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Performance, Combustion and Emission characteristics of a Manifold Injected HCNGBiodiesel Dual Fuel Operation

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 4, 201 - 222, 22.01.2016
https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.88064

Öz

Araç egzoz emisyon kontrolü ve motor verimliliği mevcut motor tasarımında en önemli parametrelerdir. Euro V emisyon normları motor emisyonlarını mücadele için yeni teknolojiler geliştirmeye yönelik araştırma aredirecting. Doğalgaz nedeniyle hazır kullanılabilirlik ve düşük emisyon seviyeleri de dahil olmak üzere pek çok avantajı için yaygın olarak kullanılan alternatif yakıt haline gelmiştir. CNG hidrojen ilavesi bileşimi ve baz yakıt CNG özelliklerini iyileştirir. Bu çalışma adiesel motorda / biyodizel dizel yanma içine doğrudan enjekte ederken Hidrojen sıkıştırılmış doğal gaz (HCNG) özel olarak geliştirilmiş elektronik kontrol ünitesi (ECU) manifoldusing alımı enjekte edildiği çift yakıtlı motor modunda çalışmak üzere dönüştürüldü sıkıştırma inme sırasında odası. Injectedprimary fuel.ECU için kullanıldığı gibi deneysel araştırmalar daha sonra enjekte Pilot yakıt ve HCNG olarak Diesel, Honge metil ester (HOME), Jatropha metil ester (Jome) kullanılarak çift yakıt modunda operatedin bir tek silindirli dört zamanlı CI motor test cihazı üzerinde yürütülmüştür Dizel / biodieselwas için optimum enjeksiyon zamanlaması 27 ° bTDC.The kılavuz yakıt enjeksiyon basıncı muhafaza ederken HCNG enjeksiyon için injectiontimings ve enjeksiyon değişik sürelerle 230 barda muhafaza edilmiştir. Motor 17.5 ve HCNG akış hızının constantcompression oranı ile çalıştırıldı 0.5kg / saat muhafaza edilmiştir. 5obTDC ve 40obTDCfor HCNG enjeksiyon enjeksiyon süresinin bir enjeksiyon zamanlaması showedthat deneysel sonuçlar, geliştirilmiş performansı, yanma ve emisyon özelliklerine göre uygun olduğu tespit edilmiştir. % 80 yükte dizel, EV ve Jome ile HCNGdual yakıt operasyonu enjekte formanifold fren ısıl verim sırasıyla% 28.1 olarak 27,2 ve% 26,2,% saptandı. Emisyonlar 5obTDC ve aninjection zamanlama ve 40o bTDCin HCNG enjeksiyon süresi ile daha az olduğu tespit edildi Duman emisyonları, Karbon monoksit (CO), karbon dioksit (CO2) çift yakıtlı operatedCI motorda HCNG manifoldu enjeksiyon çift yakıt operation.The kullanımını enjekte performansını artırır ve HC ve NOx emisyonlarının dışında motordan egzoz emisyonlarını azaltır.

