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ÇUMRA (KONYA) OVASINDAKİ YERALTISULARININ HİDROJEOKİMYASAL ÖZELLİKLERİ VE SULAMA SUYU KALİTESİ

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3, 559 - 571, 19.12.2017

Öz

Nüfus artışına bağlı olarak artan tarım, kimyasal gübrelerin bilinçsiz kullanımı
ve aşırı sulama suyu tüketimi son yıllarda yeraltı suyu kalitesinin bozulmasıyla
yakından ilişkilidir. Çumra (Konya) ovası, İç Anadolu Bölgesi’nin tarımsal
üretim bakımından en önemli bölgelerinden biridir ve tarımsal aktiviteler için ana
su kaynağını yeraltı suyu oluşturmaktadır. Bu çalışmada Çumra ovasındaki yeraltı
sularının hidrojeokimyasal özellikleri incelenmiş ve sulama suyu olarak
kullanılabilirliği ile kalitesi değerlendirilmiştir. Bu amaçla bölgenin ana
akiferlerini oluşturan Neojen ve Geç Pliyosen-Kuvaterner yaşlı akiferlere ait 60
adet yeraltı suyu örneğinde kimyasal analizler yapılmıştır. Yeraltı sularında
Ca+2 ve Mg+2 hâkim katyonları oluştururken anyonlardan
beslenim bölgesinden boşalım bölgesine doğru sırasıyla, HCO3, HCO3-SO4,
SO4-HCO3 ve SO4-Cl fasiyeslerine geçiş gözlenmektedir.
Sulama suyu olarak yeraltı suyunun uygunluğunu belirlemek amacıyla elektriksel
iletkenlik, sodyum adsorbsiyon oranı, sodyum yüzdesi, atıksal sodyum karbonat,
geçirgenlik indeksi, mağnezyum oranı, kelley indeksi parametreleri ve ABD
tuzluluk laboratuvarı ve Wilcox diyagramı kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca kalite
değerlendirmesi için yeraltı sularına ait ağır metal ve toksik element
konsantrasyonları ile azot türevleri kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen verilere göre
inceleme alanının doğusundaki Üçhüyükler, Ovakavağı ve Karkın çevresinde Geç
Pliyosen-Kuvaterner akiferinin tarımsal aktiviteler ve diğer antropojenik
etkenlerden daha fazla etkilendiği ve sulama suyu olarak kullanıma uygun
olmadığı tespit edilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Alam, M., Rais, S., Aslam, M., 2012. Hydrochemical investigation and quality assessment of ground water in rural areas of Delhi, India, Environ. Earth Sci. 66, 97-110.
  • Aghazadeh, N., Mogaddam, A.A., 2011. Investigation of hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater in the Harzandat aquifer, North-west of Iran. Environ Monit. Assess. 176:183–195.
  • Anonim., 1991. Su Kirliliği Kontrolü Yönetmeliği Teknik Usuller Tebliği Ankara. Resmi Gazete, Tarih 7 Ocak 1991 Sayı:20748.
  • Anonim., 2004. Su Kirliliği Kontrolü Yönetmeliği. Başbakanlık Çevre Müsteşarlığı. Ankara. Resmi Gazete, Tarih 31 Aralık Cuma 2004 Sayı:25687.
  • Ayers, R.S., Westcot, D.W., 1985. Water quality for agriculture, FAO Irrigation and drainage Paper No. 29, Rev. 1, U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome
  • Azaza, F.H., Ketata, M., Bouhlila, R., Gueddari, M., Riberio, L., 2010. Hydrogeochemical characteristics and assessment of drinking water quality in Zeuss–Koutine aquifer, southeastern Tunisia. Environ Monit Assess. 174: 283-298.
  • Balachandar, D., Sundararaj, P., Rutharvel Murthy, K., Kumaraswamy, K., 2010. An Investigation of Groundwater Quality and Its Suitability to Irrigated Agriculture in Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, India-A GIS Approach. İnt. J. Of Envıron. Scıences, 1(2):176-190.
