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The Health Effects of Alpha Lipoic Acid

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 11 - 23, 10.12.2014

Öz

Alpha-lipoic acid is a natural substance found in a variety of foods and also synthesized in the human body.
Both alpha lipoic acid and its reduced form dihydrolipoic acid are antioxidants. The antioxidant mechanisms are
scavenging free radicals, chelating with metals, regenerating other antioxidants and repairing oxidative damage.
It reduces heavy metal toxication by chelating. Lipoic acid supports blood glucose balance by effecting insülin
signal pathways. Because of its effects on oxidative stres and glucose balance lipoic acid may prevent diabetic
complications and neuro degenerative diseases and their progression.

Kaynakça

  • Allison Sarubin Fragakis, C. T. (2007). Popular dietary supplements (3. ed.). United States of America: Diana Faulhaber.
  • Barbiroli, B., Medori, R., Tritschler, H. J., Klopstock, T., Seibel, P., Reichmann, H., Zaniol, P. (1995). Lipoic (thioctic) acid increases brain energy availability and skeletal muscle performance as shown by in vivo 31P-MRS in a patient with mitochondrial cytopathy. J Neurol, 242(7), 472-477.
  • Berkson, B. M. (1999). A conservative triple antioxidant approach to the treatment of hepatitis C. Combination of alpha lipoic acid (thioctic acid), silymarin, and selenium: three case histories. Med Klin (Munich), 94 Suppl 3, 84-89.
  • Biewenga, G. P., Haenen, G. R., & Bast, A. (1997). The pharmacology of the antioxidant lipoic acid. Gen Pharmacol, 29(3), 315-331.
  • Cadenas, E. (2001). Handbook of antioxidants (2. ed. Vol. 23). New York: Marcel Dekker Incorporated.
  • Cameron, N. E., Cotter, M. A., Horrobin, D. H., & Tritschler, H. J. (1998). Effects of alpha-lipoic acid on neurovascular function in diabetic rats: interaction with essential fatty acids. Diabetologia, 41(4), 390-399.
  • Cui, X., Zuo, P., Zhang, Q., Li, X., Hu, Y., Long, J., Liu, J. (2006). Chronic systemic D-galactose exposure induces memory loss, neurodegeneration, and oxidative damage in mice: protective effects of R-alpha-lipoic acid. J Neurosci Res, 83(8), 1584-1590. doi: 10.1002/jnr.20845
  • Farr, S. A., Poon, H. F., Dogrukol-Ak, D., Drake, J., Banks, W. A., Eyerman, E., Morley, J. E. (2003). The antioxidants alpha-lipoic acid and N-acetylcysteine reverse memory impairment and brain oxidative stress in aged SAMP8 mice. J Neurochem, 84(5), 1173-1183.
  • Frizzell, N., & Baynes, J. W. (2013). Chelation therapy: overlooked in the treatment and prevention of diabetes complications? Future Med Chem, 5(10), 1075-1078. doi: 10.4155/fmc.13.73
  • Gomes, M. B., & Negrato, C. A. (2014). Alpha-lipoic acid as a pleiotropic compound with potential therapeutic use in diabetes and other chronic diseases. Diabetol Metab Syndr, 6(1), 80. doi: 10.1186/1758-5996-6-80
  • Gonzalez-Perez, O., Gonzalez-Castaneda, R. E., Huerta, M., Luquin, S., Gomez- Pinedo, U., Sanchez-Almaraz, E., Garcia-Estrada, J. (2002). Beneficial effects of alpha-lipoic acid plus vitamin E on neurological deficit, reactive gliosis and neuronal remodeling in the penumbra of the ischemic rat brain. Neurosci Lett, 321(1-2), 100- 104.
  • Hagen, T. M., Liu, J., Lykkesfeldt, J., Wehr, C. M., Ingersoll, R. T., Vinarsky, V., Ames, B. N. (2002). Feeding acetyl-L-carnitine and lipoic acid to old rats significantly improves metabolic function while decreasing oxidative stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 99(4), 1870-1875. doi: 10.1073/pnas.261708898
  • Hager, K., Marahrens, A., Kenklies, M., Riederer, P., & Munch, G. (2001). Alpha- lipoic acid as a new treatment option for Alzheimer [corrected] type dementia. Arch Gerontol Geriatr, 32(3), 275-282.
  • Haugaard, N., & Haugaard, E. S. (1970). Stimulation of glucose utilization by thioctic acid in rat diaphragm incubated in vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta, 222(3), 583-586.
  • Ira Wolinsky, J. D. (2004). Nutritional ergogenic aids (1. ed.). United States of America: CRC Press.
  • Jacob, S., Ruus, P., Hermann, R., Tritschler, H. J., Maerker, E., Renn, W., Rett, K. (1999). Oral administration of RAC-alpha-lipoic acid modulates insulin sensitivity in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus: a placebo-controlled pilot trial. Free Radic Biol Med, 27(3-4), 309-314.
