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DERİNDEN BÖLÜNMÜŞ TOPLUMLARDA ANAYASA YAZIMI: AŞAMALI YAKLAŞIM

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 73 Sayı: 1, 485 - 504, 08.11.2016

Öz

Özet

Bu makale, yeni bir anayasa yaparken devletin ortak değerleri ve vizyonu üzerinde anlaşmaya çalışan toplumlar sorununa eğilmektedir. Makale, aşamalı anayasa yapımının, bölünmüş toplumların bir yazılı anayasa ya da maddi ana­yasa yaparak siyasi alanın temel yönlerini belirlemesi ve tartışmalı konuları gelecekteki siyasi kurumlara bırakmasını sağlayacağını tartışmaktadır. Kesin kararlardan kaçınmak, değişken ve belirsiz bir hukuk dili kullanmak ya da anayasada çatışan hükümlere yer vermek gibi çeşitli aşamalı anayasal strateji­lerin nasıl uygulandığı Hindistan, İrlanda ve İsrail gibi bölünmüş toplumlarda anayasa yapımı örnekleriyle gösterilmektedir. Bu üç örnekteki kurucular, mev­cut düşünsel çatışmaları anayasaya sokarak ve anayasa yapımının devrimci bir dönem olduğu ön kabulünden saparak, anayasalarının “halk”ın bölünmüş kimliğini yansıtmasını sağlamışlardır.

 Anahtar Kelimeler: Anayasalar, Anayasa Yapımı, Bölünmüş Toplumlar, İsrail, Hindistan, İrlanda

