MARSHALL PLANI, YENİ İPEK YOLU PROJESİ ve ÇİN-ABD REKABETİ

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 32 - 45, 30.06.2018

Nesrin Demir Osman Tekir

Öz

Yirminci
yüzyıl sonlarında Sovyetler Birliği’nin dağılması, yirmi birinci yüzyılın ilk
çeyreğinde yükselen Çin’in ekonomik ve siyasal olarak dünya sahnesinde daha
fazla etkin olma ve rol alma hevesleri küresel dengeleri sarsıcı niteliktedir.
Çin’in ekonomik yönden güçlenmesi ve bu gücü siyasal olarak tahkim etme
çabaları eski antik İpek Yolu projesini yeniden hayata geçirmesini gündeme
getirmiştir.  Kapsamı ve retoriği
açısından bu devasa projenin hayata geçirilmesi için de yatırım ve yardım
projelerine olan gereklilik açıktır. Yatırım ve yardım projelerinin gerek
planlanması gerek uygulanması gerekse de ortaya çıkaracağı olası ekonomik ve
siyasal sonuçlar Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin 1947 yılında Avrupa’nın
Batı’sında uyguladığı ve küresel egemenliği sağlaması ve sürdürmesinde önemli
etkisi olan Marshall Planı’nın Yeni İpek Yolu ile karşılaştırılmasını da
beraberinde getirmiştir.

Bu
çalışmada Marshall Planı ve altında yatan nedenler, küresel sonuçları ile Yeni
İpek Yolu projesinin kapsamı, mevcut ve olası ekonomik ve siyasal sonuçları ele
alınacak, günümüzün küresel gücü ABD ve yükselen güç Çin arasındaki rekabet
açıklanmaya çalışılacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Marshall Planı, Yeni İpek Yolu Projesi, Çin, ABD Küresel Rekabet Marshall Planı, New Silk Road Project and China-US Competition