  • Kayali, R., Cakatay, U., Akcay, T., & Altug, T. (2006). Effect of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on markers of protein oxidation in post-mitotic tissues of ageing rat. Cell Biochem Funct, 24(1), 79-85. doi: 10.1002/cbf.1190
  • Khamaisi, M., Potashnik, R., Tirosh, A., Demshchak, E., Rudich, A., Tritschler, H., Bashan, N. (1997). Lipoic acid reduces glycemia and increases muscle GLUT4 content in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Metabolism, 46(7), 763-768.
  • Kilic, F., Handelman, G. J., Traber, K., Tsang, K., Packer, L., & Trevithick, J. R. (1998). Modelling cortical cataractogenesis XX. In vitro effect of alpha-lipoic acid on glutathione concentrations in lens in model diabetic cataractogenesis. Biochem Mol Biol Int, 46(3), 585-595.
  • Konrad, T., Vicini, P., Kusterer, K., Hoflich, A., Assadkhani, A., Bohles, H. J., Usadel, K. H. (1999). alpha-Lipoic acid treatment decreases serum lactate and pyruvate concentrations and improves glucose effectiveness in lean and obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 22(2), 280-287.
  • Kozlov, A. V., Gille, L., Staniek, K., & Nohl, H. (1999). Dihydrolipoic acid maintains ubiquinone in the antioxidant active form by two-electron reduction of ubiquinone and one-electron reduction of ubisemiquinone. Arch Biochem Biophys, 363(1), 148-154. doi: 10.1006/abbi.1998.1064
  • Krishna, S., Brown, N., Faller, D. V., & Spanjaard, R. A. (2002). Differential effects of short-chain fatty acids on head and neck squamous carcinoma cells. Laryngoscope, 112(4), 645-650. doi: 10.1097/00005537-200204000-00010
  • Liu, J., Head, E., Gharib, A. M., Yuan, W., Ingersoll, R. T., Hagen, T. M., Ames, B. N. (2002). Memory loss in old rats is associated with brain mitochondrial decay and RNA/DNA oxidation: partial reversal by feeding acetyl-L-carnitine and/or R-alpha - lipoic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S
  • A, 99(4), 2356-2361.
  • doi: 1073/pnas.261709299
  • Liu, J., Killilea, D. W., & Ames, B. N. (2002). Age-associated mitochondrial oxidative decay: improvement of carnitine acetyltransferase substrate-binding affinity and activity in brain by feeding old rats acetyl-L- carnitine and/or R-alpha -lipoic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 99(4), 1876-1881. doi: 10.1073/pnas.261709098
  • Manda, K., Ueno, M., Moritake, T., & Anzai, K. (2007). Radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction and cerebellar oxidative stress in mice: protective effect of alpha-lipoic acid. Behav Brain Res, 177(1), 7-14. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2006.11.013
  • Mantovani, G., Maccio, A., Madeddu, C., Mura, L., Gramignano, G., Lusso, M. R., Massa, E. (2003). The impact of different antioxidant agents alone or in combination on reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzymes and cytokines in a series of advanced cancer patients at different sites: correlation with disease progression. Free Radic Res, 37(2), 213-223.
  • Mantovani, G., Maccio, A., Melis, G., Mura, L., Massa, E., & Mudu, M. C. (2000). Restoration of functional defects in peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from cancer patients by thiol antioxidants alpha-lipoic acid and N-acetyl cysteine. Int J Cancer, 86(6), 842-847.
  • Mitsui, Y., Schmelzer, J. D., Zollman, P. J., Mitsui, M., Tritschler, H. J., & Low, P. A. (1999). Alpha-lipoic acid provides neuroprotection from ischemia-reperfusion injury of peripheral nerve. J Neurol Sci, 163(1), 11-16.
  • Moini, H., Packer, L., & Saris, N. E. (2002). Antioxidant and prooxidant activities of alpha-lipoic acid and dihydrolipoic acid. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 182(1), 84-90.
  • Morris, T. W., Reed, K. E., & Cronan, J. E., Jr. (1995). Lipoic acid metabolism in Escherichia coli: the lplA and lipB genes define redundant pathways for ligation of lipoyl groups to apoprotein. J Bacteriol, 177(1), 1-10.
  • Muller, L., & Menzel, H. (1990). Studies on the efficacy of lipoate and dihydrolipoate in the alteration of cadmium2+ toxicity in isolated hepatocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1052(3), 386-391.
  • Mustafa Özçetin, R. Y., Ramazan Tetikçok, Erhan Karaaslan, Zafer Dürer, Bilge Narin. (2012). On aylık çocukta alfa lipoik asit intoksikasyonu; olgu sunumu. Anatolian Journal of Clinical Investigation, 6(1), 66-67.