Kaynakça

  • Ackerman, Bruce A. 1991. We the People: Foundations. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press ofHarvard University Press.
  • Ackerman, Bruce 1992. The Future of Liberal Revolution. New Heaven, CT: Yale UniversityPress.
  • Agnes, Flavia. 2004. ‘Law and gender inequality: the politics of women’s rights in India’, in FlaviaAgnes (ed.), Women and Law in India. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Akan, Murat. 2005. ‘The Politics of Secularization in Turkey and France: Beyond Orientalismand Occidentalism.’ PhD dissertation, Columbia University.
  • Austin, Granville. 1999. The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation. Bombay: OxfordUniversity Press.
  • Benomar, Jamal. 2004. ‘Constitution-making after conflict: lessons for Iraq’, Journal of Democracy15, 2: 81–95.
  • Blaustein, Albert P. and Flanz, Gilbert H. (eds.), 1985 nd updated annually. Constitutions of the Countries of the World. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana Publications.
  • Bourke, Richard. 2003. Peace in Ireland: the war of ideas. London: Random House.
  • Brass, Paul R. 2005. Language, Religion and Politics in North India. Lincoln, NE: Backinprint.com.
  • Brecher, Michael. 1959. Nehru: A Political Biography. London and New York: Oxford UniversityPress.
  • Choudhry, Sujit (ed.), 2008. Constitutional Design for Divided Societies: Integration or Accommodation.Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Collins, Michael. 1922. The Path to Freedom. Dublin: The Talbot Press.
  • Constituent Assembly Debates. 1999. New Delhi: Reprinted by Lok Sabha Secretariat.
  • Constitution in Broad Consent: Report of the Constitution, Law and Justice Committee regarding Proposals for the Constitution of the State of Israel. 2006. (in Hebrew). Availableat: http://huka.gov.il
  • Don-Yehiya, E. 1999. Religion and Political Accommodation in Israel. Jerusalem: FloersheimerInstitute for Policy Studies.
  • Elster, Jon. 1995. ‘Forces and mechanisms in the constitution-making process’, Duke Law Journal45, 2: 364–96.
  • Elster, Jon, Offe, Claus and Preuss, Ulrich Klaus. 1998. Institutional Design in Post-Communist Societies: Rebuilding the Ship at Sea, Theories of Institutional Design. Cambridge and NewYork: Cambridge University Press.
  • Galanter, Marc. 1989. Law and Society in Modern India. Delhi and New York: Oxford UniversityPress.
  • Greenberg, Douglas, Katz, Stanley N., Oliviero, Melanie Beth and Wheatley, Steven C. (eds.), 1993. Constitutionalism and Democracy: Transitions in the Contemporary World. New York andOxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Habermas, Jürgen. 1996. ‘Citizenship and national identity’, in Jürgen Habermas (ed.), BetweenFacts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.
  • Hirschman, Albert O. 1994. ‘Social conflicts as pillars of democratic market society’, PoliticalTheory 22, 2: 203–18.
  • Hogan, Gerard and Whyte, Gerry. 2003. J. M. Kelly: The Irish Constitution (4th edn). Dublin:Lexis Nexis Butterworths.
  • Holmes, Stephen. 1993. ‘Gag rules or the politics of omission’, in Jon Elster and Rune Slagstad(eds.), Constitutionalism and Democracy. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
  • Horowitz, Dan and Lissak, Moshe. 1978. Origins of the Israeli Polity: Palestine under the Mandate. Chicago, IL and London: University of Chicago Press.
  • Howard, Dick (ed.), 1993. Constitution Making in Eastern Europe. Washington, DC: WoodrowWilson Center Press: Distributed by the Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Inbal, Aliza and Lerner, Hanna. 2007. ‘Constitutional design, identity and legitimacy in postconflictreconstruction’, in Derick W. Brinkerhoff (ed.), Governance in Post-Conflict Societies:Rebuilding Fragile States. London: Routledge.
  • Jamal, Amal. 2008. ‘Future visions and current dilemmas: on the political ethos of Palestiniancitizens of Israel’, Israel Studies Forum 23, 2: 3–28.
  • Kaviraj, Sudipta. 1992. ‘Writing, speaking, being: language and the historical formation ofidentities in India’, in Dgmar Hellmann-Rajanayagam and Dietmar Rothernund (eds.),Nationalstaat Und Sprachkonflikte in Sud- Und Sudostadien. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
  • Khilnani, Sunil. 1999. The Idea of India. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux.
  • Kissane, Bill. 2005. The Politics of the Irish Civil War. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Kissane, Bill and Sitter, Nick. 2010. ‘The marriage of state and nation in European constitutions’,Nations and Nationalism 16, 1: 49–67.
  • Knesset Records. 1950. Vol. 415. Jerusalem: Government of Israel. Kohn, Leo. 1932. The Constitution of the Irish Free State. London: G. Allen & Unwin Ltd.
  • Lerner, Hanna. 2004. ‘Democracy, constitutionalism, and identity: the anomaly of the Israelicase’, Constellations 11, 2: 237–57.
  • Lijphart, Arend. 1977. ‘Majority rule versus democracy in deeply divided societies’, Politikon 4, 2:113–26.
  • Lijphart, Arend. 2004. ‘Constitution design in divided societies’, Journal of Democracy 15, 2: 96–109.
  • Linz, Juan; Stepan, Alfred and Yadav, Yogendra. ‘‘‘Nation-state’’ or ‘‘state-nation’’? comparative reflections on Indian democracy’. Unpublished manuscript.
  • Lustick, Ian. 1979. ‘Stability in deeply divided societies: consociationalism versus control’, WorldPolitics 31, 3: 325–44.
  • Muller, Jan-Werner. 2007. Constitutional Patriotism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Nordlinger, Eric A. 1972. Conflict Regulation in Divided Societies. Cambridge, MA: Center forInternational Affairs Harvard University. Philips, C. H. and Wainwright; Mary Doreen. 1970. The Partition of India: Policies and Perspectives, 1935–1947. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Raday, Frances; Shalev, Carmel and Liban-Kooby, Michal (eds.). 1995. Women’s Status in IsraeliSociety and Law. Jerusalem: Shoken (in Hebrew).
  • Rawls, John. 1996. Political Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Reynolds, Andrew (ed.), 2002. The Architecture of Democracy: Constitutional Design, ConflictManagement, and Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Saunders, Allan F. 1924. ‘The Irish constitution’, American Political Science Review 18, 2: 340–5.
  • Shafir, Gershon and Peled, Yoav. 2002. Being Israeli: The Dynamics of MultipleCitizenship.Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. Shapira, Yonathan. 1996. Politicians as a Hegemonic Class: the Case of Israel. Tel Aviv: SifriatPoalim (in Hebrew).
  • Shiffman, Pinhas. 2001. Civil or Sacred: Civil Marriage and Divorce Alternatives in Israel.Jerusalem: The Association for Civil Rights in Israel (in Hebrew).
  • Sieye` s, Emmanuel Joseph. 1964. What Is the Third Estate? New York: Praeger.
  • Singh, Anita Inder. 1990. The Origins of the Partition of India, 1936– 1947. Delhi and New York:Oxford University Press.
  • Stepan, Alfred. 1986. ‘Paths toward redemocratization: theoretical and comparative considerations’,in Guillermo O’Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter and Laurence Whitehead (eds.),Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives. Baltimore, MD and London:Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Stepan, Alfred. 2001. ‘The world’s religious systems and democracy: crafting the ‘‘twin tolerations’’’,in Alfred Stepan (ed.), Arguing Comparative Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Strum, Philippa. 1995. ‘The road not taken: constitutional non-decision making in 1948–1950 andits Impact on civil liberties in the Israeli political culture’, in S. Ilan Troen and Noah Lucas(eds.), Israel: The First Decade of Independence. Albany, NY: State University of New YorkPress.
  • Sunstein, Cass R. 2001. Designing Democracy: What Constitutions Do? Oxford and New York:Oxford University Press.
  • Tully, James. 1995. Strange Multiplicity: Constitutionalism in an Age of Diversity. Cambridge andNew York: Cambridge University Press.
  • USIP. 2005. ‘Iraq’s constitutional process: shaping a vision for the country’s future.’ SpecialReport 132. Washington, DC: USIP.
  • Ventura, Refael; Pipilov, Michael and Arian, Asher. 2008. Auditing Israeli Democracy
Yıl 2015, Cilt: 73 Sayı: 1, 485 - 504, 08.11.2016

