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Digital lobbying in the european union in the context of strategic communication: Qualitative analysis of the vote leave campaign through astroturf tactics

Year 2023, Issue: 14, 178 - 196, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.55609/yenimedya.1226986

Abstract

This study deals with digital lobbying practices as a part of political communication processes in the context of strategic communication. Post-truth, which came to the fore with the 2016 Brexit Referendum, is becoming more visible in political communication and lobbying processes in the processes of disinformation, fake news and digital propaganda. In the research, the transformation of grassroots and astroturf lobbying practices is analyzed with the content analysis method through the successful pro-Brexit “Vote Leave” Referendum Campaign. As a result, in the Vote Leave campaign, which was successful in the Brexit Referendum process, which is one of the most important issues concerning the European Union and the United Kingdom, astroturf tactics were used; It has been determined that front organizations use prepared letters to reach decision makers and fake tactics directed by certain groups through social movements between networks. It has been seen that disinformation, fake news and digital propaganda methods, which have increased their influence in political processes with post-truth, are considered as a part of astroturf campaigns in lobbying.

References

  • Allcott, H., & Gentzkow, M. (2017). Social media and fake news in the 2016 Election. Journal Of Economic Perspectives, 31, 211–236. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.2.211
  • Barclay, D. A. (2018). Fake news, propaganda, and plain old lies: How to find trustworthy information in the digital age. Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group.
  • Bayer, J., Bitiukova, N., Bárd, P., Szakács, J., Alemanno, A., & Uszkiewicz, E. (2019, 1 February). Disinformation and propaganda impact on the functioning of the rule of law in the EU and its member states. European Parliament, LIBE Committee, Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3409279
  • BBC. (2018, 17 July). Brexit: Vote Leave broke electoral law, says Electoral Commission. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-44856992
  • Berg, J. (2017). The dark side of e-petitions? Exploring anonymous signatures. First Monday, 22(2). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v22i2.6001
  • Berkman, R. I. (2008). The art of strategic listening: Finding market intelligence through blogs and other social media. Paramount Market Publishing, Inc.
  • Bıçakçı, B. (2019). Post-truth çağında halkla ilişkiler’in “hakikat yöneticiliği” rolü: Gıda ve beslenme alanındaki yalan haberlere yönelik stratejiler. Kurgu, Prof. Dr. Alâeddin Asna Anısına Yeni Zamanlar ve Halkla İlişkiler Sempozyumu Özel Sayısı, 61-78 https://dergipark.org.tr/trpub/kurgu/issue/54877/752382
  • Cadwalladr, C. (2018, 20 May). Vote Leave Faces Scrutiny Over £50m Football Contest. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/may/20/vote-leave-scrutiny-facebook-data-football-contest-brexit
  • Carro, M., Di Mario, C. (2020). Digital Lobbying. In: Harris, P., Bitonti, A., Fleisher, C., Skorkjær Binderkrantz, A. (Eds.), The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Interest Groups, Lobbying and Public Affairs. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13895-0_78-1
  • Castells, M. (2007). Communication, power and counter-power in the network society. International Journal Of Communication, 1(1), 29. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/46/35
  • Collins. (2017, 2 November). Collins 2017 Word of the Year Shortlist. Collins Dictionary Blog, https://blog.collinsdictionary.com/language-lovers/collins-2017-word-of-the-year-shortlist/
  • Cooper, C. (2016, 21 June). Vote Leave campaign video ‘doctored’ to include fake screams of woman. Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/eu-referendum-vote-leave-campaign-turkey-video-doctored-screams-a7092191.html
  • Cooper, Mario H. (1993). Winning in Washington: From grasstops to grassroots, Public Relations Quarterly 38(4), 13-15. https://www.proquest.com/openviewrigsite=gscholar&cbl=49209
  • Çınarlı, A. G. İ. (2004). Döngü uzmanları (spin doctors), medyatik yalan ve kamu manipülasyonu. Galatasaray Üniversitesi İletişim Dergisi, (1). http://iletisimdergisi.gsu.edu.tr/tr/pub/issue/7378/96594
  • Çilingir, A. (2017). İletişim alanında içerik analizi yöntemi kullanılarak yapılan yüksek lisans ve doktora tezleri üzerine bir inceleme. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 5(1), 148-160. https://doi.org/10.17680/erciyesakademia.291891
  • European Commission. (2018, 26 September). Code of practice on disinformation. European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/code-practice-disinformation
  • European Parliament. (2021). Petitions. European Parliament. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/petitions/en/home
  • Figueira, Á., & Oliveira, L. (2017). The current state of fake news: Challenges and opportunities. Procedia Computer Science, 121, 817–825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2017.11.106
  • Gerhards, J., & Schäfer, M. S. (2010). Is the internet a better public sphere? Comparing old and new media in the USA and Germany. New Media & Society, 12(1), 143–160. https://doi. org/10.1177/1461444809341444
  • Gogarty, C. (2019, 4 June). Who is Veronika, did she really write a book about Brexit and why did she tell us she was living in a retail park? Bristol Post. https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/ news/bristol-news/who-veronika-really-write-book-2846030
