Neurogenesis in the Adult Mammalian Brain

Yıl 2017, Sayı: 2, 70 - 88, 05.09.2017

Chryssa Bekıarı Rıfat Mutuş Georgios C. Papadopoulos

Öz

It is currently
accepted that two regions of the adult mammalian brain continue to generate new
neurons throughout life. The subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral
ventricles gives rise to new neurons that migrate to the olfactory bulb to
become new interneurons, and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate
gyrus (DG) generates new granule cells. Newborn neurons have distinct
morphological and functional properties that contribute to certain brain
functions which distinguishes them from the surrounding older neurons.
Persistent neurogenesis in the adult brain occurs in many mammalian species,
presenting certain species-specific differentiations. Differences in the rate
of adult hippocampal neurogenesis are also observed along the hippocampal
septo-temporal axis.

The present review
aims a. to present the features of the multistep adult neurogenesis process in
the SVZ and SGZ, b. to identify the unique characteristics of these two
neurogenic regions of the adult mammalian brain, and c. to comparatively
evaluate existing knowledge on neurogenesis similarities and differences among
evolutionary different mammalian species, trying to relate brain structure and
function with perpetual plasticity.

Adult neurogenesis
is a dynamic and complex process that promotes brain’s plasticity under normal
and pathological conditions. The comparative study of adult neurogenesis in
mammalian species with phylogenetic proximity to humans, strengthens our
knowledge in the field and creates unique opportunities for future novel
therapeutics.  

Anahtar Kelimeler

Adult neurogenesis, marker expression, comparative neurogenesis

Erişkin Memeli Beyninde Neurogenesis

Öz

Günümüzde, erişkin memeli
beyninin iki bölgesinde, yaşam boyunca yeni nöronların üretilmeye devam ettiği
kabul edilmektedir. Ventriculus lateralis’in zona subventricularis’i (SVZ)
tarafından üretilen yeni nöronlar, bulbus olfactorius’a göç ederek yeni
internöronların oluşumuna neden olur. Bunun dışında hippocampus’un gyrus
dentatus’unun  (DG) zona subgranularis’i  (SGZ), yeni granüler hücreler üretir.

Yeni oluşan nöronlar,  belirli beyin fonksiyonlarına katkıda bulunan
ve onları çevreleyen daha eski nöronlardan ayıran, belirgin morfolojik ve
fonksiyonel özelliklere sahiptir.

Birçok memeli türünün erişkin beyninde, 
bazı türlere özgü farklılıklar göstermekle birlikte, kalıcı neurogenesis
şekillenir. Erişkin hippokampal neurogenesis hızındaki farklılıklar,
hippocampus’un axis septo-temporalis’inde de gözlenmektedir.

Bu derlemede; a. SVZ ve SGZ'da çok basamaklı
erişkin neurogenesis sürecinin özelliklerini sunmak, b. erişkin memeli beyninin
bu iki neurogenic bölgesinin benzersiz özelliklerini tanımlamak ve c. evrimsel
olarak farklı memeli türleri arasındaki neurogenesis benzerlikleri ve
farklılıkları hakkındaki mevcut bilgileri karşılaştırarak değerlendirmek, beyin
yapısı ve işleyişini kalıcı plastisite ile ilişkilendirmeye çalışmak
amaçlanmıştır.

Erişkin neurogenesis, normal ve patolojik koşullar altında beyin plastisitesini
yükselten dinamik ve kompleks bir süreçtir. Filogenetik olarak insanlara
yakınlığı olan memeli türlerinde yapılan karşılaştırmalı yetişkin neurogenesis
çalışmaları, bu alanla ilgili bilgilerimizi güçlendirmekte ve gelecekte
oluşturulabilecek yeni terapötikler için eşsiz fırsatlar yaratmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Erişkin neurogenesis, marker ekspresyonu, karşılaştırmalı neurogenesis

Kaynakça

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