Research Article
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Doğu ve Güney Avrupa Refah Rejimlerinde Ebeveyn İzni: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz

Year 2019, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 1 - 17, 20.12.2019

Zeki Parlak Yüsra Ak

Abstract

Yirminci yüzyılın son çeyreğinden
itibaren gelişmiş ülkelerde imalat sektörünün küçülmesi ve hizmet sektörünün ön
plana çıkmasıyla istihdamın kalitesi ve cinsiyet yapısında köklü bir değişim
gerçekleşmiştir. Hizmet sektöründe genel olarak ücretlerin düşük ve işin iğreti
olması, bir aileyi geçindirmek için erkeğin kazandığı gelirin yetersiz kalması
nedeniyle daha fazla kadın emek piyasalarına girmek zorunda kalmıştır. Bu durum
literatürde emek piyasalarının kadınlaşması olarak isimlendirilmektedir.
Kadının emek piyasalarında daha etkin hale gelmesi çekirdek aile yapısını ve
yaşamını da olumsuz etkilemektedir. Kadının bir işte çalışmasına ek olarak aile
yaşamın sürdürülmesi açısından hayati öneme sahip olan bakım ve ev işleri gibi
yükümlülükleri de yerine getirmek zorunda olması aile yaşamını olumsuz
etkimekte ve iş ve aile yaşamı arasında bir denge kurmayı zorunlu hale
getirmektedir. İş aile yaşamı hayatı arasında denge kurma arayışları, AB’de iş
yaşam dengesi kavramı ve politikalarının geliştirilmesi ile sonuçlanmıştır. Bunlar,
ebeveyn izini, bakım ve esnek çalışma politikalarını içermektedir.



Ebeveyn izni, yeni doğan çocuğun
bakımı konusunda, kadın ve erkeğin rollerini az da olsa değiştirmeyi hedefleyen
bir AB iş yaşam dengesi politikasıdır. Bu çalışmada, Doğu ve Güney Avrupa refah
rejimlerinde ebeveyn izinleri karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz edilmektedir.  Doğu Avrupa’da ebeveyn izinlerin genellikle
aile hakkı olarak verildiği, büyük oranda kadınlar tarafından kullanıldığı ve
eşitsizliği beslediği ileri sürülmektedir. Güney Avrupa’da ise izin genellikle
bireysel ve devredilemez bir hak niteliğinde olmasına karşın izin kullanımının
ve ödeme oranlarının Doğu Avrupa ülkelerinin gerisindedir.  

Keywords

İş Yaşam Dengesi Refah Rejimleri Doğu Avrupa Refah Rejimi Güney Avrupa Refah Rejimi Ebeveyn İzni