  • Nourooz-Zadeh, J., Rahimi, A., Tajaddini-Sarmadi, J., Tritschler, H., Rosen, P., Halliwell, B., & Betteridge, D. J. (1997). Relationships between plasma measures of oxidative stress and metabolic control in NIDDM. Diabetologia, 40(6), 647-653. doi: 10.1007/s001250050729
  • Oberley, L. W. (1988). Free radicals and diabetes. Free Radic Biol Med, 5(2), 113- 124.
  • Packer, L., Kraemer, K., & Rimbach, G. (2001). Molecular aspects of lipoic acid in the prevention of diabetes complications. Nutrition, 17(10), 888-895.
  • Packer, L., Witt, E. H., & Tritschler, H. J. (1995). alpha-Lipoic acid as a biological antioxidant. Free Radic Biol Med, 19(2), 227-250.
  • Patel, M. S., & Roche, T. E. (1990). Molecular biology and biochemistry of pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes. FASEB J, 4(14), 3224-3233.
  • Quinn, J. F., Bussiere, J. R., Hammond, R. S., Montine, T. J., Henson, E., Jones, R. E., & Stackman, R. W., Jr. (2007). Chronic dietary alpha-lipoic acid reduces deficits in hippocampal memory of aged Tg2576 mice. Neurobiol Aging, 28(2), 213-225. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.12.014
  • Reed, L. J., De, B. B., Gunsalus, I. C., & Hornberger, C. S., Jr. (1951). Crystalline alpha-lipoic acid; a catalytic agent associated with pyruvate dehydrogenase. Science, 114(2952), 93-94.
  • Reljanovic, M., Reichel, G., Rett, K., Lobisch, M., Schuette, K., Moller, W., Mehnert, H. (1999). Treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy with the antioxidant thioctic acid (alpha-lipoic acid): a two year multicenter randomized double-blind placebo- controlled trial (ALADIN II). Alpha Lipoic Acid in Diabetic Neuropathy. Free Radic Res, 31(3), 171-179.
  • Schreibelt, G., Musters, R. J., Reijerkerk, A., de Groot, L. R., van der Pol, S. M., Hendrikx, E. M., de Vries, H. E. (2006). Lipoic acid affects cellular migration into the central nervous system and stabilizes blood-brain barrier integrity. J Immunol, 177(4), 2630-2637.
  • Scott, B. C., Aruoma, O. I., Evans, P. J., O'Neill, C., Van der Vliet, A., Cross, C. E., Halliwell, B. (1994). Lipoic and dihydrolipoic acids as antioxidants. A critical evaluation. Free Radic Res, 20(2), 119-133.
  • Sharma, M., & Gupta, Y. K. (2003). Effect of alpha lipoic acid on intracerebroventricular streptozotocin model of cognitive impairment in rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 13(4), 241-247.
  • Shay, K. P., Moreau, R. F., Smith, E. J., Smith, A. R., & Hagen, T. M. (2009). Alpha- lipoic acid as a dietary supplement: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1790(10), 1149-1160. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.07.026
  • Snell, E. E., Strong, F. M., & Peterson, W. H. (1937). Growth factors for bacteria: Fractionation and properties of an accessory factor for lactic acid bacteria. Biochem J, 31(10), 1789-1799.
  • Streeper, R. S., Henriksen, E. J., Jacob, S., Hokama, J. Y., Fogt, D. L., & Tritschler, H. J. (1997). Differential effects of lipoic acid stereoisomers on glucose metabolism in insulin-resistant skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol, 273(1 Pt 1), E185-191.
  • Szelag, M., Mikulski, D., & Molski, M. (2012). Quantum-chemical investigation of the structure and the antioxidant properties of alpha-lipoic acid and its metabolites. J Mol Model, 18(7), 2907-2916. doi: 10.1007/s00894-011-1306-y
  • Yaworsky, K., Somwar, R., Ramlal, T., Tritschler, H. J., & Klip, A. (2000). Engagement of the insulin-sensitive pathway in the stimulation of glucose transport by alpha-lipoic acid in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Diabetologia, 43(3), 294-303.
  • Ziegler, D., Hanefeld, M., Ruhnau, K. J., Hasche, H., Lobisch, M., Schutte, K., Malessa, R. (1999). Treatment of symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid: a 7-month multicenter randomized controlled trial (ALADIN III Study). ALADIN III Study Group. Alpha-Lipoic Acid in Diabetic Neuropathy. Diabetes Care, 22(8), 1296-1301.
  • Tablo 1: Alfa lipoik asidin ve DHLA’nın reaktif oksijen ve nitrojen türlerini yakalama özellikleri (Packer et al., 1995) Antioksidan Özellik Alfa Lipoik Asit DHLA
  • Hidrojen peroksit +++ +++
  • Tekli oksijen +++ ----
  • Hidroksil radikali +++ +++
  • Nitrik oksit radikali +++ +++
  • Süperoksit radikali ---- +++ Hipokloröz asit +++ +++ Peroksinitrit +++ +++ Peroksil radikali ----- +++