  • Bauder, T.A., Waskom, R.M., Davis, J.G., Sutherland, P.L., 2011. Irrigation water quality criteria. Fort Collins, CO: Colorado State University Extension.
  • Bayarı, S., Özyurt, N., Kilani, S. 2009a. Radiocarbon age distribution of grondwater in the Konya Closed Basin, central Anatolia, Turkey. Hydrogeology J. 17: 347-365.
  • Bayarı, S., Pekkan, E., Özyurt, N. 2009b. Obruks, as giand collapse dolines caused by hypogenic karstification in the central Anatolia, Turkey: analysis of likely formation processes. Hydrogeology J. 17: 327-345.
  • Bozdağ, A., 2015. Combining AHP with GIS for assessment of irrigation water quality in C¸ umra Irrigation District (Konya), Central Anatolia, Turkey. Environ Earth Sci 73(12):8217-8236.
  • Bozdağ, A., 2016. Assessment of the hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater in two aquifer systems in Çumra Plain, Central Anatolia. Environ Earth Sci., 75:674.
  • Davraz, A., Ünver, Ö., 2014. İnegöl Havzası (Bursa) Hidrojeolojisi ve Yeraltısularının Kalite Değerlendirilmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, 18 (2), 7-21
  • Doneen, L.D., 1964. Notes on water quality in agriculture. Water science and engineering paper 4001. Department of Water Sciences and Engineering, University of California, Davis.
  • D.S.İ. (Devlet Su İşleri) 1975. Konya-Çumra-Karapınar Ovası Hidrojeoloji Etüt Raporu. DSİ Genel Müdürlüğü, Jeoteknik Hizmetler ve Yeraltısuları Dairesi Başkanlığı, 118s. Ankara.
  • Eaton, F.M., 1950. Significance of carbonate in irrigation water. Soil Sci 69 (2):123-133.
  • Edmunds, W.M., Shand, P., 2008. Natural groundwater quality. Blackwell, Oxford.
  • Eren, Y., 2001. Konya ve çevresinin neo-tektonik özellikleri ve depremselliği, S.Ü. Yerbilimleri Açısından Konya Sempozyumu, Bildiriler, 17-19.
  • Esmaeili, A., Moore, F., 2011. Hydrogeochemical assessment of groundwater in Isfahan province, Iran. Environ Earth Sci 67: 107-120
  • Fisher, R.S., Mulican, W.F., 1997. Hydrochemical evolution of sodiumsulfate and sodium-chloride groundwater beneath the Northern Chihuahuan desert, Trans-Pecos, Rexas, USA. Hydrogeol J 5(2): 4-16
  • Göçmez, G., Dıvrak, B.B., İş¸ G., 2008. Investigation of groundwater level change detection in Konya Closed Basin. Summary Report, WWF-Turkey, İstanbul, p. 18
  • Hakyemez, H.Y., Elibol, E., Umut, M., Bakırhan, B., Kara, İ., Dağıstan, H., Metin, T., Erdoğan, N., 1992. Konya-Çumra-Akören Dolayının Jeolojisi. M.T.A. Rapor no: 42/24, s.64, Ankara.
  • Islam M.S., Shamsad, S.Z.K.M., 2009. Assessment of Irrigation Water Quality of Bogra District in Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(4): 597-608.
  • Jalali, M. 2009. Groundwater geochemistry in the Alisadr, Hamadan, Western Iran, Environ Monit Assess, 166(1-4):359-69. doi: 10.1007/s10661-009-1007-5.
  • Kanber, R., Kırda, C., Tekinel, O., 1992. Sulama suyu niteliği ve sulamada tuzluluk sorunları. Çukurova Üniversitesi Ziraat Fak. Yayın No: 6, Adana.
  • Karanth, K.R., 1989. Ground water assessment development and management. Tata McGraw Hill Publishers, New Delhi.
  • Kelley, W.P., 1946. Permissible composition and concentration of irrigation waters. In: Proceeding American Society of Civil Engineering, 607 p.
  • Ketin, İ., 1996. Tectonic units of Anatolia (Asia Minor): M.T.A. Bült. 66: 23-33.