  • Güden, O. (2020). Hakikat sonrası dönemde siyasal iletişim yönetimini yeniden düşünmek üzere niteliksel bir araştırma [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Galatasaray Üniversitesi.
  • House Of Commons. (2018, 16 May). Digital, culture, media and sport committee oral evidence: Fake news, HC 363. House of Commons. http://data.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/ committeeevidence.svc/evidencedocument/digital-culture-media-and-sport-committee/disinformation-and-fake-news/oral/83034.pdf
  • Karakuş, M. (2021). Gelenekselden Dijitale Propaganda Araçlarının Dönüşümü. Selçuk İletişim, 14(1) , 462-491. https://doi.org/10.18094/josc.776626
  • Keyes, R. (2017). Hakikat sonrası çağ günümüz dünyasında yalancılık ve aldatma. Delidolu Yayınları. Koc-Michalska, K. & Lilleker, D. (2017). Digital politics: mobilization, engagement, and participation. Political Communication, 34(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2016.1243178
  • Kollman, K. (1998). Outside lobbying: Public opinion and interest group strategies Princeton University Press.
  • Kovic, M., Rauchfleisch, A., Sele, M., & Caspar, C. (2018). Digital astroturfing in politics: Definition, typology, and countermeasures. Studies in Communication Sciences, 18(1), 69–85. https:// doi.org/10.24434/j.scoms.2018.01.005
  • Lerbinger, O. (2005). Corporate public affairs: Interacting with interest groups, media, and government. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410617262
  • Lits, B. (2015, May 21). Lobbying, deception and political public relations: when grassroots become astroturf. [Paper session]. ICA PhD Workshop: Public Relations Division. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/200145
  • Lits, B. (2019). Forging Grassroots Mobilization: Detecting Astroturf Movements And Measuring Their Lobbying Success. [Doctoral dissertation, Free University of Brussels]. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/284008/3/Dissertation.pdf
  • McNair, B. (2011). An Introduction to Political Communication (5th ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203828694
  • Meislová, M. B. (2021). The EU as a choice: Populist and technocratic narratives of the EU in the Brexit referendum campaign. Journal of Contemporary European Research, 17(2). https://doi.org/10.30950/jcer.v17i2.1207
  • Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Disinformation. In Merriam Webster dictionary. Retrieved June 25, 2021, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/disinformation
  • Neyazi, T. A. (2020). Digital propaganda, political bots and polarized politics in India. Asian Journal Of Communication, 30(1), 39–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2019.1699938
  • Nielsen, R. K., & Graves, L. (2017). “News you don’t believe”: Audience perspectives on fake news. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/ sites/default/files/201710/Nielsen%26Graves_factsheet_1710v3_FINAL_download.pdf
  • Perloff, R.M. (2021). The Dynamics of Political Communication: Media and Politics in a Digital Age (3rd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429298851
  • Sampedro, V., & Martínez Avidad, M. (2018). The Digital Public Sphere: An Alternative and Counterhegemonic Space? The Case of Spain. International Journal Of Communication, 12, 22. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/6943
  • Sanovich, S. (2017). Computational propaganda in Russia: The origins of digital misinformation. Computational Propaganda Project. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:555c1e20-60d0-4a20- 8837-c68868cc0c96
  • Schäfer, M.S. (2016). Digital public sphere. In G. Mazzoleni (Ed.). The International Encyclopedia Of Political Communication, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118541555.wbiepc087
  • Sisson, D. C. (2017). Inauthentic communication, organization-public relationships, and trust: A content analysis of online astroturfing news coverage. Public Relations Review, 43(4),788- 795.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2017.05.003
  • Stauber, J. C., & Rampton, S. (1995). Toxic sludge is good for you. Common Courage Press.
  • Tandoc, E. C., Lim, Z. W., & Ling, R. (2018). Defining “fake news”: A typology of scholarly definitions. Digital Journalism, 6(2), 137–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1360143
  • The New StatesMan. (2018, 7 Ağustos). Brexit astroturfing: did fake grassroots groups help swing the EU referendum? https://www.newstatesman.com/long-reads/2018/08/brexit-astroturfing-did-fake-grassrootsgroups-help-swing-eu-referendum
  • Vaccari, C. (2017). Online mobilization in comparative perspective: Digital appeals and political engagement in Germany, Italy, And The United Kingdom. Political Communication, 34(1), 69–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2016.1201558
  • Vote Leave Take Control. (2021, June 15). The EU already costs us £350 million a week. Brefing Room. Retrieved June 15, 2021, from http://www.voteleavetakecontrol.org/briefing.html
  • Walker, E. T. (2014). Grassroots for hire: Public affairs consultants in American democracy. Cambridge University Press.
  • Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policymaking, 27,1-107. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
  • Waterson, J. (2019, 3 April). Facebook Brexit ads secretly run by staff of Lynton Crosby firm. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/apr/03/grassroots-facebookbrexit-ads-secretly-run-by-staff-of-lynton-crosby-firm
  • Woolley, S. C., & Howard, P. N. (2018). Computational propaganda: Political parties, politicians, and political manipulation on social media. Oxford University Press.
  • Yetkin, B. (2019). Dijitalleşen siyasal iletişimde bilişimsel propaganda: Botlar. Atatürk İletişim Dergisi, (16), 51–72. https://doi.org/10.32952/atauniiletisim.486854