Alfa Lipoik Asidin Sağlık Üzerine Etkileri

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1, 11 - 23, 10.12.2014

Öz

Alfa lipoik asit, çeşitli yiyeceklerde bulunan ve vücutta da sentezlenebilen bir maddedir. Hem alfa lipoik asit hem de indirgenmiş formu olan dihidrolipoik asit antioksidan özellik göstermektedir. Bu antioksidan etkisini serbest radikal yakalama, metallerle şelat oluşturma, diğer antioksidanların yeniden kullanılabilirliğini arttırma ve oksidatif hasarı onarma mekanizmaları yardımıyla gerçekleştirir. Ağır metallerle şelat oluşturarak toksik etkilerini azaltabilmektedir. İnsülinin sinyal yolaklarını etkileyerek kan glikozu dengesinin sağlanmasına yardımcı olur. Oksidatif stres ve glikoz dengesi üzerindeki etkileri nedeniyle diyabetik komplikasyonların ve nörodejeneratif hastalıkların oluşumunu ve ilerlemesini önleyebilmektedir

Kaynakça

  • Allison Sarubin Fragakis, C. T. (2007). Popular dietary supplements (3. ed.). United States of America: Diana Faulhaber.
  • Barbiroli, B., Medori, R., Tritschler, H. J., Klopstock, T., Seibel, P., Reichmann, H., Zaniol, P. (1995). Lipoic (thioctic) acid increases brain energy availability and skeletal muscle performance as shown by in vivo 31P-MRS in a patient with mitochondrial cytopathy. J Neurol, 242(7), 472-477.
  • Berkson, B. M. (1999). A conservative triple antioxidant approach to the treatment of hepatitis C. Combination of alpha lipoic acid (thioctic acid), silymarin, and selenium: three case histories. Med Klin (Munich), 94 Suppl 3, 84-89.
  • Biewenga, G. P., Haenen, G. R., & Bast, A. (1997). The pharmacology of the antioxidant lipoic acid. Gen Pharmacol, 29(3), 315-331.
  • Cadenas, E. (2001). Handbook of antioxidants (2. ed. Vol. 23). New York: Marcel Dekker Incorporated.
  • Cameron, N. E., Cotter, M. A., Horrobin, D. H., & Tritschler, H. J. (1998). Effects of alpha-lipoic acid on neurovascular function in diabetic rats: interaction with essential fatty acids. Diabetologia, 41(4), 390-399.
  • Cui, X., Zuo, P., Zhang, Q., Li, X., Hu, Y., Long, J., Liu, J. (2006). Chronic systemic D-galactose exposure induces memory loss, neurodegeneration, and oxidative damage in mice: protective effects of R-alpha-lipoic acid. J Neurosci Res, 83(8), 1584-1590. doi: 10.1002/jnr.20845
  • Farr, S. A., Poon, H. F., Dogrukol-Ak, D., Drake, J., Banks, W. A., Eyerman, E., Morley, J. E. (2003). The antioxidants alpha-lipoic acid and N-acetylcysteine reverse memory impairment and brain oxidative stress in aged SAMP8 mice. J Neurochem, 84(5), 1173-1183.
  • Frizzell, N., & Baynes, J. W. (2013). Chelation therapy: overlooked in the treatment and prevention of diabetes complications? Future Med Chem, 5(10), 1075-1078. doi: 10.4155/fmc.13.73
  • Gomes, M. B., & Negrato, C. A. (2014). Alpha-lipoic acid as a pleiotropic compound with potential therapeutic use in diabetes and other chronic diseases. Diabetol Metab Syndr, 6(1), 80. doi: 10.1186/1758-5996-6-80
  • Gonzalez-Perez, O., Gonzalez-Castaneda, R. E., Huerta, M., Luquin, S., Gomez- Pinedo, U., Sanchez-Almaraz, E., Garcia-Estrada, J. (2002). Beneficial effects of alpha-lipoic acid plus vitamin E on neurological deficit, reactive gliosis and neuronal remodeling in the penumbra of the ischemic rat brain. Neurosci Lett, 321(1-2), 100- 104.