Kaynakça

  • Banapurmath NR, Tewari PG, and Hosmath RS, Combustion an emission characteristics of a direct injection, compression-ignition operated on Hongeoil, HOME and blends of HOME and diesel. International Journal of Sustainable Engineering2008;1 (2): 80-93.
  • Murugesan A, Umarani C, Subramanian R, and Nedunchezhian N. Bio-diesel as an alternative fuel for diesel engines - A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews2009;13(3): 653-662.
  • Park S.H., Yoon S.H., Sub H.K., Lel C.S., Same J.U., Effect of temperature variation on Properties of biodiesel and Biodiesel-Ethanol Blends fuels, Oil & Gas Science and Technology - Rev. IFP, Vol. 63, No. 6, 2008, pp. 737-745.
  • Kukkonen C.A., Shelef M., 1994. “Hydrogen as an alternative automotive fuel: 1993 update”. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers Paper No.: 2005-01-0235 USA. 2000.
  • DeLuchi M. A., 1989. “Hydrogen vehicles: an evaluation of fuel storage, performance, safety, environmental impacts, and cost”. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 14(2):81-130.
  • Lei J, Bi Y, and Shen L. Performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine fueled with ethanol-diesel blends in different altitude regions. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology2011;Article ID417421 doi:10.1155/2011/417421.
  • Banapurmath NR, Budzianowski WM, Basavarajappa YH, Hosmath RS,Yaliwal VS and. Tewari PG. Effects of compression ratio, swirl augmentation techniques and ethanol addition on the combustion of CNG–biodiesel,in a dual-fuel engine, International Journal of Sustainable Engineering2013, DOI:10.1080/19397038.2013.798712
  • Karim GA, and Burn KS. The Combustion of Gaseous Fuels in a Dual Fuel Engine of the Compression Ignition Type with Particular Reference to Cold Intake Temperature Conditions, Society of Automotive Engineers1980; Paper No. 800263, USA.
  • Karim GA. An Examination of Some Measures for Improving the Performance of Gas Fuelled Diesel Engines at Light Load. Society of Automotive Engineers1991; Paper No. 912366, USA.
  • Sahoo BB, Sahoo N and. Saha UK. Effect of engine parameters and type of gaseous fuel on the performance of dual-fuel gas diesel engines-A critical review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews2009;13: 1151-1184.
  • Karim GA and Amoozegar N. Determination of the performance of a dual Fuel Diesel Engine with addition of various liquid fuels to the Intake Charge. Society of Automotive Engineers1983; Paper No. 830265 USA.
  • Papagiannakis RG and Hountalas DT. Experimental investigation concerning the effect of natural gas percentageon performance and emissions of a DI dual fuel engine. Journal of Applied Thermal Engineering2003; 23: 353-356.
  • Carlucci AP, de Risi A, Laforgia D and Naccarato F. Experimental investigation and combustion analysis of a direct injection dual-fuel diesel–natural gas engine. Energy2008;33(2): 256-263.
  • Srinivasan, KK, Qi Y, Krishnan SR, Yang H and. Midkiff KC. Effect of hot exhaust gas recirculation on the performance and emissions of an advanced injection low pilot-ignited natural gas engine. International Journal of Engine Research 2007;01: 8(3):289-3032006.
  • Jie Liu, Fuyuan Yang, Hewu Wang, Minggao Ouyang, Shougang Hao, Effects of pilot fuel quantity on the emissions characteristics of a CNG/diesel dual fuel engine with optimized pilot injection timing.J. Applied Energy 2013;110: 201–206
  • Banapurmath NR, Tewari PG, and Hosmath RS. Effect of biodiesel derived from Hongeoil and its blends with diesel when directly injected at different injection pressures and injection timings in single-cylinder water-cooled compression ignition engine. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part A: Journal of Power and Energy2009; 223: 31-40.
  • Banapurmath NR and Tewari PG. Performance combustion and emissions characteristics of a single cylinder compression ignition engine operated on ethanol-biodiesel blended fuels. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy2010; 224; 533-543.
  • Banapurmath NR,Marikatti MK, Hunashyal AM, and Tewari PG. Combustion characteristics of a four-stroke CI engine operated on Honge and Jatropha oil methyl ester-ethanol blends when directly injected and dual fuelled with CNG induction. International Journal of Sustainable Engineering2011;4(2): 145-152.
  • Nwafor OMI. Effect of advanced injection timing on emission characteristics of diesel engine running on natural gas. Renewable Energy2007;32: 2361-2368.
  • Raheman H, and. Phadatare AG. Diesel engine emissions and performance from blends of karanja methyl ester and diesel. Biomass and Bioenergy2004;27: 393-397.
  • Selim MYE, Radwan MS, and. Saleh HE. Improving the performance of dual fuel engines running on natural gas/LPG by using pilot fuel derived from jojoba seeds. Renewable Energy2008;33(6): 1173-1185.
  • Karim GA. The Dual fuel Engine, A chapter in Automotive Engine Alternatives, Edited by R.L. Evens bleham press 1987.