Stratejik İletişim Bağlamında Dijital Lobicilik: Vote Leave Kampanyasının Astroturf Taktikler Üzerinden Niteliksel Analizi

Year 2023, Issue: 14, 178 - 196, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.55609/yenimedya.1226986

Abstract

Stratejik iletişimin kapsamlı iletişim çabaları olarak genel anlamda ele alınışı bu çalışmada, stratejik iletişim ve siyasal iletişim süreçlerinin bir parçası olarak dijital lobicilik uygulamaları bağlamında ele alınmaktadır. 2016 Brexit Referandumu sürecinde gündeme gelen post-truth terimi ile birlikte dezenformasyon, yalan haber ve dijital propaganda kavramları siyasal iletişim ve lobicilik süreçlerinde daha fazla görünür hale gelmektedir. Araştırmada mevcut halk tabanlı (grassroots) hareketler ve (sahte) astroturf lobicilik uygulamalarının dönüşümü başarıya ulaşan Brexit yanlısı (pro-Brexit) “Vote Leave” Referandum Kampanyası üzerinden içerik analizi yöntemine başvurularak analiz edilmektedir. Sonuç olarak Avrupa Birliği’ni ve Birleşik Krallığı ilgilendiren en önemli meselelerden biri olan Brexit Referandumu sürecinde yürütülen ve başarıya ulaşan Vote Leave kampanyasında halk tabanlı görünümlü ancak belirli bir merkezden başlatılan ve yürütülen astroturf taktiklere başvurulduğu; paravan organizasyonların, karar vericilere ulaşmak için hazır mektupların kullanıldığı ve ağlar arası sosyal hareketler aracılığıyla belirli gruplar tarafından yönlendirilen sahte taktiklerin uygulandığı tespit edilmiştir. 2016 Brexit Referandumu sürecinde gündeme gelen post-truth terimi ile birlikte siyasal süreçlerde etkisini artıran dezenformasyon, yalan haber ve dijital propaganda yöntemlerinin lobicilikte astroturf kampanyaların bir parçası olarak ele alındığı görülmüştür.

