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Geç Oligosen Yaşlı Kömür Damarının (VI no’lu) Mineralojik, Petrografik ve Jeokimyasal Özellikleri: Elementel Zenginleşmeler ve Çökelme Ortamı Değerlendirmeleri (İbrice Sahası, Trakya Havzası)

Year 2024, Volume: 45 Issue: 1, 1 - 51, 28.04.2024
https://doi.org/10.17824/yerbilimleri.1393877

Abstract

Trakya Havzası, Geç Oligosen yaşlı, kömür içeren Danişmen Formasyonu içerisinde, I'den VII'ye kadar işletilebilir kömür damarına ev sahipliği yapmaktadır. Elementel zenginleşmelerin ve paleoortam koşullarının değerlendirilmesi amacıyla İbrice (Malkara) bölgesindeki Damar-VI'nın özellikleri ilk kez bu çalışma kapsamında araştırılmıştır. İncelenen kömür örneklerinden tüm kömür kalınlığını temsil edecek şekilde ksilitçe zengin ve mineralce zengin litotipleri tanımlanmıştır. Kömür örnekleri kuru bazda geniş bir aralıkta kül verimi (%13,2–63,0), toplam C (%21,2–57,8) ve toplam S (%0,9–4,1) içeriğini göstermektedir. XRD-tüm kaya analizi kullanılarak tanımlanan mineraller kil mineralleri, kuvars, pirit, kalsit, dolomit ve feldspatlardır. Siderit yalnızca bir örnekten tanımlanırken, fosil kabuk kalıntıları içeren iki örnekte aragonit tespit edilmiştir. SEM gözlemleri XRD verileriyle uyumlu olup, apatit, barit, biyotit, pentlandit, sfalerit, Ti-oksit ve zirkon da aksesuar fazlar olarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışılan örneklerde hüminit baskın maseral grubunu oluştururken, liptinit ve inertinit grubu maseraller değişken oranlar göstermektedir. Ulminit maserallerinin ortalama %Rr değerleri 0,40-0,41±0,01-0,02% civarında olup, nispeten düşük dereceli kömürü işaret etmektedir. Bu çalışma, Damar-VI'nın ilksel turba bataklıklarının çoğunlukla odunsu turba oluşturan bitkilerin yaygın olduğu ormanlık bataklık koşullarında geliştiğini ve zaman zaman otsu bitkilerin katkılarının arttığını işaret etmektedir. Sinjenetik pirit ve karbonat minerallerinin (örneğin, siderit ve karbonat mineral bantları) bir arada bulunması, ilksel turbalıklardaki zayıf asidik ila nötr koşulların gelişimi ile ilişkili olabilir. Ayrıca, kil minerallerinin baskınlığı ve kırıntılı aksesuar minerallerin (örneğin apatit, pentlandit ve Ti-oksitler) varlığı da ilksel turbalıklara kırıntılı sedimant girdisinin göstergeleri olabilir. Her ne kadar alüminosilikat mineralleri (örneğin kil mineralleri) baskın bol ve baskın fazlar olarak bulunsa da, SEM-EDX verileri esasen aksesuar minerallerin Damar-VI'daki elementel zenginleşmeleri kontrol ettiğini göstermektedir. Örneklerdeki Mn zenginleşmelerinin Mn içeren siderit mikronodüller tarafından kontrol edildiği görülmektedir. Istranca ve Rodop masiflerinde sülfit mineralizasyonu ve metalik cevher yataklarının varlığı göz önüne alındığında, örneklerdeki Cr, Co, Ni, Ge ve Mo zenginleşmeleri, kil mineral agregatları içindeki As içeren pirit taneleri ve aksesuar sfalerit ve pentlandit taneleri ile ilişkilidir. Ayrıca feldspat taneleri etrafındaki Sr taşıyan barit büyümeleri ve sinjenetik karbonat mineral bantları Sr zenginleşmesine neden olabilir. Genel olarak, turba birikimi sırasında ilksel turbalıklara kırıntı girdisinin oranı ve pH koşullarının Damar-VI'daki element zenginleşmelerini kontrol ettiği anlaşılmaktadır.