  • Hagen, T. M., Liu, J., Lykkesfeldt, J., Wehr, C. M., Ingersoll, R. T., Vinarsky, V., Ames, B. N. (2002). Feeding acetyl-L-carnitine and lipoic acid to old rats significantly improves metabolic function while decreasing oxidative stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 99(4), 1870-1875. doi: 10.1073/pnas.261708898
  • Hager, K., Marahrens, A., Kenklies, M., Riederer, P., & Munch, G. (2001). Alpha- lipoic acid as a new treatment option for Alzheimer [corrected] type dementia. Arch Gerontol Geriatr, 32(3), 275-282.
  • Haugaard, N., & Haugaard, E. S. (1970). Stimulation of glucose utilization by thioctic acid in rat diaphragm incubated in vitro. Biochim Biophys Acta, 222(3), 583-586.
  • Ira Wolinsky, J. D. (2004). Nutritional ergogenic aids (1. ed.). United States of America: CRC Press.
  • Jacob, S., Ruus, P., Hermann, R., Tritschler, H. J., Maerker, E., Renn, W., Rett, K. (1999). Oral administration of RAC-alpha-lipoic acid modulates insulin sensitivity in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus: a placebo-controlled pilot trial. Free Radic Biol Med, 27(3-4), 309-314.
  • Kayali, R., Cakatay, U., Akcay, T., & Altug, T. (2006). Effect of alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on markers of protein oxidation in post-mitotic tissues of ageing rat. Cell Biochem Funct, 24(1), 79-85. doi: 10.1002/cbf.1190
  • Khamaisi, M., Potashnik, R., Tirosh, A., Demshchak, E., Rudich, A., Tritschler, H., Bashan, N. (1997). Lipoic acid reduces glycemia and increases muscle GLUT4 content in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Metabolism, 46(7), 763-768.
  • Kilic, F., Handelman, G. J., Traber, K., Tsang, K., Packer, L., & Trevithick, J. R. (1998). Modelling cortical cataractogenesis XX. In vitro effect of alpha-lipoic acid on glutathione concentrations in lens in model diabetic cataractogenesis. Biochem Mol Biol Int, 46(3), 585-595.
  • Konrad, T., Vicini, P., Kusterer, K., Hoflich, A., Assadkhani, A., Bohles, H. J., Usadel, K. H. (1999). alpha-Lipoic acid treatment decreases serum lactate and pyruvate concentrations and improves glucose effectiveness in lean and obese patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 22(2), 280-287.
  • Kozlov, A. V., Gille, L., Staniek, K., & Nohl, H. (1999). Dihydrolipoic acid maintains ubiquinone in the antioxidant active form by two-electron reduction of ubiquinone and one-electron reduction of ubisemiquinone. Arch Biochem Biophys, 363(1), 148-154. doi: 10.1006/abbi.1998.1064
  • Krishna, S., Brown, N., Faller, D. V., & Spanjaard, R. A. (2002). Differential effects of short-chain fatty acids on head and neck squamous carcinoma cells. Laryngoscope, 112(4), 645-650. doi: 10.1097/00005537-200204000-00010
  • Liu, J., Head, E., Gharib, A. M., Yuan, W., Ingersoll, R. T., Hagen, T. M., Ames, B. N. (2002). Memory loss in old rats is associated with brain mitochondrial decay and RNA/DNA oxidation: partial reversal by feeding acetyl-L-carnitine and/or R-alpha - lipoic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S
  • A, 99(4), 2356-2361.
  • doi: 1073/pnas.261709299
  • Liu, J., Killilea, D. W., & Ames, B. N. (2002). Age-associated mitochondrial oxidative decay: improvement of carnitine acetyltransferase substrate-binding affinity and activity in brain by feeding old rats acetyl-L- carnitine and/or R-alpha -lipoic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 99(4), 1876-1881. doi: 10.1073/pnas.261709098