  • Karim GA, Jones W and Raine RR. An Examination of the Ignition Delay Period in Dual Fuel Engines. Society of Automotive Engineers;1989, Paper No. 892140, USA.
  • Ryu K. Effects of pilot injection timing on the combustion and emissions characteristics in a diesel engine using biodiesel–HCNG dual fuel, Applied Energy 2013;111: 721–730
  • Selim MYE. Effect of engine parameters and gaseous fuel type on the cyclic variability of dual fuel engines. Fuel2005; 84: 961-971.
  • BahmanN, Vahab P, Gholamhassan N, Talal Y, Barat G. Experimental investigation of performance and emission parameters of a small diesel engine using CNG and biodiesel, Society of Automotive Engineers2007;32:0075.
  • Yasufumi Y.Combustion Characteristics of a Dual Fuel Diesel Engine with Natural Gas (Study with Fatty Acid Methyl Esters Used as auto ignition Fuels), Society of Automotive Engineers2010;Paper Number: 32:0050.
  • Heywood JB. 1988. Internal combustion engine fundamentals(New York: McGraw Hill).
  • Sayin C, Uslu K and Canakci M. Influence of injection timing on the exhaust emissions of a dual-fuel CI engine. Renewable Energy2008; 33: 1314- 1323.
  • Banapurmath NR, Basavarajappa YHand Tewari PG.Effect of mixing chamber venturi, injection timing, compression ratio and EGR on theperformance of dual-fuel engine operated with HOME and CNG,International Journal of Sustainable Engineering2012;Volume 5, Issue 3 : pp 265-279.
  • Ishida M, Tagai T and Ueki H.. Effect of EGR and preheating on natural gas combustion assisted with gas oil in a Diesel engine. JSME 2003; 46: 124–129.
  • McTaggart-Cowan G,. Bushe WK, Hill PG and Munshi SR. NOX reduction from a heavy-duty diesel engine with direct injection of natural gas and cooled exhaust gas recirculation. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers2004; Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, International Journal of Engine Research: 5(2).
  • Srinivasan KK. The advanced injection low pilot ignited natural gas engine: A combustion analysis. J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power2006; 128: 213-218.
  • Barnwal BK and. Sharma MP. Prospects of biodiesel production from vegetable oils in India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews2005; 9: 363-378.
  • Agarwal AK. Biofuels (alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels for internal combustion engines. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science2006; 33: 233-271.
  • Rao PV. Experimental investigations on the influence of properties of jatropha biodiesel on performance,Combustion and emission characteristics of a DI-CI engine,World academy of science, Engineering and Technology2011;75:855-868.
  • Shasby BM. Alternative Fuels:Incompletely Addressing the Problems of the automobile2004; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA.
  • Semin, Awang Idris, Rosli Abu Bakar, An Overview of Compressed Natural Gas as
  • an Alternative Fuel and Malaysian Scenario, European Journal of Scientific Research2009;
  • -1: 6-15.
  • Czerwinski J, Comte P and Zimmerli Y,.Investigations of the gas injection system on a HDHCNG-Engine. Society of Automotive Engineers2003; SP 1473: 11-22.
  • Hyun G, Nogami M, Hosoyama K, Senda J and Fujimoto H,. Flow characteristics in transient gas jet. Society of Automotive Engineers1995;Paper 950847.
  • Fujimoto H, Hyun G, Nogami M, Hirakawa K, Asai T and. Senda J,. Characteristics of free and impinging gas jets by means of image processing. Society of Automotive Engineers1995;Paper 970045.
  • How HG, Mohamad TI, Abdullah S, Ali Y, Shamsudeen A and. Adril E. “Experimental investigation of performance and emission of a sequential port injection natural gas engine,” European Journal of Scientific Research2009; vol. 30, pp. 204-214,.
  • Turns SR. An introduction to combustion: concepts and applications. Boston: WCB/McGraw-Hill; 2000.
  • Saravanan N, Nagarajan G. Performance and emission studies on port injection of hydrogen with varied flow rates with Diesel as an ignition source, Applied Energy 2010;87: 2218–2229
  • Jennings MJ and Jeske FR. Analysis of the injection process in direct injected natural gas engines: Part ii-effects of injector and combustion chamber design. Trans. ASME1994; 116: 806-813.
  • Tree DR, Svensson KI. Soot processes in compression ignition engines. Prog Energy Combust Sci 2007;33(3):272–309
  • Xingcai L, Jianguang Y, Wugao Z and Zhen H. Effect of cetane number improver on heat release rate and emissions of high speed diesel engine fuelled with ethanol diesel blend fuel. Fuel2004;83: 2013-2020.
  • Internal combustion engines: analysis and practice, Edward Frederic Obert, Burgess Hill Jennings, International Textbook Co., 1950.
  • Saanum I, Bysveen M, Hustad JE. Study of particulate matter-, NOx- and hydrocarbon emissions from a diesel engine fueled with diesel oil and biodiesel with fumigation of hydrogen, methane and propane, Society of Automotive Engineers 2008;01:1809.
  • Zhang Y, Boehman AL. Impact of biodiesel on NOx emissions in s common rail direct injection diesel engine, Energy and Fuels 2007;21: 2003.

