THE IMPACT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL INTENSITY ON JOB STRESS: THE MEDIATING ROLE OF ROLE AMBIGUITY WITH EVIDENCE FROM TOP 1.000 INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATIONS OF TURKEY

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 27 - 38, 30.03.2016

Gultekin Altuntas Nevzat Demir Aral Noyan

https://doi.org/10.17261/Pressacademia.2016116550

Öz

There are two principal questions
were addressed in this study: (a) Does an entrepreneurial intensity (i.e.
degree and frequency of entrepreneurial actions inside an organization)
contribute to an individual’s level of job stress? (b) Does role ambiguity mediate
the effect of entrepreneurial intensity on an individual’s level of job stress?
The data for the study have been taken from the top 1.000 industrial
organizations of Turkey as of 2015, a typical example of an emerging economy.
The findings reveal that entrepreneurial intensity (both degree and frequency
of entrepreneurship) consistently contributes to lower role ambiguity and an
individual’s level of job stress. It also demonstrates that role ambiguity
positively affects an individual’s level of job stress and partially mediates
the relationship between the frequency of entrepreneurship and his/her level of
job stress. Based on the results, some managerial implications for practice and
useful suggestions for future research are set forth. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Entrepreneurial intensity, role ambiguity, job stress, industrial organizations, Turkey

