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From Ethno-Linguistic Identities To Economic Disparities: Disintegration Of Pakistan And Creation Of Bangladesh

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 123 - 134, 30.12.2023

Abstract

Ethno-linguistic differences and economic grievances created a rift between the distanced wings. After independence, the decision to make Urdu the state language was resented by the Bengalis. They launched a movement that reached its climax in February 1952, taking several lives. Above it, the domination of West Pakistanis in state affairs was seen as a colonial legacy, having its imprint even after independence. The feelings of deprivation had the worst effect on the state’s integrity, leading to a nationalist struggle, which resulted in the secession of East Pakistan. The study has hypothesized that inept policies and structural inequalities worsen the situation, providing a space to separatist elements. The study has concluded that diverse culture and economic disparity led to secession.

Supporting Institution

No institution provided funding for this research article

Project Number

Not from project

Thanks

This work on this article was done by me and thankful to family who spare me from domestic responsibilities

References

  • Abbasi, Z. F. (2010, December). Federalism, provincial autonomy and conflicts. Islamabad Center for Peace and Development Initiatives.
  • Ahmed, Salahuddin (2004). Bangladesh: Past and present. APH Publishing Corporation.
  • Asadullah, M. N. (2010). Educational disparity in East and West Pakistan, 1947-71: Was East Pakistan discriminated against? The Bangladesh Development Studies.
  • Azar, Edward E. (1990). The Management of Protracted Social Conflict: Theory and Cases. Dartmouth.
  • Azar, Edward E. (1986). Management of Protracted Social Conflict in the Third World. Ethnic Studies Report 4(2).
  • Azar, Edward E. and Farah, N. (1981). The structure of inequalities and Protracted Social Conflict: A theoretical framework. International Interactions 7 (4).
  • Ayres, A. (2003). The politics of language policy in Pakistan. In Michael Edward Brown & Sumit Ganguly (Eds.), Fighting words: Language policy and ethnic relations in Asia. MIT Press.
  • Baxter, C. (1984). Pakistan and Bangladesh. In Frederick L. Shiels (ed.), Ethnic separatism and world politics. University Press of America.
  • Beachler, D. (2007). The politics of genocide scholarship: the case of Bangladesh. Patterns of Prejudice 41(5).
  • Bhuiyan, A. W. (1982). Emergence of Bangladesh and role of Awami League. Vikas Publishing House.
  • Beaudoin, Melissa M. C. (2013). Protracted Social Conflict: A reconceptualization and case analysis. Doctoral Dissertation, Columbia: University of South Carolina. Scribbr. https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/1772
  • Chowdhury, M. A. (1963). The Civil Service in Pakistan. National Institute of Public Administration.
  • Faaland, J. and Parkinson, J.R. (1976). Bangladesh: the test case of development. C. Hurst and Company.
  • Gurr, T. R. (1970). Why men rebel. Princeton University Press.
  • Hashanat, I. M. (2012, April). Language and cultural identity: Resolving the conflicts in using national language and English in Bangladesh context. The IISES International Interdisciplinary Conference.
  • Jabeen, M., Chandio, A. A. & Z. Qasim (2010, January-June). Language controversy: Impacts on national politics and secession of East Pakistan. Journal of South Asian Studies, 25 (1): 99-124.
  • Jahan, R. (1972). Pakistan: Failure in national integration. Columbia University Press.
  • Jahan, R. (1997). Genocide in Bangladesh. In Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons and Israel W. Charny (Eds.), Century of genocide: Eyewitness accounts and critical views. Garland Publishing.
  • Jalal, A. (1995). Democracy and authoritarianism in South Asia: a comparative and historical perspective. Sang-e-Meel Publications.
  • Khan, M. L. A. (1994). A study of the Bangladesh budget with special reference to resource mobilization through taxation (1972-85). PhD Dissertation. Rajarammohunpur (India): Department of Economics, North Bengal University.
  • Maddison, A. (1971). Class structure and economic growth: India and Pakistan since Mughals. George Allen and Unwin Ltd.
  • Kazimi, M. R. (2009). A Concise History of Pakistan. Oxford University Press, 2009.
  • Maniruzzaman, T. (1980). The Bangladesh revolution and its aftermath. Books International Ltd.
  • McGraw, A. (1998). The destruction of Pakistan’s democracy. Oxford University Press.
  • Molla, G. (2004). The Awami League: From Charismatic Leadership to Political Party. In Subrata Kumar Mitra, Mike Enskat & Clemens Spiess (Eds.), Political parties in South Asia. Praeger Publishers.
  • Muhith, M. A. (1992). Bangladesh: Emergence of a nation. University Press.
  • Nair, M B. (1990). Politics in Bangladesh: A study of Awami League, 1949-58. Northern Book Centre.
  • Oldenburg, P. (1985). A Place insufficiently imagined: Language, belief, and the Pakistan crisis of 1971. Journal of Asian Studies, 44 (4): 711-33.
  • Pavkovic, A. (2008). Creating new states: Theory and practice of secession. Ashgate Publishing Group.
  • Rafiqul-Islam (1986). A Tale of Millions (3rd ed). Ananna.
  • Rahman, T. (1995). Language planning and politics in Pakistan. SDPI Research Report Series No. 9.
  • Rahman, T. (1996). Language and politics in Pakistan. Oxford University Press.
  • Sisson, R. & Rose, L. E. (1990). War and secession, Pakistan, India and creation of Bangladesh. University of California Press.
  • Sayeed, K. B. (1980). Politics in Pakistan: The nature and direction of change. Praeger Publishers.
  • Suhrawardy, H. S. (1987). Memoirs of Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy with a Brief Account of His Life and Work. University Press.
  • Zaheer, H. (1994). The separation of East Pakistan: The rise and realization of Bengali Muslim nationalism. Oxford University Press.
  • Ziring, L. (1995). Islam and Ethnicity. In Muhammd Aslam Syed, ed. Islam and democracy in Pakistan. National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research, Islamabad.