References

  • Allcott, H., & Gentzkow, M. (2017). Social media and fake news in the 2016 Election. Journal Of Economic Perspectives, 31, 211–236. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.31.2.211
  • Barclay, D. A. (2018). Fake news, propaganda, and plain old lies: How to find trustworthy information in the digital age. Lanham : Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group.
  • Bayer, J., Bitiukova, N., Bárd, P., Szakács, J., Alemanno, A., & Uszkiewicz, E. (2019, 1 February). Disinformation and propaganda impact on the functioning of the rule of law in the EU and its member states. European Parliament, LIBE Committee, Policy Department for Citizens’ Rights and Constitutional Affairs. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3409279
  • BBC. (2018, 17 July). Brexit: Vote Leave broke electoral law, says Electoral Commission. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-44856992
  • Berg, J. (2017). The dark side of e-petitions? Exploring anonymous signatures. First Monday, 22(2). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v22i2.6001
  • Berkman, R. I. (2008). The art of strategic listening: Finding market intelligence through blogs and other social media. Paramount Market Publishing, Inc.
  • Bıçakçı, B. (2019). Post-truth çağında halkla ilişkiler’in “hakikat yöneticiliği” rolü: Gıda ve beslenme alanındaki yalan haberlere yönelik stratejiler. Kurgu, Prof. Dr. Alâeddin Asna Anısına Yeni Zamanlar ve Halkla İlişkiler Sempozyumu Özel Sayısı, 61-78 https://dergipark.org.tr/trpub/kurgu/issue/54877/752382
  • Cadwalladr, C. (2018, 20 May). Vote Leave Faces Scrutiny Over £50m Football Contest. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/may/20/vote-leave-scrutiny-facebook-data-football-contest-brexit
  • Carro, M., Di Mario, C. (2020). Digital Lobbying. In: Harris, P., Bitonti, A., Fleisher, C., Skorkjær Binderkrantz, A. (Eds.), The Palgrave Encyclopedia of Interest Groups, Lobbying and Public Affairs. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13895-0_78-1
  • Castells, M. (2007). Communication, power and counter-power in the network society. International Journal Of Communication, 1(1), 29. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/46/35
  • Collins. (2017, 2 November). Collins 2017 Word of the Year Shortlist. Collins Dictionary Blog, https://blog.collinsdictionary.com/language-lovers/collins-2017-word-of-the-year-shortlist/
  • Cooper, C. (2016, 21 June). Vote Leave campaign video ‘doctored’ to include fake screams of woman. Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/eu-referendum-vote-leave-campaign-turkey-video-doctored-screams-a7092191.html
  • Cooper, Mario H. (1993). Winning in Washington: From grasstops to grassroots, Public Relations Quarterly 38(4), 13-15. https://www.proquest.com/openviewrigsite=gscholar&cbl=49209
  • Çınarlı, A. G. İ. (2004). Döngü uzmanları (spin doctors), medyatik yalan ve kamu manipülasyonu. Galatasaray Üniversitesi İletişim Dergisi, (1). http://iletisimdergisi.gsu.edu.tr/tr/pub/issue/7378/96594
  • Çilingir, A. (2017). İletişim alanında içerik analizi yöntemi kullanılarak yapılan yüksek lisans ve doktora tezleri üzerine bir inceleme. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 5(1), 148-160. https://doi.org/10.17680/erciyesakademia.291891
  • European Commission. (2018, 26 September). Code of practice on disinformation. European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/code-practice-disinformation
  • European Parliament. (2021). Petitions. European Parliament. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/petitions/en/home
  • Figueira, Á., & Oliveira, L. (2017). The current state of fake news: Challenges and opportunities. Procedia Computer Science, 121, 817–825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2017.11.106
  • Gerhards, J., & Schäfer, M. S. (2010). Is the internet a better public sphere? Comparing old and new media in the USA and Germany. New Media & Society, 12(1), 143–160. https://doi. org/10.1177/1461444809341444
  • Gogarty, C. (2019, 4 June). Who is Veronika, did she really write a book about Brexit and why did she tell us she was living in a retail park? Bristol Post. https://www.bristolpost.co.uk/ news/bristol-news/who-veronika-really-write-book-2846030
  • Güden, O. (2020). Hakikat sonrası dönemde siyasal iletişim yönetimini yeniden düşünmek üzere niteliksel bir araştırma [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Galatasaray Üniversitesi.
  • House Of Commons. (2018, 16 May). Digital, culture, media and sport committee oral evidence: Fake news, HC 363. House of Commons. http://data.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/ committeeevidence.svc/evidencedocument/digital-culture-media-and-sport-committee/disinformation-and-fake-news/oral/83034.pdf
  • Karakuş, M. (2021). Gelenekselden Dijitale Propaganda Araçlarının Dönüşümü. Selçuk İletişim, 14(1) , 462-491. https://doi.org/10.18094/josc.776626
  • Keyes, R. (2017). Hakikat sonrası çağ günümüz dünyasında yalancılık ve aldatma. Delidolu Yayınları. Koc-Michalska, K. & Lilleker, D. (2017). Digital politics: mobilization, engagement, and participation. Political Communication, 34(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2016.1243178
  • Kollman, K. (1998). Outside lobbying: Public opinion and interest group strategies Princeton University Press.