Kaynakça

• Agnieszka, Z. & Agnieszka, W. 2015, “Routines do matter: role of internal communication in firm-level entrepreneurship,” Baltic Journal of Management, vol. 10, no. 1, pp.119–139.
• Allens, R. K. 2009, “Launching new ventures: An entrepreneurial approach,” Houghton Mifflin Company Boston New York.
• Altuntaş, G. 2010, “The relationship between entrepreneurship and strategic management: A new model and test of strategic entrepreneurship,” Unpublished dissertation. Istanbul University, the Institute of Social Sciences.
• Altuntaş, G. & Dönmez, D. 2010, “The relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and organizational performance: Evidence from the hotel industry in Çanakkale Region,” Journal of Journal of the School of Business Administration, Istanbul University, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 278–303.
• Antoncic, B. & Hisrich, R. D. 2001, “Intrapreneurship: Construct refinement and cross–cultural validation,” Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 495–527.
• Antoncic, B. & Hisrich, R. D. 2003, “Clarifying the intrapreneurship concept,” Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 7–24.
• Baird, I. S. & Thomas, H. 1985, “Toward a contingency model of strategic risk taking,” Academy of Management Review, vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 230–243.
• Barringer, B. C. & Ireland, R. D. 2008, “Entrepreneurship: Successfully launching new ventures,” 2nd Edition, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice–Hall.
• Bateman, T. S. & Crant, J. M. 1993, “The proactive component of organizational behavior: A measure and correlates,” Journal of Organizational Behavior, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 103–118.
• Beehr, T. A., Jex, S. M., Stacy, B. A. & Murray, M. A. 2000, “Work stressors and co–worker support as predictors of individual strain and job performance,” Journal of Organizational Behavior, vol. 21, pp. 392–403.
• Buttner, E. H. 1992, “Entrepreneurial stress: Is it hazardous to your health?,” Journal of Managerial Issues, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 223–240.
• Caruna, A. Morris, M. H. & Vella, A. J. 1998, “The effect of centralization and formalization on entrepreneurship in export firms,” Journal of Small Business Management, January, pp. 16–29.
• Certo, S. T., Moss, T. W. & Short, J. C. 2009, “Entrepreneurial orientation: An applied perspective,” Business Horizons, vol. 52, no. 4, pp. 319–324.
• Chang. H. J. & Lin, S. J. 2011, “Entrepreneurial intensity in catering industry: A case study on Wang Group in Taiwan,” Business and Management Review, vol. 1, no. 9, pp. 1–12.
• Chauhan, A. P. 2014, “Organizational role stress,” International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Science, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 154–171.
• Clarke, L. 1994, “The essence of change,” London: Prentice Hall International.
• Cornwall, J. R. & Perlman, B. 1990, “Organizational entrepreneurship,” Homewood, IL: Boston–Irvin.
• Covin, J. G. & Lumpkin, G. T. 2011, “Entrepreneurial orientation theory and research: Reflections on a needed construct,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 35, no. 5, pp. 855–872.
• Covin, J. G. & Miles, M. P. 1999, “Corporate entrepreneurship and the pursuit of competitive advantage,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 47–63.
• Covin, J. G. & Slevin, D. P. 1989, “Strategic management of small firms in hostile and benign environment,” Strategic Management Journal, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 75–87.
• Covin, J. G. & Slevin, D. P. 1990, “New venture strategic posture, structure and performance: An industry life cycle analysis,” Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 5, pp. 123 – 135.
• Covin, J. G. & Slevin, D. P. 1991, “A conceptual model of entrepreneurship as firm behavior,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 7–24.
• Covin, J. G., Green, K. & Slevin, D. P. 2006, “Strategic process effects on the entrepreneurial orientation – sales growth rate relationship,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 57–81.
• Damanpour, F. 1991, “Organizational innovation: A meta–analysis of effects of determinants and moderators,” The Academy of Management Journal, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 555–590.
• Deepti P., Shilpa, J. & Kavita, C. 2015, “Entrepreneurial intensity in relation to presence of entrepreneurship development cell: A study of institutes offering professional courses in national capital region Delhi, India,” The International Journal of Management Education, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 95-105.
• Demirci, A. 2013, “Cross–cultural differences in entrepreneurial tendencies: An exploratory view in Turkey and Canada”. International Journal of Entrepreneurship, vol. 17, pp. 21–40.
• Dess, G. G. & Lumpkin, G. T. 2005, “The role of entrepreneurial orientation in stimulating effective corporate entrepreneurship,” Academy of Management Executive, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 147–156.
• Drucker, P. 1985, “The discipline of the innovator,” Harvard Business Review, vol. 63, no. 3, pp. 67–72.
• Eatough, E. M., Chang, C. H., Miloslavic, S. A. & Johnson, R. E. 2011, “Relationships of role stressors with organizational citizenship behaviour: A meta–analysis,” Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 96, pp. 620–621.
• Eisinga, R., te Grotenhuis, M. & Pelzer, B. 2013, “The reliability of a two–item scale: Pearson, Cronbach, or Spearman–Brown?,” International Journal of Public Health, vol. 58, pp. 637–642.
• Erasmus P. & R. Scheepers, 2008, “The relationship between entrepreneurial intensity and shareholder value creation,” Managing Global Transitions, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 229–56.
