everything-theatre.co.uk/2019/01/anomaly-the-old-red-lion-theatre-review/
  • Everything Theatre. (2018, Aralık 21). ‘Anomaly’: Liv Warden on putting women’s stories centre stage. https://everything-theatre.co.uk/2018/12/liv-warden-anomaly-old-red-lion-theatre-metoo/ Facebook. (2022, Mart 10). Badass Medusa #MeToo. Basın Bülteni. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/events/4483259465118009/?active_tab=discussion.
  • Faludi, S. (1991). Backlash: The undeclared war against American women. New York: Crown.
  • Fargnoli, D. (2018, Ocak 28). The words are coming- review. The Stage. https://www.thestage.co.uk/reviews/the-words-are-coming-now-review-at-theatre503-london--thought-provoking-nuanced-new-writing
  • Gardner, L. (2019, Şubat 4). Review -Back off, Berkoff (and Mamet) –Women own the #MeToo story. The Stage. https://www.thestage.co.uk/opinion/opinion/lyn-gardner-back-off-berkoff-and-mamet--women-own-the-metoo-story
  • Gardner, L. (2018, Nisan 26). The Prudes review- A couple’s very public attempt to revive their sex life. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2018/apr/26/the-prudes-review-a-couples-very-public-attempt-to-revive-their-sex-life-anthony-neilson
  • Gömceli, N. (2010). Timberlake Wertenbaker and contemporary British feminist drama. Palo Alto, California: Academica Press,
  • Gömceli, N. (2019). Süfraj hareketinin İngiliz tiyatrolarındaki yansımalarına bir örnek: Elizabeth Robins ve Votes for Women! (1907). Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 59(1), 100-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.33171/dtcfjournal.2019.59.1.6
  • Greenstreet, H. (2018, Ocak 29). Review- The words are coming now at Theatre 503. Exeunt Magazine. https://exeuntmagazine.com/reviews/review-words-coming-now-theatre503/#author-info Guerassio, J. (2017, Kasım 3). ‘Wonder Woman’ is now the highest-grossing superhero origin movie of all time. Business Insider. https://www.businessinsider.com/wonder-woman-highest-grossing-superhero-origin-movie-2017-11.
  • Hanisch, C. (2006). The personal is political. https://webhome.cs.uvic.ca/~mserra/AttachedFiles/PersonalPolitical.pdf
  • Hemming, S. (2018). The Prudes, Royal Court Theatre, London — sexual politics in the age of #MeToo. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/a5aa141a-4c7d-11e8-8a8e-22951a2d8493
  • Hesse, A. (2018, Şubat 5). Every feminist hashtag you need to know, from #Metoo to #Timesup. Your Dream. https://yourdream.liveyourdream.org/2018/02/feminist-hashtags-metoo-timesup/ India Today Information Desk. (2023, Nisan 23). Meet the man who invented the #hashtags. India Today. https://www.indiatoday.in/information/story/meet-the-man-who-invented-hashtags-2363569-2023-04-23 Italie, L. (2017, Ekim 17). Me Too: Alyssa Milano elevates Harvey Weinstein conversation. WHSV3. https://www.whsv.com/content/news/Me-Too-Alyssa-Milano-elevates-Harvey-Weinstein-conversation-451297233.html
  • Jordan, A. (2016). Conceptualizing backlash: (UK) men’s rights groups, anti-feminism, and postfeminism. Canadian Journal of Women and the Law, 28(1), 18-44. https://www.muse.jhu.edu/article/614548
  • Martens-Fox, E. (2022, Nisan 7). Still a work in progress: What has #MeToo done for women in theatre?” The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2022/apr/07/me-too-have-things-changed-for-women-in-theatre
  • Massie-Blomfield, A. (2018, Ekim 15). A year on from #MeToo - How much has theatre really changed? The Stage. 1-23. https://www.thestage.co.uk/features/a-year-on-from-metoo-how-much-has-theatre-really-changed
  • Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary. (2023). Merriam-Webster’s 2017 words of the year. https://www.merriam-webster.com/wordplay/word-of-the-year-2017-feminism