Etno-Dilsel Kimliklerden Ekonomik Eşitsizliklere: Pakistan'ın Parçalanması Ve Bangladeş'in Oluşumu

Year 2023, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 123 - 134, 30.12.2023

Abstract

Etno-dilsel farklılıklar ve ekonomik şikayetler, birbirinden uzak kutuplar arasında bir problem yarattı. Bağımsızlıktan sonra Urduca’yı devlet dili yapma kararı Bengaller tarafından reddedildi. Şubat 1952'de doruk noktasına ulaşan ve çok sayıda can alan bir hareket başlatıldı. Bunun da ötesinde, Batı Pakistanlıların devlet işlerindeki hakimiyeti, bağımsızlıktan sonra bile etkisini sürdüren bir sömürge mirası olarak görülüyordu. Yoksunluk hissi, devletin bütünlüğü üzerinde en kötü etkiyi yaratmış ve Doğu Pakistan'ın ayrılmasıyla sonuçlanan milliyetçi bir mücadeleye yol açmıştır. Bu çalışma, etkin olmayan politikaların ve yapısal eşitsizliklerin durumu daha da kötüleştirerek ayrılıkçı unsurlara alan açtığını varsaymaktadır. Ayrıca, çalışmada farklı kültürlerin ve ekonomik eşitsizliğin parçalanmaya yol açtığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Project Number