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Ackerman, Bruce A. 1991. We the People: Foundations. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press ofHarvard University Press.
  • Ackerman, Bruce 1992. The Future of Liberal Revolution. New Heaven, CT: Yale UniversityPress.
  • Agnes, Flavia. 2004. ‘Law and gender inequality: the politics of women’s rights in India’, in FlaviaAgnes (ed.), Women and Law in India. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Akan, Murat. 2005. ‘The Politics of Secularization in Turkey and France: Beyond Orientalismand Occidentalism.’ PhD dissertation, Columbia University.
  • Austin, Granville. 1999. The Indian Constitution: Cornerstone of a Nation. Bombay: OxfordUniversity Press.
  • Benomar, Jamal. 2004. ‘Constitution-making after conflict: lessons for Iraq’, Journal of Democracy15, 2: 81–95.
  • Blaustein, Albert P. and Flanz, Gilbert H. (eds.), 1985 nd updated annually. Constitutions of the Countries of the World. Dobbs Ferry, NY: Oceana Publications.
  • Bourke, Richard. 2003. Peace in Ireland: the war of ideas. London: Random House.
  • Brass, Paul R. 2005. Language, Religion and Politics in North India. Lincoln, NE: Backinprint.com.
  • Brecher, Michael. 1959. Nehru: A Political Biography. London and New York: Oxford UniversityPress.
  • Choudhry, Sujit (ed.), 2008. Constitutional Design for Divided Societies: Integration or Accommodation.Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Collins, Michael. 1922. The Path to Freedom. Dublin: The Talbot Press.
  • Constituent Assembly Debates. 1999. New Delhi: Reprinted by Lok Sabha Secretariat.
  • Constitution in Broad Consent: Report of the Constitution, Law and Justice Committee regarding Proposals for the Constitution of the State of Israel. 2006. (in Hebrew). Availableat: http://huka.gov.il
  • Don-Yehiya, E. 1999. Religion and Political Accommodation in Israel. Jerusalem: FloersheimerInstitute for Policy Studies.
  • Elster, Jon. 1995. ‘Forces and mechanisms in the constitution-making process’, Duke Law Journal45, 2: 364–96.
  • Elster, Jon, Offe, Claus and Preuss, Ulrich Klaus. 1998. Institutional Design in Post-Communist Societies: Rebuilding the Ship at Sea, Theories of Institutional Design. Cambridge and NewYork: Cambridge University Press.
  • Galanter, Marc. 1989. Law and Society in Modern India. Delhi and New York: Oxford UniversityPress.
  • Greenberg, Douglas, Katz, Stanley N., Oliviero, Melanie Beth and Wheatley, Steven C. (eds.), 1993. Constitutionalism and Democracy: Transitions in the Contemporary World. New York andOxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Habermas, Jürgen. 1996. ‘Citizenship and national identity’, in Jürgen Habermas (ed.), BetweenFacts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy. Cambridge, MA:MIT Press.
  • Hirschman, Albert O. 1994. ‘Social conflicts as pillars of democratic market society’, PoliticalTheory 22, 2: 203–18.
  • Hogan, Gerard and Whyte, Gerry. 2003. J. M. Kelly: The Irish Constitution (4th edn). Dublin:Lexis Nexis Butterworths.
  • Holmes, Stephen. 1993. ‘Gag rules or the politics of omission’, in Jon Elster and Rune Slagstad(eds.), Constitutionalism and Democracy. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
  • Horowitz, Dan and Lissak, Moshe. 1978. Origins of the Israeli Polity: Palestine under the Mandate. Chicago, IL and London: University of Chicago Press.
  • Howard, Dick (ed.), 1993. Constitution Making in Eastern Europe. Washington, DC: WoodrowWilson Center Press: Distributed by the Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Inbal, Aliza and Lerner, Hanna. 2007. ‘Constitutional design, identity and legitimacy in postconflictreconstruction’, in Derick W. Brinkerhoff (ed.), Governance in Post-Conflict Societies:Rebuilding Fragile States. London: Routledge.
  • Jamal, Amal. 2008. ‘Future visions and current dilemmas: on the political ethos of Palestiniancitizens of Israel’, Israel Studies Forum 23, 2: 3–28.
  • Kaviraj, Sudipta. 1992. ‘Writing, speaking, being: language and the historical formation ofidentities in India’, in Dgmar Hellmann-Rajanayagam and Dietmar Rothernund (eds.),Nationalstaat Und Sprachkonflikte in Sud- Und Sudostadien. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