• Fogarty, T. J. 1996, “An examination of job tension and coping in the relationship between stressors and outcomes in public accounting,” Journal of Managerial Issues, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 269–285.
• Hamel, G. 2007, “The future of management,” Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
• Harris, J. A, Saltstone, R. & Fraboni, M. 1999, “An evaluation of the job stress questionnaire with a sample of entrepreneurs,” Journal of Business and Psychology, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 447–455.
• Hayton, J. C. 2005, “Promoting corporate entrepreneurship through human resource management practices: A review of empirical research,” Human Resources Management Review, vol. 15, no. 1, pp: 21–41.
• Hindle, K. & Cutting, N. 2002, “Can applied entrepreneurship education enhance job satisfaction and financial performance? An empirical investigation in the Australian pharmacy profession,” Journal of Small Business Management, vol. 40, no. 2, pp. 162–167.
• Hisrich, D. R. & Peters, P. M. 2002, “Entrepreneurship,” London, UK: McGraw–Hill Irwin.
• Hornsby, J. S., Naffziger, D. W., Kuratko, D. F. & Montagno, R. V. 1990, “Developing an intrapreneurial assessment instrument for an effective corporate entrepreneurial environment,” Strategic Management Journal, vol. 11, pp. 49–58.
• Hornsby, J. S., Naffziger, D. W., Kuratko, D. F. & Montagno, R. V. 1993, “An interactive model of the corporate entrepreneurship process,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 29–37.
• Jimmieson, N. L., Terry, D. J. & Callan, V. J. 2004, “A longitudinal study of employee adaptation to organizational change: the role change related information and change–related self–efficacy,” Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 11–27.
• Kaplanoglu, E. 2014, “The basic causes and potential consequences of occupational stress: A study of certifıed public accountants in Manisa Province,” Journal of Accounting and Finance, October, pp. 131–150.
• Keh, H. T., Foo, M. D. & Lim, B. C. 2002, “Opportunity evaluation under risky conditions: The cognitive processes of entrepreneurs,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 125–148.
• Kemery, E. R., Bedeian, A. G., Mossholder, K. W. & Touliatos, J. 1985, “Outcomes of role stress: a multi–sample constructive replication,” Academy of Management Journal, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 363–375.
• Ketchen, D. J., Jr., Ireland, R. D. & Snow, C. C. 2007, “Strategic entrepreneurship, collaborative innovation, and wealth creation,” Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal, vol. 1, no. 3–4, pp. 371–385.
• Khan, A. M. & Manopichetwattana, V. 1989, “Models for innovative and non–innovative small firms,” Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 187–196.
• Knight, G. 1997, “Cross–cultural reliability and validity of a scale to measure firm entrepreneurial orientation,” Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 213–225.
• Koçel, T. 2005, “Business management,” 10th Edition, Istanbul, Turkey: Arıkan Basım Yayım Dağıtım Ltd. Şti.
• Kraus, S. 2013, “The role of entrepreneurial orientation in service firms: empirical evidence from Austria,” The Service Industries Journal, vol. 33, no. 5, pp. 427–444.
• Kuo, S. Y. 2015, “Occupational stress, job satisfaction, and affective commitment to policing among Taiwanese police officers,” Police Quarterly, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 27–54, DOI: 10.1177/1098611114559039
• Kuratko, D. F., Hornsby, J. S. & Goldsby, M. G. 2007, “The relationship of stakeholder salience, organizational posture, and entrepreneurial intensity to corporate entrepreneurship,” Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 56–72.
• Kuratko, D. F., Morris, M. H. & Covin, J. G. 2011, “Corporate innovation and entrepreneurship,” 3rd Edition, Canada: Cengage Learning.
• Lee, C., Lee, K. & Pennings, J. M. 2001, “Internal capabilities, external networks, and performance: A study of technology–based ventures,” Strategic Management Journal, vol. 22, no. 6–7, pp. 615–640.
• Luecke, R. 2003, “Managing creativity and innovation,” Boston, MA: Harvard Business Essentials.
• Lumpkin, G. T. & Dess, G. G. 1996, “Clarifying the entrepreneurial orientation construct and linking it to performance,” Academy of Management Executive, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 135–172.
• Lumpkin, G. T. & Dess, G. G. 2001, “Linking two dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation to firm performance: The moderating role of environment and industry life cycle,” Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 429–451.
• Markman, G. D. & Baron, R. A. 2003, “Person–entrepreneurship fit: Why some people are more successful as entrepreneurs than others,” Human Resource Management Review, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 281–301.
• Miller, D. 1987, “Strategy making and structure: Analysis and implication for performance,” Academy of Management Journal, vol. 30, no. 1, pp. 7–32.
• Miller, D. & Friesen, P. 1978, “Archetypes of strategy formulation,” Management Science, vol. 24, pp. 921–933.
• Monsen, E. & Boss, R. W. 2009, “The impact of strategic entrepreneurship inside the organization: Examining job stress and employee retention,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 71–104.
• Morris, M. H. 1998, “Entrepreneurship intensity: Sustainable advantages for individuals, organizations and societies,” London: Quorum Books.
• Morris, M. H., & Kuratko, D. F. 2002, “Corporate entrepreneurship: Entrepreneurial development within organizations,” London: Thompson South Western.
• Morris, M. H. & Sexton, D. L. 1996, “The concept of entrepreneurial intensity: Implications for company performance,” Journal of Business Research, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 5–13.
• Morris, M. H., Kuratko, D. F. & Covin, J. G. 2010, “Corporate entrepreneurship and innovation,” Mason: Thompson/South–Western Publishing.