Not from project

References

  • Abbasi, Z. F. (2010, December). Federalism, provincial autonomy and conflicts. Islamabad Center for Peace and Development Initiatives.
  • Ahmed, Salahuddin (2004). Bangladesh: Past and present. APH Publishing Corporation.
  • Asadullah, M. N. (2010). Educational disparity in East and West Pakistan, 1947-71: Was East Pakistan discriminated against? The Bangladesh Development Studies.
  • Azar, Edward E. (1990). The Management of Protracted Social Conflict: Theory and Cases. Dartmouth.
  • Azar, Edward E. (1986). Management of Protracted Social Conflict in the Third World. Ethnic Studies Report 4(2).
  • Azar, Edward E. and Farah, N. (1981). The structure of inequalities and Protracted Social Conflict: A theoretical framework. International Interactions 7 (4).
  • Ayres, A. (2003). The politics of language policy in Pakistan. In Michael Edward Brown & Sumit Ganguly (Eds.), Fighting words: Language policy and ethnic relations in Asia. MIT Press.
  • Baxter, C. (1984). Pakistan and Bangladesh. In Frederick L. Shiels (ed.), Ethnic separatism and world politics. University Press of America.
  • Beachler, D. (2007). The politics of genocide scholarship: the case of Bangladesh. Patterns of Prejudice 41(5).
  • Bhuiyan, A. W. (1982). Emergence of Bangladesh and role of Awami League. Vikas Publishing House.
  • Beaudoin, Melissa M. C. (2013). Protracted Social Conflict: A reconceptualization and case analysis. Doctoral Dissertation, Columbia: University of South Carolina. Scribbr. https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/etd/1772
  • Chowdhury, M. A. (1963). The Civil Service in Pakistan. National Institute of Public Administration.
  • Faaland, J. and Parkinson, J.R. (1976). Bangladesh: the test case of development. C. Hurst and Company.
  • Gurr, T. R. (1970). Why men rebel. Princeton University Press.
  • Hashanat, I. M. (2012, April). Language and cultural identity: Resolving the conflicts in using national language and English in Bangladesh context. The IISES International Interdisciplinary Conference.
  • Jabeen, M., Chandio, A. A. & Z. Qasim (2010, January-June). Language controversy: Impacts on national politics and secession of East Pakistan. Journal of South Asian Studies, 25 (1): 99-124.
  • Jahan, R. (1972). Pakistan: Failure in national integration. Columbia University Press.
  • Jahan, R. (1997). Genocide in Bangladesh. In Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons and Israel W. Charny (Eds.), Century of genocide: Eyewitness accounts and critical views. Garland Publishing.
  • Jalal, A. (1995). Democracy and authoritarianism in South Asia: a comparative and historical perspective. Sang-e-Meel Publications.
  • Khan, M. L. A. (1994). A study of the Bangladesh budget with special reference to resource mobilization through taxation (1972-85). PhD Dissertation. Rajarammohunpur (India): Department of Economics, North Bengal University.
  • Maddison, A. (1971). Class structure and economic growth: India and Pakistan since Mughals. George Allen and Unwin Ltd.
  • Kazimi, M. R. (2009). A Concise History of Pakistan. Oxford University Press, 2009.
  • Maniruzzaman, T. (1980). The Bangladesh revolution and its aftermath. Books International Ltd.
  • McGraw, A. (1998). The destruction of Pakistan’s democracy. Oxford University Press.
  • Molla, G. (2004). The Awami League: From Charismatic Leadership to Political Party. In Subrata Kumar Mitra, Mike Enskat & Clemens Spiess (Eds.), Political parties in South Asia. Praeger Publishers.
  • Muhith, M. A. (1992). Bangladesh: Emergence of a nation. University Press.
  • Nair, M B. (1990). Politics in Bangladesh: A study of Awami League, 1949-58. Northern Book Centre.
  • Oldenburg, P. (1985). A Place insufficiently imagined: Language, belief, and the Pakistan crisis of 1971. Journal of Asian Studies, 44 (4): 711-33.
  • Pavkovic, A. (2008). Creating new states: Theory and practice of secession. Ashgate Publishing Group.
  • Rafiqul-Islam (1986). A Tale of Millions (3rd ed). Ananna.
  • Rahman, T. (1995). Language planning and politics in Pakistan. SDPI Research Report Series No. 9.
  • Rahman, T. (1996). Language and politics in Pakistan. Oxford University Press.
  • Sisson, R. & Rose, L. E. (1990). War and secession, Pakistan, India and creation of Bangladesh. University of California Press.
  • Sayeed, K. B. (1980). Politics in Pakistan: The nature and direction of change. Praeger Publishers.
  • Suhrawardy, H. S. (1987). Memoirs of Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy with a Brief Account of His Life and Work. University Press.
  • Zaheer, H. (1994). The separation of East Pakistan: The rise and realization of Bengali Muslim nationalism. Oxford University Press.
  • Ziring, L. (1995). Islam and Ethnicity. In Muhammd Aslam Syed, ed. Islam and democracy in Pakistan. National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research, Islamabad.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mussarat Jabeen 0000-0001-7359-3378

Project Number Not from project
Publication Date December 30, 2023
Submission Date March 24, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 7 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Jabeen, M. (2023). From Ethno-Linguistic Identities To Economic Disparities: Disintegration Of Pakistan And Creation Of Bangladesh. Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi, 7(2), 123-134.
AMA Jabeen M. From Ethno-Linguistic Identities To Economic Disparities: Disintegration Of Pakistan And Creation Of Bangladesh. Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi. December 2023;7(2):123-134.
Chicago Jabeen, Mussarat. “From Ethno-Linguistic Identities To Economic Disparities: Disintegration Of Pakistan And Creation Of Bangladesh”. Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi 7, no. 2 (December 2023): 123-34.
EndNote Jabeen M (December 1, 2023) From Ethno-Linguistic Identities To Economic Disparities: Disintegration Of Pakistan And Creation Of Bangladesh. Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi 7 2 123–134.
IEEE M. Jabeen, “From Ethno-Linguistic Identities To Economic Disparities: Disintegration Of Pakistan And Creation Of Bangladesh”, Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 123–134, 2023.
ISNAD Jabeen, Mussarat. “From Ethno-Linguistic Identities To Economic Disparities: Disintegration Of Pakistan And Creation Of Bangladesh”. Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi 7/2 (December 2023), 123-134.
JAMA Jabeen M. From Ethno-Linguistic Identities To Economic Disparities: Disintegration Of Pakistan And Creation Of Bangladesh. Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi. 2023;7:123–134.
MLA Jabeen, Mussarat. “From Ethno-Linguistic Identities To Economic Disparities: Disintegration Of Pakistan And Creation Of Bangladesh”. Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi, vol. 7, no. 2, 2023, pp. 123-34.
Vancouver Jabeen M. From Ethno-Linguistic Identities To Economic Disparities: Disintegration Of Pakistan And Creation Of Bangladesh. Ulisa: Uluslararası Çalışmalar Dergisi. 2023;7(2):123-34.
Ulisa: Journal of International Studies is published by the ULİSA Institute.