  • Khodapanah, L., Sulaiman, W.N.A., Khodapanah, N., 2009. Groundwater Quality Assessment for Different Purposes in Eshtehard District, Tehran, Iran. European Journal of Scientific Research. 36(4):543-553.
  • Kumar, M., Ramanathan, A.L.R., Kumar, M.S.B., 2006. Identification and evaluation of hydrogeochemical processes in the groundwater environment of Delhi, India. Environ Geol 50(7): 1025-1039.
  • Karanth, K.R., 1989. Ground water assessment development and management. Tata McGraw Hill Publishers, New Delhi.
  • Nazik, L., Törk, K., Özel, E., Tuncer, K., 2004. Konya Ovasının Hidrolojik-Hidrojeolojik Gelişiminde Karstlaşmanın Etkisi. 1. Yeraltı Suları Ulusal Sempozyumu, Bildiriler Kitabı, 95-104, Konya, 23-24
  • Piper, A.M., 1944. A Graphic procedure in the geochemical interpretation of water analyses. Transactions, American Geophysical Union 25: 914-23.
  • Prasanna, M.V., Chidambaram, S., Srinivasamoorthy, K., 2010. Statistical analysis of the hydrogeochemical evolution of groundwater in hard and sedimentary aquifers system of Gadilam river basin, South India. J King Saud Univ (Science) 22: 133-145
  • Raghunath, H.M., 1987. Groundwater, 2nd edn. Wiley Eastern Ltd, New Delhi 563p
  • Raju, N.J., 2007. Hydrogeochemical parameters for assessment of groundwater quality in upper Gunjanaeru River basin, Cuddapah District, Andhra Pradesh, South India. Environ Geol., 52:1067-1074.
  • Raju, N.J., Shukla, U.K., Ram, P., 2011. Hydrogeochemistry for the assessment of groundwater quality in Varanasi: a fast-urbanizing center in Uttar Pradesh, India. Environ Monit Assess., 173:279-300
  • Ramesh, K., Elango, L., 2012. Groundwater Quality and its Suitability for Domestic and Agricultural use in Tondiar River Basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 184:3887–3899.
  • Ravikumar, P., Venkatesharaju, K., Prakash, K.L., Somashekar, R.K., 2010. Geochemistry of groundwater and groundwater prospects evaluation, Anekal Taluk, Bangalore Urban District, Karnataka. India Environ Monit Assess 179:93-112.
  • Richards, L.A., 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. USDA Agricultural Handbook No. 60. US Department of Agriculture, Washington DC, p 160.
  • Shamsad, S.Z.K.M., Islam, M.S., 2005. Hydrochemical behaviour of the water resource of Sathkhira Sadar of southwestern Bangladesh and its impact on environment. Bangladeh J. of Water Resource Researh. 20: 43-52.
  • Singh A. K., Mondal, G.C., Kumar, T.B., Singh Tewary, B.K., Sinha, A., 2008. Major ion chemistry, weathering processes and water quality assessment in upper catchment of Damodar River basin, India. Environ Geology., 54:745-758.
  • Subba Rao, N., Surya Rao, P., 2010. Major ion chemistry of groundwater in a river basin: a study from India. Environ Earth Sci 61(4):757-775
  • Subba Rao, N., Subrahmanyam, A., Ravi Kumar, S., Srinivasulu, N., Babu Rao, G., Surya Rao, P., Venkatram Reddy, G., 2012. Geochemistry and quality of groundwater of Gummanampadu sub-basin, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environmental Earth Science. 67/5,1451-1471.
  • Sağlam, M.T., Adiloğlu, A., 1997. Su Kalitesi (Genişletilmiş 2. Baskı). Trakya Üniversitesi Tekirdağ Ziraat Fak. Yayın No: 230, Ders Kitabı No: 27, Tekirdağ.
  • Sreedevi, P.D., 2004. Groundwater quality of Pageru river basin, Cudapah district, Andhra Pradesh. J Geol Soc India., 64: 619-636.
  • Szabolcs, I., Darab, C., 1964. The influence of irrigation water of high sodium carbonate content of soils. In: Szabolcs I (ed) Proceedings 8th international congress of the International Society of Soil Science, Research Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry, Hungarian Academy Science, pp 803-812.