  • Manda, K., Ueno, M., Moritake, T., & Anzai, K. (2007). Radiation-induced cognitive dysfunction and cerebellar oxidative stress in mice: protective effect of alpha-lipoic acid. Behav Brain Res, 177(1), 7-14. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2006.11.013
  • Mantovani, G., Maccio, A., Madeddu, C., Mura, L., Gramignano, G., Lusso, M. R., Massa, E. (2003). The impact of different antioxidant agents alone or in combination on reactive oxygen species, antioxidant enzymes and cytokines in a series of advanced cancer patients at different sites: correlation with disease progression. Free Radic Res, 37(2), 213-223.
  • Mantovani, G., Maccio, A., Melis, G., Mura, L., Massa, E., & Mudu, M. C. (2000). Restoration of functional defects in peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from cancer patients by thiol antioxidants alpha-lipoic acid and N-acetyl cysteine. Int J Cancer, 86(6), 842-847.
  • Mitsui, Y., Schmelzer, J. D., Zollman, P. J., Mitsui, M., Tritschler, H. J., & Low, P. A. (1999). Alpha-lipoic acid provides neuroprotection from ischemia-reperfusion injury of peripheral nerve. J Neurol Sci, 163(1), 11-16.
  • Moini, H., Packer, L., & Saris, N. E. (2002). Antioxidant and prooxidant activities of alpha-lipoic acid and dihydrolipoic acid. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 182(1), 84-90.
  • Morris, T. W., Reed, K. E., & Cronan, J. E., Jr. (1995). Lipoic acid metabolism in Escherichia coli: the lplA and lipB genes define redundant pathways for ligation of lipoyl groups to apoprotein. J Bacteriol, 177(1), 1-10.
  • Muller, L., & Menzel, H. (1990). Studies on the efficacy of lipoate and dihydrolipoate in the alteration of cadmium2+ toxicity in isolated hepatocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1052(3), 386-391.
  • Mustafa Özçetin, R. Y., Ramazan Tetikçok, Erhan Karaaslan, Zafer Dürer, Bilge Narin. (2012). On aylık çocukta alfa lipoik asit intoksikasyonu; olgu sunumu. Anatolian Journal of Clinical Investigation, 6(1), 66-67.
  • Nourooz-Zadeh, J., Rahimi, A., Tajaddini-Sarmadi, J., Tritschler, H., Rosen, P., Halliwell, B., & Betteridge, D. J. (1997). Relationships between plasma measures of oxidative stress and metabolic control in NIDDM. Diabetologia, 40(6), 647-653. doi: 10.1007/s001250050729
  • Oberley, L. W. (1988). Free radicals and diabetes. Free Radic Biol Med, 5(2), 113- 124.
  • Packer, L., Kraemer, K., & Rimbach, G. (2001). Molecular aspects of lipoic acid in the prevention of diabetes complications. Nutrition, 17(10), 888-895.
  • Packer, L., Witt, E. H., & Tritschler, H. J. (1995). alpha-Lipoic acid as a biological antioxidant. Free Radic Biol Med, 19(2), 227-250.
  • Patel, M. S., & Roche, T. E. (1990). Molecular biology and biochemistry of pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes. FASEB J, 4(14), 3224-3233.
  • Quinn, J. F., Bussiere, J. R., Hammond, R. S., Montine, T. J., Henson, E., Jones, R. E., & Stackman, R. W., Jr. (2007). Chronic dietary alpha-lipoic acid reduces deficits in hippocampal memory of aged Tg2576 mice. Neurobiol Aging, 28(2), 213-225. doi: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2005.12.014
  • Reed, L. J., De, B. B., Gunsalus, I. C., & Hornberger, C. S., Jr. (1951). Crystalline alpha-lipoic acid; a catalytic agent associated with pyruvate dehydrogenase. Science, 114(2952), 93-94.