Performance, Combustion and Emission characteristics of a Manifold Injected HCNG Biodiesel Dual Fuel Operation

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 4, 201 - 222, 22.01.2016
https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.88064

Öz

Vehicular exhaust emission control and engine efficiency are the most important parameters in current engine design. The Euro V emission norms aredirecting the research towards developing new technologies for combating engine emissions. Natural gas has become a widely used alternative fuel due to its many advantages including its ready availability and its low emission levels. Addition of hydrogen in CNG improves the composition and properties of base fuel CNG. In the present work adiesel engine was converted to operate in dual fuel engine mode in which Hydrogen-compressed natural gas (HCNG) was injected into the intake manifoldusing a specially developed electronic control unit (ECU) while diesel/biodiesel was injected directly inside the combustion chamber during the compression stroke. Experimental investigations were then carried out on a single cylinder four stroke CI engine test rig operatedin dual fuel mode using Diesel, Honge methyl ester (HOME),Jatropha methyl ester (JOME)as injected pilot fuels and HCNG as injectedprimary fuel.ECU was used for varying the injectiontimings and injection durations for HCNG injection while the optimum injection timing for diesel/biodieselwas maintained at 27°bTDC.The pilot fuel injection pressure was maintained at 230 bar. Engine was operated with constantcompression ratio of 17.5 and HCNG flow rate was maintained at 0.5kg/h. The experimental results showedthat an injection timing of 5obTDC and injection duration of 40obTDCfor HCNG injection was found to be optimum based on the improved performance, combustion and emission characteristics. The brake thermal efficiency formanifold injected HCNGdual fuel operation with diesel, HOME and JOME at 80% load was found to be 28.1%, 27.2% and 26.2% respectively. The Smoke emissions, Carbon monoxide (CO), Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions were found to be lesser with aninjection timing of 5obTDC and injection duration of 40o bTDCin HCNG injected dual fuel operation.The use of HCNG manifold injection in the dual fuel operatedCI engine improves the performance and reduces the exhaust emissions from the engine except for HC and NOX emissions.