  • Ulu, Ü., Bulduk, A.K., Ekmekçi, E., Karakaş, M., Öcal, H., Abbas, A., Saçlı, L., Taşkıran, M.A., Adır, M., Sözeri, Ş., Karabıyıkoğlu, M., 1994. İnlice-Akkise ve Cihanbeyli-Karapınar alanının jeolojisi: M.T.A. Der. Rap. No: 9720, Ankara.
  • Wilcox, L.V., 1955. Classification and use of irrigation water. USDA, Circular, Washington.
  • Wu, P., Tang, C., Zhu, L., Liu, C., Cha, X., Tao, X., 2009. Hydrogeochemical characteristics of surface water and groundwater in the karst basin, southwest China, Hydrological Process. 23: 2012-2022.
  • Yavuz, S., 2010. Konya-Karapınar Havzası Karstik Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesinde Hidrojeolojik Parametrelerin Kullanılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, p. 84

HYDROGEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND IRRIGATION WATER QUALITY OF GROUNDWATERS IN ÇUMRA (KONYA) PLAIN

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3, 559 - 571, 19.12.2017

Öz

The
degradation of groundwater quality in the recent years related to closely the
intensification of agriculture due to population growth, the unconscious use of
chemical fertilizers and the excess consumption of large volumes of irrigation
water.











Çumra
(Konya) plain is one of the most important regions of Central Anatolia in terms
of agricultural production and groundwater is the major source for agricultural
activities. This study was carried out with the objective of investigating the
hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater and evaluating the usability
and quality as irrigation water. For this purpose, chemical analyzes were
carried out in 60 groundwater samples from the Neogene and Late
Pliocene-Quaternary aquifers forming the main aquifers of the region. Ca and Mg
are the dominant cations in the groundwater and from recharge area
toward discharge area HCO3 HCO3-SO4,
SO4-HCO3 and SO4-Cl facies
for anions were observed, respectively. The electrical
conductivity, sodium adsorption ratio, percent sodium, residual sodium
carbonate, permeability index, magnesium ratio, Kelley index parameters, US
salinity laboratory and Wilcox diagrams were used to determine the suitability
of groundwater as irrigation water.
Additionally,
heavy metal and toxic element concentrations and nitrogen derivatives of
groundwater were used for quality evaluation. Based on obtained data, it was
determined that the Late Pliocene-Quaternary aquifer was more affected by
agricultural activities and other anthropogenic factors in the vicinity of
Üçhüyükler, Ovakavağı and Karkın in the eastern part of the study area and it
was not suitable as irrigation water.
    

Kaynakça

  • Alam, M., Rais, S., Aslam, M., 2012. Hydrochemical investigation and quality assessment of ground water in rural areas of Delhi, India, Environ. Earth Sci. 66, 97-110.
  • Aghazadeh, N., Mogaddam, A.A., 2011. Investigation of hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater in the Harzandat aquifer, North-west of Iran. Environ Monit. Assess. 176:183–195.
  • Anonim., 1991. Su Kirliliği Kontrolü Yönetmeliği Teknik Usuller Tebliği Ankara. Resmi Gazete, Tarih 7 Ocak 1991 Sayı:20748.
  • Anonim., 2004. Su Kirliliği Kontrolü Yönetmeliği. Başbakanlık Çevre Müsteşarlığı. Ankara. Resmi Gazete, Tarih 31 Aralık Cuma 2004 Sayı:25687.
  • Ayers, R.S., Westcot, D.W., 1985. Water quality for agriculture, FAO Irrigation and drainage Paper No. 29, Rev. 1, U.N. Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome
  • Azaza, F.H., Ketata, M., Bouhlila, R., Gueddari, M., Riberio, L., 2010. Hydrogeochemical characteristics and assessment of drinking water quality in Zeuss–Koutine aquifer, southeastern Tunisia. Environ Monit Assess. 174: 283-298.