References

  • Addabbo, T., Cardinali, V., Giovannini, D., & Mazzucchelli, S. (2018). Italy Country Note. S. Blum, A. Koslowski, A. Macht, & P. Moss (Ed.), International Review of Leave Policies and Research 2018 (ss. 223–240).
  • Briggs, A. (1961). The Welfare State at Historical Perspective. Archives Européennes de Sociologie, 2(2), 221–258.
  • Bütün, M. (2010). Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliği Perspektifinden Çocuk Bakım Hizmetleri: Farklı Ülke Uygulamaları. T.C. Başbakanlık Kadının Statüsü Genel Müdürlüğü.
  • Cerami, A., & Vanhuysse, P. (2009). Introduction: Social Policy Pathways, Twenty Years after the Fall of the Berlin Wall. A. Cerami & P. Vanhuysse (Ed.), Post-Communist Welfare Pathways: Theorizing Social Policy Transformations in Central and Eastern Europe (ss. 1–17). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Dimitrova, E., Kotzeva, T., & Ilieva, K. (2018). Bulgaria Country Note. S. Blum, A. Koslowski, A. Macht, & P. Moss (Ed.), International Review of Leave Policies and Research 2018 (ss. 81–89).
  • EASPD (2019). Social Welfare Systems across Europe. 29 Mart 2019, https://www.easpd.eu/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/SensAge/d4social_welfare_systems_across_europe.pdf
  • Ebbinghaus B. (2012), Comparing Welfare State Regimes: Are Typologies an Ideal or Realistic Strategy?, Edinburgh: ESPAnet Conference.
  • Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Eurostat. (2019). Labour Force Surveys. 1 Mayıs 2018 http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/lfs/data/database
  • Fenger, H. J. M. (2007). Welfare Regimes in Central and Eastern Europe: Incorporating Post-Communist Countries in A Welfare Regime Typology. Contemporary Issues and Ideas in Social Sciences, 2(3), 1–30.
  • Ferrera, M. (1996). The “Southern Model” of Welfare in Social Europe. Journal of European Social Policy, 6(17), 17–37.
  • Furniss, N., & Tilton, T. (1977). The Case for the Welfare State: From Social Security to Social Equality. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Gerbery, D. (2018). Slovak Republic Country Note. S. Blum, A. Koslowski, A. Macht, & P. Moss (Ed.), International Review of Leave Policies and Research 2018 (ss. 373–378).
  • Hatzivarnava-Kazassi, E., & Karamessini, M. (2018). Greece Country Note. S. Blum, A. Koslowski, A. Macht, & P. Moss (Ed.), International Review of Leave Policies and Research 2018 (ss. 188–197).
  • Kağnıcıoğlu, D. (2013). İş Yaşam Çatışması ve İş Yaşam Dengesi Politikaları. Çimento Endüstrisi İşverenleri Sendikası, 27(1), 22–39.
  • Kaufmann, F. (2012). European Foundations of the Welfare State. New York: Berghahn Books.
  • Kocourková, J. (2018). Czech Republic Country Note. S. Blum, A. Koslowski, A. Macht, & P. Moss (Ed.), International Review of Leave Policies and Research 2018 (ss. 127–132).
  • Kotowska, I. E., Matysiak, A., & Styrc, M. (2010). Family Life and Work Second European Quality of Life Survey. Dublin: European Foundation for The Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
  • Kul Parlak, N. (2016a). Avrupa Birliği’nde İş-Yaşam Dengesine Yönelik Uyumlaştırma Politikaları: Ebeveyn İzni. Bilgi, Yaz(32), 56–91.
  • Kul Parlak, N. (2016b). Refah Devletinin Yeniden Yapılanması ve AB Ülkelerinde İş-Yaşam Dengesi. Ankara: Türk Metal Sendikası Araştırma ve Eğitim Merkezi Yayınları.
  • Kurowska, A., Michoń, P., & Godlewska-Bujok, B. (2018). Poland Country Note. S. Blum, A. Koslowski, A. Macht, & P. Moss (Ed.), International Review of Leave Policies and Research 2018 (ss. 323–331).
  • Leibfried, S. (1993). Towards a European Welfare State? C. Jones (Ed.), New Perspectives on the Welfare State in Europe (ss. 120–143). London: Routledge.
  • Lockwood, N. R. (2003). Work/Life Balance: Challenges and Solutions. Society For Human Resource Management.
  • Meil, G., Lapuerta, I., & Escobedo, A. (2018). Spain Country Note. S. Blum, A. Koslowski, A. Macht, & P. Moss (Ed.), International Review of Leave Policies and Research 2018 (ss. 387–400).
  • Özdemir, S. (2005). Sosyal Gelişim Düzeyleri Farklı Refah Devletlerinin Sınıflandırılması Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, (49), 231–266.
  • Özdemir, S. (2007). Küreselleşme Sürecinde Refah Devleti (2. Baskı). İstanbul: İstanbul Ticaret Odası Yayınları.
  • Plantenga, J., & Remery, C. (2005). Reconciliation of Work and Private Life: A Comparative Review of Thirty European Countries. Luxemburg: European Commission Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
  • Rhodes, M. (1996). Southern European Welfare States: Identity, Problems and Prospects for Reform. South European Society and Politics, 1(3), 1–22.
  • Saraceno, C. (2017). Southern European Welfare Regimes: From Differentiation to Reconvergence? P. Kennett & N. Lendvai-Bainton (Ed.), Handbook of European Social Policy (ss. 218–229). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Standing, G. (1997). The Folly of Social Safety Nets: Why Basic Income Is Needed in Eastern Europe. Social Research, 64(4), 1339–1379.
  • Szikra, D., & Tomka, B. (2009). Social Policy in East Central Europe: Major Trends in the Twentieth Century. A. Cerami & P. Vanhuysse (Ed.), Post-Communist Welfare Pathways: Theorizing Social Policy Transformations in Central and Eastern Europe (ss. 17–34). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Thévenon, O., & Solaz, A. (2013). Labour Market Effects of Parental Leave Policies in OECD Countries (OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers No. No. 141). Paris.
  • Titmuss, R. M. (1958). Essays on the Welfare State. London: Allen & Unwin.
  • Wall, K., & Leitão, M. (2018). Portugal Country Note. S. Blum, A. Koslowski, A. Macht, & P. Moss (Ed.), International Review of Leave Policies an Research 2018 (ss. 332–344).
  • Wilensky, H., & Lebeaux, C. (1958). Industrial Society and Social Welfare. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Y.y. (2011). Avrupa Birliği’nde Sosyal Güvenlik Hukuku El Kitabı. 14 Ocak 2018, https://www.avrupa.info.tr/fileadmin/Content/Files/Images/haber_arsivi/2012/Sosyal_Guvenlik_Hukuku_El_Kitabı_EN-TR.pdf
  • Yorgun, S. (2010). Sömürü, Koruma ve Pozitif Ayrımcılıktan Çalışma Hayatının Egemen Gücü Olmaya Doğru Kadınar: 21. Yüzyıl ve Pembeleşen Çalışma Hayatı. Sosyoekonomi, 1(Ocak-Haziran), 167–190.