Kaynakça

  • Banapurmath NR, Tewari PG, and Hosmath RS, Combustion an emission characteristics of a direct injection, compression-ignition operated on Hongeoil, HOME and blends of HOME and diesel. International Journal of Sustainable Engineering2008;1 (2): 80-93.
  • Murugesan A, Umarani C, Subramanian R, and Nedunchezhian N. Bio-diesel as an alternative fuel for diesel engines - A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews2009;13(3): 653-662.
  • Park S.H., Yoon S.H., Sub H.K., Lel C.S., Same J.U., Effect of temperature variation on Properties of biodiesel and Biodiesel-Ethanol Blends fuels, Oil & Gas Science and Technology - Rev. IFP, Vol. 63, No. 6, 2008, pp. 737-745.
  • Kukkonen C.A., Shelef M., 1994. “Hydrogen as an alternative automotive fuel: 1993 update”. Warrendale, PA: Society of Automotive Engineers Paper No.: 2005-01-0235 USA. 2000.
  • DeLuchi M. A., 1989. “Hydrogen vehicles: an evaluation of fuel storage, performance, safety, environmental impacts, and cost”. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 14(2):81-130.
  • Lei J, Bi Y, and Shen L. Performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine fueled with ethanol-diesel blends in different altitude regions. Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology2011;Article ID417421 doi:10.1155/2011/417421.
  • Banapurmath NR, Budzianowski WM, Basavarajappa YH, Hosmath RS,Yaliwal VS and. Tewari PG. Effects of compression ratio, swirl augmentation techniques and ethanol addition on the combustion of CNG–biodiesel,in a dual-fuel engine, International Journal of Sustainable Engineering2013, DOI:10.1080/19397038.2013.798712
  • Karim GA, and Burn KS. The Combustion of Gaseous Fuels in a Dual Fuel Engine of the Compression Ignition Type with Particular Reference to Cold Intake Temperature Conditions, Society of Automotive Engineers1980; Paper No. 800263, USA.
  • Karim GA. An Examination of Some Measures for Improving the Performance of Gas Fuelled Diesel Engines at Light Load. Society of Automotive Engineers1991; Paper No. 912366, USA.
  • Sahoo BB, Sahoo N and. Saha UK. Effect of engine parameters and type of gaseous fuel on the performance of dual-fuel gas diesel engines-A critical review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews2009;13: 1151-1184.
  • Karim GA and Amoozegar N. Determination of the performance of a dual Fuel Diesel Engine with addition of various liquid fuels to the Intake Charge. Society of Automotive Engineers1983; Paper No. 830265 USA.
  • Papagiannakis RG and Hountalas DT. Experimental investigation concerning the effect of natural gas percentageon performance and emissions of a DI dual fuel engine. Journal of Applied Thermal Engineering2003; 23: 353-356.
  • Carlucci AP, de Risi A, Laforgia D and Naccarato F. Experimental investigation and combustion analysis of a direct injection dual-fuel diesel–natural gas engine. Energy2008;33(2): 256-263.
  • Srinivasan, KK, Qi Y, Krishnan SR, Yang H and. Midkiff KC. Effect of hot exhaust gas recirculation on the performance and emissions of an advanced injection low pilot-ignited natural gas engine. International Journal of Engine Research 2007;01: 8(3):289-3032006.
  • Jie Liu, Fuyuan Yang, Hewu Wang, Minggao Ouyang, Shougang Hao, Effects of pilot fuel quantity on the emissions characteristics of a CNG/diesel dual fuel engine with optimized pilot injection timing.J. Applied Energy 2013;110: 201–206
  • Banapurmath NR, Tewari PG, and Hosmath RS. Effect of biodiesel derived from Hongeoil and its blends with diesel when directly injected at different injection pressures and injection timings in single-cylinder water-cooled compression ignition engine. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part A: Journal of Power and Energy2009; 223: 31-40.
  • Banapurmath NR and Tewari PG. Performance combustion and emissions characteristics of a single cylinder compression ignition engine operated on ethanol-biodiesel blended fuels. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy2010; 224; 533-543.
  • Banapurmath NR,Marikatti MK, Hunashyal AM, and Tewari PG. Combustion characteristics of a four-stroke CI engine operated on Honge and Jatropha oil methyl ester-ethanol blends when directly injected and dual fuelled with CNG induction. International Journal of Sustainable Engineering2011;4(2): 145-152.
  • Nwafor OMI. Effect of advanced injection timing on emission characteristics of diesel engine running on natural gas. Renewable Energy2007;32: 2361-2368.
  • Raheman H, and. Phadatare AG. Diesel engine emissions and performance from blends of karanja methyl ester and diesel. Biomass and Bioenergy2004;27: 393-397.
  • Selim MYE, Radwan MS, and. Saleh HE. Improving the performance of dual fuel engines running on natural gas/LPG by using pilot fuel derived from jojoba seeds. Renewable Energy2008;33(6): 1173-1185.
  • Karim GA. The Dual fuel Engine, A chapter in Automotive Engine Alternatives, Edited by R.L. Evens bleham press 1987.
  • Karim GA, Jones W and Raine RR. An Examination of the Ignition Delay Period in Dual Fuel Engines. Society of Automotive Engineers;1989, Paper No. 892140, USA.