• Mueller, S. & Thomas, A. 2001, “Culture and entrepreneurial potential: A nine country study of locus of control and innovativeness,” Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 51–75.
• Neely, A. & Hii, J. 1998, “Innovation and business performance: A literature review,” Cambridge, MA: The Judge Institute of Management Studies.
• O’Driscoll, M. P. & Beehr, T. A. 1994, “Supervisor behaviors, role stressors and uncertainty as predictors of personal outcomes for subordinates,” Journal of Organizational Behavior, vol. 15, pp. 143–154.
• Organ, D. W. & Greene, C. N. 1981, “The effects of formalization on professional involvement: A compensatory process approach,” Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 237–252.
• Pearce, J. A., II, Kramer, T. R. & Robbins, D. K. 1997, “Effects of managers’ entrepreneurial behaviour on subordinates,” Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 12, no. 2, pp. 147–160.
• Rafferty, A. E. & Griffin, M. A. 2006, “Perceptions of organizational change: A stress and coping perspective,” Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 91, no. 5, pp. 1154–1162.
• Rausch A., Wiklund, J., Lumpkin, G. T. & Frese, M. 2009, “Entrepreneurial orientation and business performance: An assessment of past research and suggestions for future,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 761–787.
• Rizzo, J. R., House, R. J. & Lirtzman, S. I. 1970, “Role conflict and ambiguity in complex organizations,” Administrative Science Quarterly, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 150–163.
• Rocha, H. 2004, “Entrepreneurship and development: The role of clusters,” Small Business Economics, vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 363-400.
• Rutherford, M. W. & Holt, D. T. 2007, “Corporate entrepreneurship: An empirical look at the innovativeness dimension and its antecedents,” Journal of Organizational Change Management, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 429–446.
• Rutherford, M. W., Holt, D. T. & Clohessy, G. R. 2007, “Corporate entrepreneurship: An empirical look at individual characteristics, context, and process,” Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 40–54.
• Sathe, V. 1989, “Fostering entrepreneurship in a large diversified firm,” Organizational Dynamics, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 20–32.
• Savery, L. K. & Luks, J. A. 2000, “Long hours at work: Are they dangerous and do people consent to them?,” Leadership and Organizational Development Journal, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 307–310.
• Scheepers, M. J., Hough, J. & Bloom, J. Z. 2008, “Nurturing the corporate entrepreneurship capability,” South African Business Review, vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 50–75.
• Schindehutte, M. & Morris, M. H. 2001, “Understanding strategic adaptation in small firms,” International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour and Research, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 84–107.
• Schindehutte, M., Morris, M. H. & Allen, J. 2006, “Beyond achievement: Entrepreneurship as extreme experience,” Small Business Economics, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 49–68.
• Schumpeter, J. A. 1934, “The theory of economic development,” Boston, MA: Harvard University Press.
• Slater, S. F. & Narver, J. C. 1995, “Market orientation and the learning organization,” Journal of Marketing, vol. 59, July, pp. 63–74.
• Stevenson, H. H. & Gumpert, D. E. 1985, “The heart of entrepreneurship,” Harvard Business Review, March–April, pp. 85–94.
• Stoedeur, S., D’hoore, W. & Vandenberghe, C. 2001, “Leadership, organizational stress, and emotional exhaustion among hospital nursing staff,” Journal of Advanced Nursing, vol. 35, pp. 534–535.
• Teoh, H. Y. & Foo, S. L. 1997, “Moderating effects of tolerance for ambiguity and risk taking propensity on the role conflict–perceived performance relationship: Evidence from Singaporean entrepreneurs,” Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 12, pp. 67–81.
• Upson, J. W., Ketchen, D. J. & Ireland, R. D. 2007, “Managing employee stress: a key to the effectiveness of strategic supply chain management,” Organizational Dynamics, vol. 36, pp. 78–92.
• Urban, B. & Sefalafala, M. R. 2015, “The influence of entrepreneurial intensity and capabilities on internationalisation and firm performance,” South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 260–276.
• Venkatraman, N. 1989a, “The concept of fit in strategy research: Toward verbal and statistical correspondence,” The Academy of Management Review, vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 423–444.
• Venkatraman, N. 1989b, “Strategic orientation of business enterprises: The construct, dimensionality, and measurement,” Management Science, vol. 35, no. 8, pp. 942–962.
• Vozikis, G. S., Bruton, G. D., Prasad, D. & Merikas, A. A. 1999, “Linking corporate entrepreneurship to financial theory through additional value creation,” Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 33–43.
• Wennekers, S. & Thurik, R. 1999, “Linking entrepreneurship to economic growth,” Small Business Economics, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 27-55.
• Wiklund, J. & Shepherd, D. 2005, “Entrepreneurial orientation and small business performance: A configurational approach,” Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 71–91.
• Yongkang, Z., Weixi, Z, Yalin, H., Yipeng, X. & Liu, T. 2014, “The relationship among role conflict, role ambiguity, role overload and job stress of Chinese middle–level cadres,” Chinese Studies, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 8–11.
• Zahra, S. A. 1991, “Predictors and financial outcomes of corporate entrepreneurship: An exploratory study,” Journal of Business Venturing, vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 259–285.