  • Reljanovic, M., Reichel, G., Rett, K., Lobisch, M., Schuette, K., Moller, W., Mehnert, H. (1999). Treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy with the antioxidant thioctic acid (alpha-lipoic acid): a two year multicenter randomized double-blind placebo- controlled trial (ALADIN II). Alpha Lipoic Acid in Diabetic Neuropathy. Free Radic Res, 31(3), 171-179.
  • Schreibelt, G., Musters, R. J., Reijerkerk, A., de Groot, L. R., van der Pol, S. M., Hendrikx, E. M., de Vries, H. E. (2006). Lipoic acid affects cellular migration into the central nervous system and stabilizes blood-brain barrier integrity. J Immunol, 177(4), 2630-2637.
  • Scott, B. C., Aruoma, O. I., Evans, P. J., O'Neill, C., Van der Vliet, A., Cross, C. E., Halliwell, B. (1994). Lipoic and dihydrolipoic acids as antioxidants. A critical evaluation. Free Radic Res, 20(2), 119-133.
  • Sharma, M., & Gupta, Y. K. (2003). Effect of alpha lipoic acid on intracerebroventricular streptozotocin model of cognitive impairment in rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 13(4), 241-247.
  • Shay, K. P., Moreau, R. F., Smith, E. J., Smith, A. R., & Hagen, T. M. (2009). Alpha- lipoic acid as a dietary supplement: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1790(10), 1149-1160. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.07.026
  • Snell, E. E., Strong, F. M., & Peterson, W. H. (1937). Growth factors for bacteria: Fractionation and properties of an accessory factor for lactic acid bacteria. Biochem J, 31(10), 1789-1799.
  • Streeper, R. S., Henriksen, E. J., Jacob, S., Hokama, J. Y., Fogt, D. L., & Tritschler, H. J. (1997). Differential effects of lipoic acid stereoisomers on glucose metabolism in insulin-resistant skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol, 273(1 Pt 1), E185-191.
  • Szelag, M., Mikulski, D., & Molski, M. (2012). Quantum-chemical investigation of the structure and the antioxidant properties of alpha-lipoic acid and its metabolites. J Mol Model, 18(7), 2907-2916. doi: 10.1007/s00894-011-1306-y
  • Yaworsky, K., Somwar, R., Ramlal, T., Tritschler, H. J., & Klip, A. (2000). Engagement of the insulin-sensitive pathway in the stimulation of glucose transport by alpha-lipoic acid in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Diabetologia, 43(3), 294-303.
  • Ziegler, D., Hanefeld, M., Ruhnau, K. J., Hasche, H., Lobisch, M., Schutte, K., Malessa, R. (1999). Treatment of symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid: a 7-month multicenter randomized controlled trial (ALADIN III Study). ALADIN III Study Group. Alpha-Lipoic Acid in Diabetic Neuropathy. Diabetes Care, 22(8), 1296-1301.
  • Tablo 1: Alfa lipoik asidin ve DHLA’nın reaktif oksijen ve nitrojen türlerini yakalama özellikleri (Packer et al., 1995) Antioksidan Özellik Alfa Lipoik Asit DHLA
  • Hidrojen peroksit +++ +++
  • Tekli oksijen +++ ----
  • Hidroksil radikali +++ +++
  • Nitrik oksit radikali +++ +++
  • Süperoksit radikali ---- +++ Hipokloröz asit +++ +++ Peroksinitrit +++ +++ Peroksil radikali ----- +++
Toplam 57 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Armağan Yürük

Aylin Ayaz

Yayımlanma Tarihi 10 Aralık 2014
Gönderilme Tarihi 12 Nisan 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Cilt: 1 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Yürük, A., & Ayaz, A. (2014). The Health Effects of Alpha Lipoic Acid. Hacettepe University Faculty of Health Sciences Journal, 1(1), 11-23.