Supporting Institution

Balıkesir Üniversitesi BAP Koordinasyon Birimi

Project Number

2022/043

References

  • Akgün F., Akkiraz, M.S., Üçbaş, S.D., Bozcu, M., Kapan-YeşIlyurt, S., Bozcu, A., 2013. Oligocene vegetation and climate characteristics in north-west Turkey: Data from the south-western part of the Thrace Basin. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 22, 277-303. DOI: 10.3906/yer-1201-3
  • Akkemik Ü., Köse N., Poole, I., 2005. Sequoioideae (Cupressaceae) woods from the upper Oligocene of European Turkey (Thrace). Phytologia Balcanica, 11 (2), 119-131.
  • Altschuler, Z.S., Schnepfe, M.M., Silber, C.C., Simon, F.O., 1983. Sulfur diagenesis in Everglades peat and origin of pyrite in coal. Science, 221(4607), 221-227. DOI: 10.1126/science.221.4607.221
  • American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D3174, 2020. Standard method of ash in the analysis sample of coal and coke from coal. ASTM, Philadelphia, 6pp. DOI: 10.1520/D3174-12R18
  • American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D3175, 2020. Standard method of volatile matter in the analysis sample of coal and coke from coal. ASTM, Philadelphia, 14pp. DOI: 10.1520/D3175-20
  • American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D3302/D3302M, 2022. Standard test method for total moisture in coal. ASTM, Philadelphia, 10pp. DOI: 10.1520/D3302_D3302M-22
  • American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D4326, 2021. Standard test method for major and minor elements in coal ash by x-ray fluorescence. ASTM, Philadelphia, 9pp. DOI: 10.1520/D4326-21
  • American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D5373, 2021. Standard Test Methods for determination of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen in analysis samples of coal and carbon in analysis samples of coal and coke. ASTM, Philadelphia, 11pp. DOI: 10.1520/D5373-21
  • American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D5865/D5865M, 2019. Standard test method for gross calorific value of coal and coke. ASTM, Philadelphia, 19pp. DOI: 10.1520/D5865_D5865M-19
  • Antoshkina, A.I., Ryabinkina, N.N., Valyaeva, O.V., 2017. Genesis of siderite nodules from the lower Carboniferous terrigenous sequence in the Subpolar Urals. Lithology and Mineral Resources, 52, 111-124. DOI: 10.1134/S0024490217020031
  • Bechtel, A., Markic, M., Sachsenhofer, R.F., Jelen B., Gratzer, R., Lücke, A., Püttmann, W., 2004. Paleoenvironment of the upper Oligocene Trbovlje coal seam (Slovenia). International Journal of Coal Geology, 57(1), 23-48. DOI: 10.1016/j.coal.2003.08.005
  • Bernstein, L.R., 1985. Germanium geochemistry and mineralogy. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 49(11), 2409-2422. DOI: 10.1016/0016-7037(85)90241-8

Mineralogical, Petrographical and Geochemical Properties of the Late Oligocene Coal Seam (Seam-VI): Insights into Elemental Enrichments and Palaeodepositional Environment (İbrice field, Thrace Basin)

Year 2024, Volume: 45 Issue: 1, 1 - 51, 28.04.2024
https://doi.org/10.17824/yerbilimleri.1393877

Abstract

The Thrace Basin hosts several mineable coal seams (upwards numbered I to VII) within the coal-bearing Late Oligocene-age Danişmen Formation. For the first time, the properties of the Seam-VI in the İbrice (Malkara) area have been investigated in order to evaluate elemental enrichments and palaeoenvironmental conditions. The xylite-rich and mineral-rich lithotypes were identified from the studied coal samples representing the whole-coal thickness. The coal samples, on a dry basis, display variable ash yields (13.2–63.0%), total C (21.2–57.8%), and total S (0.9–4.1%) contents. The minerals identified using XRD-whole rock analysis include clay minerals, quartz, pyrite, calcite, dolomite, and feldspars. Siderite is only identified in a single sample. Aragonite is detected in two samples, which contain fossil shell remains. The SEM observations agree with XRD data, and apatite, barite, biotite, pentlandite, sphalerite, Ti-oxide, and zircon were also identified as accessory phases. Huminite is the predominant maceral group in the studied samples, while liptinite and inertinite group macerals display variable proportions. The mean %Rr values of ulminite macerals are around 0.40-0.41±0.01-0.02%, indicating relatively low-rank coal. This study implies that the precursor peat-mires of the Seam-VI were mainly developed under forested mire conditions, where woody peat-forming plants were abundant, and occasionally the contributions of herbaceous plants were important. The coexistence of syngenetic pyrite and carbonate minerals (e.g., siderite and carbonate mineral bands) could be related to the development of weakly acidic to neutral conditions within palaeomires. Furthermore, the predominance of clay minerals and the presence of detrital accessory minerals (e.g., apatite, pentlandite, and Ti-oxides) can also be indicators of clastic influx into palaeomires. Although aluminosilicate minerals (e.g., clay minerals) are abundant in dominant phases, SEM-EDX data shows that accessory minerals mainly control the elemental enrichments in the Seam-VI. The Mn enrichments in the samples seem to be controlled by Mn-bearing siderite micronodules. Considering the presence of sulphide mineralization and metallic ore deposits in the Strandja and Rhodope massifs, enrichments of Cr, Co, Ni, Ge, and Mo are related to As-bearing pyrite grains and accessory sphalerite and pentlandite grains within clay mineral aggregates in the samples. In addition, the Sr-bearing barite overgrowths around feldspar grains and syngenetic carbonate mineral bands could also cause Sr enrichments. Overall, clastic influx ratios into palaeomires and pH conditions during peat accumulation controlled the elemental enrichments in the Seam-VI.