  • Kovic, M., Rauchfleisch, A., Sele, M., & Caspar, C. (2018). Digital astroturfing in politics: Definition, typology, and countermeasures. Studies in Communication Sciences, 18(1), 69–85. https:// doi.org/10.24434/j.scoms.2018.01.005
  • Lerbinger, O. (2005). Corporate public affairs: Interacting with interest groups, media, and government. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410617262
  • Lits, B. (2015, May 21). Lobbying, deception and political public relations: when grassroots become astroturf. [Paper session]. ICA PhD Workshop: Public Relations Division. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/200145
  • Lits, B. (2019). Forging Grassroots Mobilization: Detecting Astroturf Movements And Measuring Their Lobbying Success. [Doctoral dissertation, Free University of Brussels]. https://dipot.ulb.ac.be/dspace/bitstream/2013/284008/3/Dissertation.pdf
  • McNair, B. (2011). An Introduction to Political Communication (5th ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203828694
  • Meislová, M. B. (2021). The EU as a choice: Populist and technocratic narratives of the EU in the Brexit referendum campaign. Journal of Contemporary European Research, 17(2). https://doi.org/10.30950/jcer.v17i2.1207
  • Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Disinformation. In Merriam Webster dictionary. Retrieved June 25, 2021, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/disinformation
  • Neyazi, T. A. (2020). Digital propaganda, political bots and polarized politics in India. Asian Journal Of Communication, 30(1), 39–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/01292986.2019.1699938
  • Nielsen, R. K., & Graves, L. (2017). “News you don’t believe”: Audience perspectives on fake news. Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/ sites/default/files/201710/Nielsen%26Graves_factsheet_1710v3_FINAL_download.pdf
  • Perloff, R.M. (2021). The Dynamics of Political Communication: Media and Politics in a Digital Age (3rd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429298851
  • Sampedro, V., & Martínez Avidad, M. (2018). The Digital Public Sphere: An Alternative and Counterhegemonic Space? The Case of Spain. International Journal Of Communication, 12, 22. https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/view/6943
  • Sanovich, S. (2017). Computational propaganda in Russia: The origins of digital misinformation. Computational Propaganda Project. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:555c1e20-60d0-4a20- 8837-c68868cc0c96
  • Schäfer, M.S. (2016). Digital public sphere. In G. Mazzoleni (Ed.). The International Encyclopedia Of Political Communication, https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118541555.wbiepc087
  • Sisson, D. C. (2017). Inauthentic communication, organization-public relationships, and trust: A content analysis of online astroturfing news coverage. Public Relations Review, 43(4),788- 795.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pubrev.2017.05.003
  • Stauber, J. C., & Rampton, S. (1995). Toxic sludge is good for you. Common Courage Press.
  • Tandoc, E. C., Lim, Z. W., & Ling, R. (2018). Defining “fake news”: A typology of scholarly definitions. Digital Journalism, 6(2), 137–153. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2017.1360143
  • The New StatesMan. (2018, 7 Ağustos). Brexit astroturfing: did fake grassroots groups help swing the EU referendum? https://www.newstatesman.com/long-reads/2018/08/brexit-astroturfing-did-fake-grassrootsgroups-help-swing-eu-referendum
  • Vaccari, C. (2017). Online mobilization in comparative perspective: Digital appeals and political engagement in Germany, Italy, And The United Kingdom. Political Communication, 34(1), 69–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/10584609.2016.1201558
  • Vote Leave Take Control. (2021, June 15). The EU already costs us £350 million a week. Brefing Room. Retrieved June 15, 2021, from http://www.voteleavetakecontrol.org/briefing.html
  • Walker, E. T. (2014). Grassroots for hire: Public affairs consultants in American democracy. Cambridge University Press.
  • Wardle, C., & Derakhshan, H. (2017). Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policymaking, 27,1-107. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
  • Waterson, J. (2019, 3 April). Facebook Brexit ads secretly run by staff of Lynton Crosby firm. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2019/apr/03/grassroots-facebookbrexit-ads-secretly-run-by-staff-of-lynton-crosby-firm
  • Woolley, S. C., & Howard, P. N. (2018). Computational propaganda: Political parties, politicians, and political manipulation on social media. Oxford University Press.
  • Yetkin, B. (2019). Dijitalleşen siyasal iletişimde bilişimsel propaganda: Botlar. Atatürk İletişim Dergisi, (16), 51–72. https://doi.org/10.32952/atauniiletisim.486854
There are 49 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Public Relations
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Şeyma Filiz 0000-0002-5264-0857

Gaye Aslı Sancar Demren 0000-0002-5744-4900

Publication Date June 30, 2023
Submission Date December 30, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2023 Issue: 14

Cite

APA Filiz, Ş., & Sancar Demren, G. A. (2023). Stratejik İletişim Bağlamında Dijital Lobicilik: Vote Leave Kampanyasının Astroturf Taktikler Üzerinden Niteliksel Analizi. Yeni Medya(14), 178-196. https://doi.org/10.55609/yenimedya.1226986

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