  • Khilnani, Sunil. 1999. The Idea of India. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux.
  • Kissane, Bill. 2005. The Politics of the Irish Civil War. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Kissane, Bill and Sitter, Nick. 2010. ‘The marriage of state and nation in European constitutions’,Nations and Nationalism 16, 1: 49–67.
  • Knesset Records. 1950. Vol. 415. Jerusalem: Government of Israel. Kohn, Leo. 1932. The Constitution of the Irish Free State. London: G. Allen & Unwin Ltd.
  • Lerner, Hanna. 2004. ‘Democracy, constitutionalism, and identity: the anomaly of the Israelicase’, Constellations 11, 2: 237–57.
  • Lijphart, Arend. 1977. ‘Majority rule versus democracy in deeply divided societies’, Politikon 4, 2:113–26.
  • Lijphart, Arend. 2004. ‘Constitution design in divided societies’, Journal of Democracy 15, 2: 96–109.
  • Linz, Juan; Stepan, Alfred and Yadav, Yogendra. ‘‘‘Nation-state’’ or ‘‘state-nation’’? comparative reflections on Indian democracy’. Unpublished manuscript.
  • Lustick, Ian. 1979. ‘Stability in deeply divided societies: consociationalism versus control’, WorldPolitics 31, 3: 325–44.
  • Muller, Jan-Werner. 2007. Constitutional Patriotism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Nordlinger, Eric A. 1972. Conflict Regulation in Divided Societies. Cambridge, MA: Center forInternational Affairs Harvard University. Philips, C. H. and Wainwright; Mary Doreen. 1970. The Partition of India: Policies and Perspectives, 1935–1947. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
  • Raday, Frances; Shalev, Carmel and Liban-Kooby, Michal (eds.). 1995. Women’s Status in IsraeliSociety and Law. Jerusalem: Shoken (in Hebrew).
  • Rawls, John. 1996. Political Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press.
  • Reynolds, Andrew (ed.), 2002. The Architecture of Democracy: Constitutional Design, ConflictManagement, and Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Saunders, Allan F. 1924. ‘The Irish constitution’, American Political Science Review 18, 2: 340–5.
  • Shafir, Gershon and Peled, Yoav. 2002. Being Israeli: The Dynamics of MultipleCitizenship.Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. Shapira, Yonathan. 1996. Politicians as a Hegemonic Class: the Case of Israel. Tel Aviv: SifriatPoalim (in Hebrew).
  • Shiffman, Pinhas. 2001. Civil or Sacred: Civil Marriage and Divorce Alternatives in Israel.Jerusalem: The Association for Civil Rights in Israel (in Hebrew).
  • Sieye` s, Emmanuel Joseph. 1964. What Is the Third Estate? New York: Praeger.
  • Singh, Anita Inder. 1990. The Origins of the Partition of India, 1936– 1947. Delhi and New York:Oxford University Press.
  • Stepan, Alfred. 1986. ‘Paths toward redemocratization: theoretical and comparative considerations’,in Guillermo O’Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter and Laurence Whitehead (eds.),Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Comparative Perspectives. Baltimore, MD and London:Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Stepan, Alfred. 2001. ‘The world’s religious systems and democracy: crafting the ‘‘twin tolerations’’’,in Alfred Stepan (ed.), Arguing Comparative Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Strum, Philippa. 1995. ‘The road not taken: constitutional non-decision making in 1948–1950 andits Impact on civil liberties in the Israeli political culture’, in S. Ilan Troen and Noah Lucas(eds.), Israel: The First Decade of Independence. Albany, NY: State University of New YorkPress.
  • Sunstein, Cass R. 2001. Designing Democracy: What Constitutions Do? Oxford and New York:Oxford University Press.
  • Tully, James. 1995. Strange Multiplicity: Constitutionalism in an Age of Diversity. Cambridge andNew York: Cambridge University Press.
  • USIP. 2005. ‘Iraq’s constitutional process: shaping a vision for the country’s future.’ SpecialReport 132. Washington, DC: USIP.
  • Ventura, Refael; Pipilov, Michael and Arian, Asher. 2008. Auditing Israeli Democracy
Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Çeviri
Yazarlar