Project Number

2022/043

References

  • Akgün F., Akkiraz, M.S., Üçbaş, S.D., Bozcu, M., Kapan-YeşIlyurt, S., Bozcu, A., 2013. Oligocene vegetation and climate characteristics in north-west Turkey: Data from the south-western part of the Thrace Basin. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 22, 277-303. DOI: 10.3906/yer-1201-3
  • Akkemik Ü., Köse N., Poole, I., 2005. Sequoioideae (Cupressaceae) woods from the upper Oligocene of European Turkey (Thrace). Phytologia Balcanica, 11 (2), 119-131.
  • Altschuler, Z.S., Schnepfe, M.M., Silber, C.C., Simon, F.O., 1983. Sulfur diagenesis in Everglades peat and origin of pyrite in coal. Science, 221(4607), 221-227. DOI: 10.1126/science.221.4607.221
  • American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D3174, 2020. Standard method of ash in the analysis sample of coal and coke from coal. ASTM, Philadelphia, 6pp. DOI: 10.1520/D3174-12R18
  • American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D3175, 2020. Standard method of volatile matter in the analysis sample of coal and coke from coal. ASTM, Philadelphia, 14pp. DOI: 10.1520/D3175-20
  • American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D3302/D3302M, 2022. Standard test method for total moisture in coal. ASTM, Philadelphia, 10pp. DOI: 10.1520/D3302_D3302M-22
  • American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D4326, 2021. Standard test method for major and minor elements in coal ash by x-ray fluorescence. ASTM, Philadelphia, 9pp. DOI: 10.1520/D4326-21
  • American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D5373, 2021. Standard Test Methods for determination of carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen in analysis samples of coal and carbon in analysis samples of coal and coke. ASTM, Philadelphia, 11pp. DOI: 10.1520/D5373-21
  • American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D5865/D5865M, 2019. Standard test method for gross calorific value of coal and coke. ASTM, Philadelphia, 19pp. DOI: 10.1520/D5865_D5865M-19
  • Antoshkina, A.I., Ryabinkina, N.N., Valyaeva, O.V., 2017. Genesis of siderite nodules from the lower Carboniferous terrigenous sequence in the Subpolar Urals. Lithology and Mineral Resources, 52, 111-124. DOI: 10.1134/S0024490217020031
  • Bechtel, A., Markic, M., Sachsenhofer, R.F., Jelen B., Gratzer, R., Lücke, A., Püttmann, W., 2004. Paleoenvironment of the upper Oligocene Trbovlje coal seam (Slovenia). International Journal of Coal Geology, 57(1), 23-48. DOI: 10.1016/j.coal.2003.08.005
  • Bernstein, L.R., 1985. Germanium geochemistry and mineralogy. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 49(11), 2409-2422. DOI: 10.1016/0016-7037(85)90241-8
There are 12 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects General Geology, Mineral Stratum and Geochemistry
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ali İhsan Karayiğit 0000-0001-9743-4611

Rıza Görkem Oskay 0000-0003-0748-8363

Cüneyt Bircan 0000-0002-4399-8961

Project Number 2022/043
Publication Date April 28, 2024
Submission Date November 21, 2023
Acceptance Date February 26, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 45 Issue: 1

Cite

EndNote Karayiğit Aİ, Oskay RG, Bircan C (April 1, 2024) Mineralogical, Petrographical and Geochemical Properties of the Late Oligocene Coal Seam (Seam-VI): Insights into Elemental Enrichments and Palaeodepositional Environment (İbrice field, Thrace Basin). Yerbilimleri 45 1 1–51.