Kaynakça

• Acharya, m. (2013). Power Shift or Paradigm Shift? China's Rise and Asia's Emerging Security Order. onlinelibrary.wiley.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/isqu.12084/ (erişim tarihi: 10.11.2016)
• Ahmad, J. (2018 ). Mistrust is the original sin of US-Pakistan relations. http://thehill.com/opinion/international/367943-mistrust-is-the-original-sin-of-us-pakistan-relations. (erişim tarihi: 05.02.2018).
• Amighini, A. (2017). Towards a New Geography of Trade? (Birinci b.). (A. AMIGHINI, Dü.) Milano, İtalya: The Italian Institute for International Political Studies (ISPI). doi: 10.19201
• Beeson, M. (2013). Can China Lead? Third World Quarterly , s. 233-250.
• Berle, A. (2015). The Marshall Plan in the Europan Struggle. An İnternational of Political and Social Research, 199-218.
• Bıswas, A. K., & Hartley, K. (2017). A Chinese Model for Foreign Aid. https://www.project-syndicate.org: https://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/china-international-development-leadership-by-asit-k--biswas-and-kris-hartley-2017-10?barrier=accessreg (erişim tarihi:02.02.2018).
• Blackwill, R. D., & Tellis, A. J. ( 2015). Revising U.S. Grand Strategy Toward China. United States: Council on Foreign Relations.
• Brainard, L. (2007). The Lessons of the Marshall Plan. www.brooking.edu: www.brooking.edu/opinions/the-lessons-of-the-marshall-plan Haziran 4, (erişim tarihi:17.05.2017).
• Carney, M. (2017). China wants 'new Silk Road' One Belt One Road project to help it dominate world trade. http://www.abc.net.au: http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-05-14/china-plans-new-silk-road-to-dominate-world-trade/8522682 Mayıs 14, (erişim tarihi:10.06.2017)
• Carter, D. A. (2015). FORGING THE SHIELD: THE U.S. ARMY IN EUROPE, 1951-1962. Washington, D.C: Center of Military History.
• Chance, A. (2016). American Perspectives on the Belt and Road Initiative, Sources oh Concern Possibilities for US-China Cooperation. Washinton DC: İnstitute for China-American Studies. http://chinaus-icas.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/American-Perspectives-on-the-Belt-and-Road-Initiative.pdf adresinden alındı Mayıs 22, (erişim Tarihi:17.06.2017)
• Chollet, D. H., & Goldgeier, J. M. ( Winter 2005-06 ). The Faulty Premises of the Next Marshall Plan. The Washington Quarterly, 9(1).
• Chuanxing Wang. (2018). Changing International System Structures and the Belt and Road Initiative. M. Mayer (Dü.) içinde, Rethinking the Silk Road China’s Belt and Road Initiative and Emerging Eurasian Relations (s. 269-281). Singapure: Palgrave Macmillan. doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-5915-5
• Demise, A. (2018). Special Economic Zones: İntegrating African Countries in China's Belt and Road Initiative. (M. Mayer, Dü.) Singapure: Palgrave MacMıllan. doi: 10.1007/978-981-10-5915-5
• Derek Chollet, J. M. (2005-2006). The Faulty Premises of the Next Marshall Plan. The Washington Quarterly, 9(1).
• Faslabend, W. (2015). The Silk Road: A Political Marketing Concept for World Dominance. Europan Wiev, s. 293-302. Aralık 21, (erişim Tarihi:15.06.2017)
• Finer, J. (2017). U.S. Can Take a Lane on China's New Silk Road. https://www.bloomberg.com: https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2017-05-11/u-s-can-take-a-lane-on-china-s-new-silk-road, Mayıs 11, (erişim tarihi:22.06.2017)
• Grimes, W. W. (2016). The Belt & Road Initiative as Power Resource: Lessons from Japan. http://www.theasanforum.org: http://www.theasanforum.org/the-belt-road-initiative-as-power-resource-lessons-from-japan, Nisan 15, (erişim tarihi:03.06.2017)
• Gupte, A. (2017). Navigating the new Silk Road. http://www.straitstimes.com: http://www.straitstimes.com/business/economy/navigating-the-new-silk-road, Ekim 16, (erişim tarihi:12.12.2017)
• Hancock, T. (2017). China encircles the world with One Belt, One Road strategy. https://www.ft.com: https://www.ft.com/content/0714074a-0334-11e7-aa5b-6bb07f5c8e12, Mayıs 4, (erişim tarihi:22.06.2017
• Hillman, J. E. (2018). China’s Belt and Road Initiative: Five Years Later. Washington DC: Center for Strategic&International Studies.
• James, D. (2015). New world order of gas and finance. https://www.eurekastreet.com.au: https://www.eurekastreet.com.au/article.aspx?aeid=45814, Aralık 14, (erişim tarihi:22.07.2017)
• Killalea, D. (2017). China’s 30-year deadline to rule the world. http://www.news.com.au: http://www.news.com.au/finance/work/leaders/chinas-30year-deadline-to-rule-the-world/news-story/70f62a5bc0e4580b83d5ca89a2479e94, (erişim tarihi:02.02.2018)
• Kirby, W. (2018, Ocak 5). World War 3: China's Xi Jinping puts world on alert with chilling warning to troops. https://www.express.co.uk: https://www.express.co.uk/news/politics/900502/china-news-xi-jinping-chinese-army-china-war-warning, Ocak 5, (erişim tarihi:25.01.2018)
• Kurin, R. (2002). The Sılk Road: Connecting People and Cultures. https://festival.si.edu: https://festival.si.edu/2002/the-silk-road/the-silk-road-connecting-peoples-and-cultures/smithsonian,
• Larmer, B. (2017). What the World’s Emptiest International Airport Says About China’s Influence. https://www.nytimes.com: https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/13/magazine/what-the-worlds-emptiest-international-airport-says-about-chinas-influence.html, Eylül 13, (erişim tarihi: 02.02.2018)
• Layne, C. (2018, Ocak 1). The US–Chinese power shift and the end of the Pax Americana. https://www.chathamhouse.org: https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/files/chathamhouse/images/ia/INTA94_1_6_249_Layne.pdf, Ocak 1, (erişim tarihi:05.02.2018)