Hanna Lerner Bu kişi benim

Çev. Burak Çağ Bu kişi benim

Çev. Elif Eren Koç Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 8 Kasım 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Cilt: 73 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Lerner, H., Çağ, Ç. B., & Eren Koç, Ç. E. (2016). DERİNDEN BÖLÜNMÜŞ TOPLUMLARDA ANAYASA YAZIMI: AŞAMALI YAKLAŞIM. Journal of Istanbul University Law Faculty, 73(1), 485-504.
AMA Lerner H, Çağ ÇB, Eren Koç ÇE. DERİNDEN BÖLÜNMÜŞ TOPLUMLARDA ANAYASA YAZIMI: AŞAMALI YAKLAŞIM. Journal of Istanbul University Law Faculty. Şubat 2016;73(1):485-504.
Chicago Lerner, Hanna, Çev. Burak Çağ, ve Çev. Elif Eren Koç. “DERİNDEN BÖLÜNMÜŞ TOPLUMLARDA ANAYASA YAZIMI: AŞAMALI YAKLAŞIM”. Journal of Istanbul University Law Faculty 73, sy. 1 (Şubat 2016): 485-504.
EndNote Lerner H, Çağ ÇB, Eren Koç ÇE (01 Şubat 2016) DERİNDEN BÖLÜNMÜŞ TOPLUMLARDA ANAYASA YAZIMI: AŞAMALI YAKLAŞIM. Journal of Istanbul University Law Faculty 73 1 485–504.
IEEE H. Lerner, Ç. B. Çağ, ve Ç. E. Eren Koç, “DERİNDEN BÖLÜNMÜŞ TOPLUMLARDA ANAYASA YAZIMI: AŞAMALI YAKLAŞIM”, Journal of Istanbul University Law Faculty, c. 73, sy. 1, ss. 485–504, 2016.
ISNAD Lerner, Hanna vd. “DERİNDEN BÖLÜNMÜŞ TOPLUMLARDA ANAYASA YAZIMI: AŞAMALI YAKLAŞIM”. Journal of Istanbul University Law Faculty 73/1 (Şubat 2016), 485-504.
JAMA Lerner H, Çağ ÇB, Eren Koç ÇE. DERİNDEN BÖLÜNMÜŞ TOPLUMLARDA ANAYASA YAZIMI: AŞAMALI YAKLAŞIM. Journal of Istanbul University Law Faculty. 2016;73:485–504.
MLA Lerner, Hanna vd. “DERİNDEN BÖLÜNMÜŞ TOPLUMLARDA ANAYASA YAZIMI: AŞAMALI YAKLAŞIM”. Journal of Istanbul University Law Faculty, c. 73, sy. 1, 2016, ss. 485-04.
Vancouver Lerner H, Çağ ÇB, Eren Koç ÇE. DERİNDEN BÖLÜNMÜŞ TOPLUMLARDA ANAYASA YAZIMI: AŞAMALI YAKLAŞIM. Journal of Istanbul University Law Faculty. 2016;73(1):485-504.