  • Balachandar, D., Sundararaj, P., Rutharvel Murthy, K., Kumaraswamy, K., 2010. An Investigation of Groundwater Quality and Its Suitability to Irrigated Agriculture in Coimbatore District, Tamil Nadu, India-A GIS Approach. İnt. J. Of Envıron. Scıences, 1(2):176-190.
  • Bauder, T.A., Waskom, R.M., Davis, J.G., Sutherland, P.L., 2011. Irrigation water quality criteria. Fort Collins, CO: Colorado State University Extension.
  • Bayarı, S., Özyurt, N., Kilani, S. 2009a. Radiocarbon age distribution of grondwater in the Konya Closed Basin, central Anatolia, Turkey. Hydrogeology J. 17: 347-365.
  • Bayarı, S., Pekkan, E., Özyurt, N. 2009b. Obruks, as giand collapse dolines caused by hypogenic karstification in the central Anatolia, Turkey: analysis of likely formation processes. Hydrogeology J. 17: 327-345.
  • Bozdağ, A., 2015. Combining AHP with GIS for assessment of irrigation water quality in C¸ umra Irrigation District (Konya), Central Anatolia, Turkey. Environ Earth Sci 73(12):8217-8236.
  • Bozdağ, A., 2016. Assessment of the hydrogeochemical characteristics of groundwater in two aquifer systems in Çumra Plain, Central Anatolia. Environ Earth Sci., 75:674.
  • Davraz, A., Ünver, Ö., 2014. İnegöl Havzası (Bursa) Hidrojeolojisi ve Yeraltısularının Kalite Değerlendirilmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, 18 (2), 7-21
  • Doneen, L.D., 1964. Notes on water quality in agriculture. Water science and engineering paper 4001. Department of Water Sciences and Engineering, University of California, Davis.
  • D.S.İ. (Devlet Su İşleri) 1975. Konya-Çumra-Karapınar Ovası Hidrojeoloji Etüt Raporu. DSİ Genel Müdürlüğü, Jeoteknik Hizmetler ve Yeraltısuları Dairesi Başkanlığı, 118s. Ankara.
  • Eaton, F.M., 1950. Significance of carbonate in irrigation water. Soil Sci 69 (2):123-133.
  • Edmunds, W.M., Shand, P., 2008. Natural groundwater quality. Blackwell, Oxford.
  • Eren, Y., 2001. Konya ve çevresinin neo-tektonik özellikleri ve depremselliği, S.Ü. Yerbilimleri Açısından Konya Sempozyumu, Bildiriler, 17-19.
  • Esmaeili, A., Moore, F., 2011. Hydrogeochemical assessment of groundwater in Isfahan province, Iran. Environ Earth Sci 67: 107-120
  • Fisher, R.S., Mulican, W.F., 1997. Hydrochemical evolution of sodiumsulfate and sodium-chloride groundwater beneath the Northern Chihuahuan desert, Trans-Pecos, Rexas, USA. Hydrogeol J 5(2): 4-16
  • Göçmez, G., Dıvrak, B.B., İş¸ G., 2008. Investigation of groundwater level change detection in Konya Closed Basin. Summary Report, WWF-Turkey, İstanbul, p. 18
  • Hakyemez, H.Y., Elibol, E., Umut, M., Bakırhan, B., Kara, İ., Dağıstan, H., Metin, T., Erdoğan, N., 1992. Konya-Çumra-Akören Dolayının Jeolojisi. M.T.A. Rapor no: 42/24, s.64, Ankara.
  • Islam M.S., Shamsad, S.Z.K.M., 2009. Assessment of Irrigation Water Quality of Bogra District in Bangladesh. Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 34(4): 597-608.
  • Jalali, M. 2009. Groundwater geochemistry in the Alisadr, Hamadan, Western Iran, Environ Monit Assess, 166(1-4):359-69. doi: 10.1007/s10661-009-1007-5.
  • Kanber, R., Kırda, C., Tekinel, O., 1992. Sulama suyu niteliği ve sulamada tuzluluk sorunları. Çukurova Üniversitesi Ziraat Fak. Yayın No: 6, Adana.