Year 2019, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 1 - 17, 20.12.2019

Zeki Parlak Yüsra Ak

Abstract

References

  • Addabbo, T., Cardinali, V., Giovannini, D., & Mazzucchelli, S. (2018). Italy Country Note. S. Blum, A. Koslowski, A. Macht, & P. Moss (Ed.), International Review of Leave Policies and Research 2018 (ss. 223–240).
  • Briggs, A. (1961). The Welfare State at Historical Perspective. Archives Européennes de Sociologie, 2(2), 221–258.
  • Bütün, M. (2010). Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitliği Perspektifinden Çocuk Bakım Hizmetleri: Farklı Ülke Uygulamaları. T.C. Başbakanlık Kadının Statüsü Genel Müdürlüğü.
  • Cerami, A., & Vanhuysse, P. (2009). Introduction: Social Policy Pathways, Twenty Years after the Fall of the Berlin Wall. A. Cerami & P. Vanhuysse (Ed.), Post-Communist Welfare Pathways: Theorizing Social Policy Transformations in Central and Eastern Europe (ss. 1–17). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Dimitrova, E., Kotzeva, T., & Ilieva, K. (2018). Bulgaria Country Note. S. Blum, A. Koslowski, A. Macht, & P. Moss (Ed.), International Review of Leave Policies and Research 2018 (ss. 81–89).
  • EASPD (2019). Social Welfare Systems across Europe. 29 Mart 2019, https://www.easpd.eu/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/SensAge/d4social_welfare_systems_across_europe.pdf
  • Ebbinghaus B. (2012), Comparing Welfare State Regimes: Are Typologies an Ideal or Realistic Strategy?, Edinburgh: ESPAnet Conference.
  • Esping-Andersen, G. (1990). The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Eurostat. (2019). Labour Force Surveys. 1 Mayıs 2018 http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/lfs/data/database
  • Fenger, H. J. M. (2007). Welfare Regimes in Central and Eastern Europe: Incorporating Post-Communist Countries in A Welfare Regime Typology. Contemporary Issues and Ideas in Social Sciences, 2(3), 1–30.
  • Ferrera, M. (1996). The “Southern Model” of Welfare in Social Europe. Journal of European Social Policy, 6(17), 17–37.
  • Furniss, N., & Tilton, T. (1977). The Case for the Welfare State: From Social Security to Social Equality. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Gerbery, D. (2018). Slovak Republic Country Note. S. Blum, A. Koslowski, A. Macht, & P. Moss (Ed.), International Review of Leave Policies and Research 2018 (ss. 373–378).
  • Hatzivarnava-Kazassi, E., & Karamessini, M. (2018). Greece Country Note. S. Blum, A. Koslowski, A. Macht, & P. Moss (Ed.), International Review of Leave Policies and Research 2018 (ss. 188–197).
  • Kağnıcıoğlu, D. (2013). İş Yaşam Çatışması ve İş Yaşam Dengesi Politikaları. Çimento Endüstrisi İşverenleri Sendikası, 27(1), 22–39.
  • Kaufmann, F. (2012). European Foundations of the Welfare State. New York: Berghahn Books.
  • Kocourková, J. (2018). Czech Republic Country Note. S. Blum, A. Koslowski, A. Macht, & P. Moss (Ed.), International Review of Leave Policies and Research 2018 (ss. 127–132).
  • Kotowska, I. E., Matysiak, A., & Styrc, M. (2010). Family Life and Work Second European Quality of Life Survey. Dublin: European Foundation for The Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
  • Kul Parlak, N. (2016a). Avrupa Birliği’nde İş-Yaşam Dengesine Yönelik Uyumlaştırma Politikaları: Ebeveyn İzni. Bilgi, Yaz(32), 56–91.
  • Kul Parlak, N. (2016b). Refah Devletinin Yeniden Yapılanması ve AB Ülkelerinde İş-Yaşam Dengesi. Ankara: Türk Metal Sendikası Araştırma ve Eğitim Merkezi Yayınları.