  • Ryu K. Effects of pilot injection timing on the combustion and emissions characteristics in a diesel engine using biodiesel–HCNG dual fuel, Applied Energy 2013;111: 721–730
  • Selim MYE. Effect of engine parameters and gaseous fuel type on the cyclic variability of dual fuel engines. Fuel2005; 84: 961-971.
  • BahmanN, Vahab P, Gholamhassan N, Talal Y, Barat G. Experimental investigation of performance and emission parameters of a small diesel engine using CNG and biodiesel, Society of Automotive Engineers2007;32:0075.
  • Yasufumi Y.Combustion Characteristics of a Dual Fuel Diesel Engine with Natural Gas (Study with Fatty Acid Methyl Esters Used as auto ignition Fuels), Society of Automotive Engineers2010;Paper Number: 32:0050.
  • Heywood JB. 1988. Internal combustion engine fundamentals(New York: McGraw Hill).
  • Sayin C, Uslu K and Canakci M. Influence of injection timing on the exhaust emissions of a dual-fuel CI engine. Renewable Energy2008; 33: 1314- 1323.
  • Banapurmath NR, Basavarajappa YHand Tewari PG.Effect of mixing chamber venturi, injection timing, compression ratio and EGR on theperformance of dual-fuel engine operated with HOME and CNG,International Journal of Sustainable Engineering2012;Volume 5, Issue 3 : pp 265-279.
  • Ishida M, Tagai T and Ueki H.. Effect of EGR and preheating on natural gas combustion assisted with gas oil in a Diesel engine. JSME 2003; 46: 124–129.
  • McTaggart-Cowan G,. Bushe WK, Hill PG and Munshi SR. NOX reduction from a heavy-duty diesel engine with direct injection of natural gas and cooled exhaust gas recirculation. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers2004; Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, International Journal of Engine Research: 5(2).
  • Srinivasan KK. The advanced injection low pilot ignited natural gas engine: A combustion analysis. J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power2006; 128: 213-218.
  • Barnwal BK and. Sharma MP. Prospects of biodiesel production from vegetable oils in India. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews2005; 9: 363-378.
  • Agarwal AK. Biofuels (alcohols and biodiesel) applications as fuels for internal combustion engines. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science2006; 33: 233-271.
  • Rao PV. Experimental investigations on the influence of properties of jatropha biodiesel on performance,Combustion and emission characteristics of a DI-CI engine,World academy of science, Engineering and Technology2011;75:855-868.
  • Shasby BM. Alternative Fuels:Incompletely Addressing the Problems of the automobile2004; Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, USA.
  • Semin, Awang Idris, Rosli Abu Bakar, An Overview of Compressed Natural Gas as
  • an Alternative Fuel and Malaysian Scenario, European Journal of Scientific Research2009;
  • -1: 6-15.
  • Czerwinski J, Comte P and Zimmerli Y,.Investigations of the gas injection system on a HDHCNG-Engine. Society of Automotive Engineers2003; SP 1473: 11-22.
  • Hyun G, Nogami M, Hosoyama K, Senda J and Fujimoto H,. Flow characteristics in transient gas jet. Society of Automotive Engineers1995;Paper 950847.
  • Fujimoto H, Hyun G, Nogami M, Hirakawa K, Asai T and. Senda J,. Characteristics of free and impinging gas jets by means of image processing. Society of Automotive Engineers1995;Paper 970045.
  • How HG, Mohamad TI, Abdullah S, Ali Y, Shamsudeen A and. Adril E. “Experimental investigation of performance and emission of a sequential port injection natural gas engine,” European Journal of Scientific Research2009; vol. 30, pp. 204-214,.
  • Turns SR. An introduction to combustion: concepts and applications. Boston: WCB/McGraw-Hill; 2000.
  • Saravanan N, Nagarajan G. Performance and emission studies on port injection of hydrogen with varied flow rates with Diesel as an ignition source, Applied Energy 2010;87: 2218–2229
  • Jennings MJ and Jeske FR. Analysis of the injection process in direct injected natural gas engines: Part ii-effects of injector and combustion chamber design. Trans. ASME1994; 116: 806-813.
  • Tree DR, Svensson KI. Soot processes in compression ignition engines. Prog Energy Combust Sci 2007;33(3):272–309
  • Xingcai L, Jianguang Y, Wugao Z and Zhen H. Effect of cetane number improver on heat release rate and emissions of high speed diesel engine fuelled with ethanol diesel blend fuel. Fuel2004;83: 2013-2020.
  • Internal combustion engines: analysis and practice, Edward Frederic Obert, Burgess Hill Jennings, International Textbook Co., 1950.
  • Saanum I, Bysveen M, Hustad JE. Study of particulate matter-, NOx- and hydrocarbon emissions from a diesel engine fueled with diesel oil and biodiesel with fumigation of hydrogen, methane and propane, Society of Automotive Engineers 2008;01:1809.
  • Zhang Y, Boehman AL. Impact of biodiesel on NOx emissions in s common rail direct injection diesel engine, Energy and Fuels 2007;21: 2003.
Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Article
Yazarlar