  • Mitra, S. (2019). Analyzing the global diffusion of the #Metoo movement using Twitter data. Yayımlanmamış Master Tezi. North Carolina Üniversitesi. https://repository.charlotte.edu. PDF.
  • Mobilise. (2022). Badass Medusa #MeToo. Mobilise Arts Centre. https://www.mobilisearts.co.uk/badass-medusa-metoo.
  • Munro, E. (2013). Feminism: A fourth wave? Political Insight, 4(2), 22-25. doi:10.1111/2041-9066.12021
  • Ohlheiser, A. (2017, Ekim 19). Meet the woman who coined 'Me Too' 10 years ago — to help women of color. Chicago Tribune. https://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/ct-me-too-campaign-origins-20171019-story.html
  • O’Thomas, M. (2022). Rita, Sue and #Metoo: The Royal Court Theatre, London, and liberalism. Comparative Drama, 56 (1-2), 157-178. doi:10.1353/cdr.2022.0006
  • Play’s The Thing. (2022, Mayıs 2). What has happened since #MeToo? The Play’s the Thing Theatre. https://playsthethingtheatrecompany.co.uk/news/what-has-happened-since-metoo.
  • Royal Court Theatre. (2017a). No Grey Area: Your Stories Heard. https://royalcourttheatre.com/whats-on/no-grey-area-your-stories-heard/
  • Royal Court Theatre. (2017b). A Code of Behaviour. https://royalcourttheatre.com/code-of-behaviour/
  • Royal Court Theatre. (2018). Snatches: Moments from 100 years of women’s lives. https://royalcourttheatre.com/whats-on/snatches/
  • Rudakoff, J. (Ed.). (2021). Performing #MeToo: How not to look away. Bristol: Intellect Books. Showden, C. (2009). What's political about the new feminisms? Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies, 30(2), 166-198. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40388740
  • Thefry, C. (2021, Nisan 23). Interview—Katie Arnstein. Centre Stage. https://cfrycentrestage.wordpress.com/2021/04/23/interview-katie-arnstein-sexy-lamp/
  • Thomas, G. (2023). Socially minded theatre: When verbatim theatre and the #MeToo movement intersect. Yayımlanmamış doktora tezi. Edge Hill Üniversitesi. https://research.edgehill.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/socially-minded-theatre-when-verbatim-theatre-and-the-metoo-movem
  • UK Theatre, & SOLT. (2018). Encouraging safer and more supportive working practices in theatre. https://www.culturehive.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/Handbook-Encouraging-Safer-More-Supportive-Working-Practices-in-Theatre-v2.pdf
  • UK Theatre Web. (2023). Archive listings for the words are coming now. https://www.uktw.co.uk/archive/Play/The-Words-are-Coming-Now/S0150219339/
  • Wiegand, C. (2019, 18 Ağustos). Sexy Lamp review – actor shines stark light on the misogyny of her industry. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2019/aug/18/sexy-lamp-review-edinburgh-2019 Wolf, N. (1991). The beauty myth. New York: W.Morrow.
  • Wyver, K. (2018, 26 Ocak). The words are coming now review – urgent responses to the #MeToo moment. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/stage/2018/jan/26/the-words-are-coming-now-review-theatre-503
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Contemporary Drama Studies
Journal Section Araştırma Makaleleri/Research Articles
Authors

Nursen Gömceli 0000-0002-4807-0484

Publication Date September 26, 2023
Submission Date September 4, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 1 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Gömceli, N. (2023). Dördüncü Dalga Feminizm ve 21. Yüzyıl İngiliz (Feminist) Tiyatrosunda Görülen Etkileri Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme: #MeToo Örneği. Theatre Academy, 1(2), 135-161.

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