  • Kurowska, A., Michoń, P., & Godlewska-Bujok, B. (2018). Poland Country Note. S. Blum, A. Koslowski, A. Macht, & P. Moss (Ed.), International Review of Leave Policies and Research 2018 (ss. 323–331).
  • Leibfried, S. (1993). Towards a European Welfare State? C. Jones (Ed.), New Perspectives on the Welfare State in Europe (ss. 120–143). London: Routledge.
  • Lockwood, N. R. (2003). Work/Life Balance: Challenges and Solutions. Society For Human Resource Management.
  • Meil, G., Lapuerta, I., & Escobedo, A. (2018). Spain Country Note. S. Blum, A. Koslowski, A. Macht, & P. Moss (Ed.), International Review of Leave Policies and Research 2018 (ss. 387–400).
  • Özdemir, S. (2005). Sosyal Gelişim Düzeyleri Farklı Refah Devletlerinin Sınıflandırılması Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, (49), 231–266.
  • Özdemir, S. (2007). Küreselleşme Sürecinde Refah Devleti (2. Baskı). İstanbul: İstanbul Ticaret Odası Yayınları.
  • Plantenga, J., & Remery, C. (2005). Reconciliation of Work and Private Life: A Comparative Review of Thirty European Countries. Luxemburg: European Commission Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
  • Rhodes, M. (1996). Southern European Welfare States: Identity, Problems and Prospects for Reform. South European Society and Politics, 1(3), 1–22.
  • Saraceno, C. (2017). Southern European Welfare Regimes: From Differentiation to Reconvergence? P. Kennett & N. Lendvai-Bainton (Ed.), Handbook of European Social Policy (ss. 218–229). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  • Standing, G. (1997). The Folly of Social Safety Nets: Why Basic Income Is Needed in Eastern Europe. Social Research, 64(4), 1339–1379.
  • Szikra, D., & Tomka, B. (2009). Social Policy in East Central Europe: Major Trends in the Twentieth Century. A. Cerami & P. Vanhuysse (Ed.), Post-Communist Welfare Pathways: Theorizing Social Policy Transformations in Central and Eastern Europe (ss. 17–34). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Thévenon, O., & Solaz, A. (2013). Labour Market Effects of Parental Leave Policies in OECD Countries (OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers No. No. 141). Paris.
  • Titmuss, R. M. (1958). Essays on the Welfare State. London: Allen & Unwin.
  • Wall, K., & Leitão, M. (2018). Portugal Country Note. S. Blum, A. Koslowski, A. Macht, & P. Moss (Ed.), International Review of Leave Policies an Research 2018 (ss. 332–344).
  • Wilensky, H., & Lebeaux, C. (1958). Industrial Society and Social Welfare. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Y.y. (2011). Avrupa Birliği’nde Sosyal Güvenlik Hukuku El Kitabı. 14 Ocak 2018, https://www.avrupa.info.tr/fileadmin/Content/Files/Images/haber_arsivi/2012/Sosyal_Guvenlik_Hukuku_El_Kitabı_EN-TR.pdf
  • Yorgun, S. (2010). Sömürü, Koruma ve Pozitif Ayrımcılıktan Çalışma Hayatının Egemen Gücü Olmaya Doğru Kadınar: 21. Yüzyıl ve Pembeleşen Çalışma Hayatı. Sosyoekonomi, 1(Ocak-Haziran), 167–190.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Cilt: 2 Sayı: 2
Authors

Zeki Parlak

Yüsra Ak

Publication Date December 20, 2019
Submission Date October 31, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 2 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Parlak, Z., & Ak, Y. (2019). Doğu ve Güney Avrupa Refah Rejimlerinde Ebeveyn İzni: Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz. Ünye İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(2), 1-17.

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