Nagaraj Ramalingayya Banapurmath

Gireesh N. M. Bu kişi benim

Prakash G. Tewari Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 22 Ocak 2016
Gönderilme Tarihi 13 Haziran 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Banapurmath, N. R., M., G. N., & Tewari, P. G. (2016). Performance, Combustion and Emission characteristics of a Manifold Injected HCNG Biodiesel Dual Fuel Operation. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, 4(4), 201-222. https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.88064
AMA Banapurmath NR, M. GN, Tewari PG. Performance, Combustion and Emission characteristics of a Manifold Injected HCNG Biodiesel Dual Fuel Operation. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies. Ocak 2016;4(4):201-222. doi:10.18245/ijaet.88064
Chicago Banapurmath, Nagaraj Ramalingayya, Gireesh N. M., ve Prakash G. Tewari. “Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Manifold Injected HCNG Biodiesel Dual Fuel Operation”. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies 4, sy. 4 (Ocak 2016): 201-22. https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.88064.
EndNote Banapurmath NR, M. GN, Tewari PG (01 Ocak 2016) Performance, Combustion and Emission characteristics of a Manifold Injected HCNG Biodiesel Dual Fuel Operation. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies 4 4 201–222.
IEEE N. R. Banapurmath, G. N. M., ve P. G. Tewari, “Performance, Combustion and Emission characteristics of a Manifold Injected HCNG Biodiesel Dual Fuel Operation”, International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, c. 4, sy. 4, ss. 201–222, 2016, doi: 10.18245/ijaet.88064.
ISNAD Banapurmath, Nagaraj Ramalingayya vd. “Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Manifold Injected HCNG Biodiesel Dual Fuel Operation”. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies 4/4 (Ocak 2016), 201-222. https://doi.org/10.18245/ijaet.88064.
JAMA Banapurmath NR, M. GN, Tewari PG. Performance, Combustion and Emission characteristics of a Manifold Injected HCNG Biodiesel Dual Fuel Operation. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies. 2016;4:201–222.
MLA Banapurmath, Nagaraj Ramalingayya vd. “Performance, Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Manifold Injected HCNG Biodiesel Dual Fuel Operation”. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies, c. 4, sy. 4, 2016, ss. 201-22, doi:10.18245/ijaet.88064.
Vancouver Banapurmath NR, M. GN, Tewari PG. Performance, Combustion and Emission characteristics of a Manifold Injected HCNG Biodiesel Dual Fuel Operation. International Journal of Automotive Engineering and Technologies. 2016;4(4):201-22.