• Leavy, J. (2012). Marshall plan founders would be urging full European integration. www.ft.com: https://www.ft.com/content/85c63614-66c5-11e1-863c-00144feabdc0, Mart 6, (erişim tarihi:22.06.2017)
• Ling, J. (2015-2016). The "New Silk Road" Initiative: China's Marshall Plan? http://www.ciis.org.cn: http://www.ciis.org.cn/english/2015-06/11/content_7982914.htm Haziran 11, (erişim tarihi:21.06.2018)
• Luft, G. (2016). It Takes a Road China's One Belt and One Road Inıtitiative: An Amerikan Response to the New Sılk Road. Institute for the Analysis of Global Security.
• McFarland, K. M. (2017). The Marshall Plan Turns 70 This Week. Here Are Four Reasons it Was So İmportant. Ocak 3, 2018 tarihinde http://washintonpost.com: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2017/06/05/the-marshall-plan-turns-70-this-week-here-are-4-reasons-this-was-so-important/?utm_term=.f1e3ccc039f7 Haziran 5, (erişim tarihi:02.02.2018)
• Miller, T. (2017). China's Clout has few Limits. Shouldn't We be Worried About İts New Sılk Road? https://www.theguardian.com: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/sep/04/china-economic-clout-new-silk-road, Eylül 4, (erişim tarihi:1011.2018)
• Münkler, H. (2012). İmparatorluklar Eski Roma'dan ABD'ye Dünya Egemenliğinin Mantığı. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları. Çeviren:Zehra Aksu Yılmazer, II. Baskı, İstanbul.
• O’Brien, S. (2014). Questioning the Marshall Plan in the Buildup to the Cold War. www.unh.edu: https://www.unh.edu/inquiryjournal/spring-2014/questioning-marshall-plan-buildup-cold-war, (erişim tarihi:14.06.2018)
• Payne, A. R., & Thakkar, a. B. (2012). The Marshall Plan – Global Strategy and Foreign Humanitarian Aid. www.intechopen.com: https://www.intechopen.com/books/globalization-approaches-to-diversity/the-marshall-plan-global-strategy-and-foreign-humanitarian-aid, Ağustos 22, (erişim tarihi:14.06.2018)
• Pethiyagoda, K. (2017). Western dominance on the global stage is coming to an end – we are now entering the era of Chinese influence. http://www.independent.co.uk: http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/china-middle-east-conflict-russia-donald-trump-populism-intervention-a7551791.html, Ocak 29, (erişim tarihi:22.05.2017)
• Poh, A., & Li, M. (2017). A China in Transition: The Rhetoric and Substance of Chinese Foreign Policy under Xi Jinping. Journal Asian Security, 84-97.
• Raleigh, H. (2017). China’s ‘Project Of The Century’ Aims To Unseat U.S. As World’s Dominant Power. http://thefederalist.com: http://thefederalist.com/2017/06/12/chinas-project-century-aims-unseat-u-s-worlds-dominant-power/, Haziran 12, (erişim tarihi:15.11.2018)
• Sárvári, B., & Szeidovitz, A. (2016). The Political Economics of the New Silk Road. Baltic Journal of European Studies, 3-27. doi:DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/bjes-2016-0001, Şubat 16
• Sedille, P., & Trigkas, V. (2017). New Silk Road Summit: Toward a Symbiotic “Bretton Woods”? https://www.chinausfocus.com: https://www.chinausfocus.com/finance-economy/new-silk-road-summit-toward-a-symbiotic-bretton-woods, Mayıs 4, (erişim tarihi:14.08.2018)
• Shen, S. ( 2016). How China's 'Belt and Road' Compares to the Marshall Plan Should we think of “One Belt, One Road” as China’s Marshall Plan? https://thediplomat.com: https://thediplomat.com/2016/02/how-chinas-belt-and-road-compares-to-the-marshall-plan/, Şubat 6, (erişim tarihi:17.04.2018)
• Steil, B. (2017). The Marshall Plan and "America First". Ocak 3, 2018 tarihinde www.project.syndicate.org: https://www.project-syndicate.org/onpoint/the-marshall-plan-and-america-first-by-benn-steil-2017-08?barrier=accesspaylog, Ağustos 4, (erişim tarihi:11.11.2018)
• Steil, B. (2018). How to Win a Great-Power Competition Alliances, Aid, and Diplomacy in the Last Struggle for Global Influence. https://www.foreignaffairs.com: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2018-02-09/how-win-great-power-competition, Şubat 9, (erişim tarihi:12.02.2018)
• Steinbock, D. ( 2017). How the Belt and Road could change the 21st century. chinadaily.com.cn: http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/opinion/2017-05/15/content_29356483.htm, Mayıs 15, (erişim tarihi:12.10.2018)
• Swaine, M. D. (2015). Chinese Views and Commentary on the “One Belt, One Road Initiative. China Leadership Monitor, 1-24.
• Taylor, A. (2017). China treats its foreign aid like a state secret. New research aims to reveal it. https://www.washingtonpost.com: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/10/11/china-treats-its-foreign-aid-like-a-state-secret-new-research-aims-to-reveal-it/?utm_term=.92d0cf6fc41f, Ekim 11, (erişim terihi:30.12.2018)
• Tseng, H.-K., & Krog, R. (2017). No Strings Attached: Chinese Foreign Aid and Regime Stability in Resource-Rich Recipient Countries. www.aeaweb.org: https://www.aeaweb.org/conference/2017/.../ZKsQeFh2, (erişim tarihi:02.02.2018)
• Tucker, J. A. (1997). Marshall Plan Myth. The Monthly Publication of the Mises İnstitute, The Free Market .Ocak 1Tzogopoulos, G. N. ( 2014, 11 23 ). Silk Road, Marshall Plan comparisons unwise. http://www.globaltimes.cn: http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/893192.shtml, Kasım 23, (erişim tarihi:16.06.2018)
• Wong, E., Chi, L. K., Tsui, S., & Tiejun, W. (2017). One Belt, One Road China's Strategy for a New Global Financial Order. Monthly Review., Ocak 17
• Zhang, F. (2015). China as a Global Force. Asia&Pacıfıc Policy Studies, 120-128., Kasım 16