  • Karanth, K.R., 1989. Ground water assessment development and management. Tata McGraw Hill Publishers, New Delhi.
  • Kelley, W.P., 1946. Permissible composition and concentration of irrigation waters. In: Proceeding American Society of Civil Engineering, 607 p.
  • Ketin, İ., 1996. Tectonic units of Anatolia (Asia Minor): M.T.A. Bült. 66: 23-33.
  • Khodapanah, L., Sulaiman, W.N.A., Khodapanah, N., 2009. Groundwater Quality Assessment for Different Purposes in Eshtehard District, Tehran, Iran. European Journal of Scientific Research. 36(4):543-553.
  • Kumar, M., Ramanathan, A.L.R., Kumar, M.S.B., 2006. Identification and evaluation of hydrogeochemical processes in the groundwater environment of Delhi, India. Environ Geol 50(7): 1025-1039.
  • Karanth, K.R., 1989. Ground water assessment development and management. Tata McGraw Hill Publishers, New Delhi.
  • Nazik, L., Törk, K., Özel, E., Tuncer, K., 2004. Konya Ovasının Hidrolojik-Hidrojeolojik Gelişiminde Karstlaşmanın Etkisi. 1. Yeraltı Suları Ulusal Sempozyumu, Bildiriler Kitabı, 95-104, Konya, 23-24
  • Piper, A.M., 1944. A Graphic procedure in the geochemical interpretation of water analyses. Transactions, American Geophysical Union 25: 914-23.
  • Prasanna, M.V., Chidambaram, S., Srinivasamoorthy, K., 2010. Statistical analysis of the hydrogeochemical evolution of groundwater in hard and sedimentary aquifers system of Gadilam river basin, South India. J King Saud Univ (Science) 22: 133-145
  • Raghunath, H.M., 1987. Groundwater, 2nd edn. Wiley Eastern Ltd, New Delhi 563p
  • Raju, N.J., 2007. Hydrogeochemical parameters for assessment of groundwater quality in upper Gunjanaeru River basin, Cuddapah District, Andhra Pradesh, South India. Environ Geol., 52:1067-1074.
  • Raju, N.J., Shukla, U.K., Ram, P., 2011. Hydrogeochemistry for the assessment of groundwater quality in Varanasi: a fast-urbanizing center in Uttar Pradesh, India. Environ Monit Assess., 173:279-300
  • Ramesh, K., Elango, L., 2012. Groundwater Quality and its Suitability for Domestic and Agricultural use in Tondiar River Basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Environmental Monitoring Assessment, 184:3887–3899.
  • Ravikumar, P., Venkatesharaju, K., Prakash, K.L., Somashekar, R.K., 2010. Geochemistry of groundwater and groundwater prospects evaluation, Anekal Taluk, Bangalore Urban District, Karnataka. India Environ Monit Assess 179:93-112.
  • Richards, L.A., 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. USDA Agricultural Handbook No. 60. US Department of Agriculture, Washington DC, p 160.
  • Shamsad, S.Z.K.M., Islam, M.S., 2005. Hydrochemical behaviour of the water resource of Sathkhira Sadar of southwestern Bangladesh and its impact on environment. Bangladeh J. of Water Resource Researh. 20: 43-52.
  • Singh A. K., Mondal, G.C., Kumar, T.B., Singh Tewary, B.K., Sinha, A., 2008. Major ion chemistry, weathering processes and water quality assessment in upper catchment of Damodar River basin, India. Environ Geology., 54:745-758.
  • Subba Rao, N., Surya Rao, P., 2010. Major ion chemistry of groundwater in a river basin: a study from India. Environ Earth Sci 61(4):757-775
  • Subba Rao, N., Subrahmanyam, A., Ravi Kumar, S., Srinivasulu, N., Babu Rao, G., Surya Rao, P., Venkatram Reddy, G., 2012. Geochemistry and quality of groundwater of Gummanampadu sub-basin, Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India. Environmental Earth Science. 67/5,1451-1471.
  • Sağlam, M.T., Adiloğlu, A., 1997. Su Kalitesi (Genişletilmiş 2. Baskı). Trakya Üniversitesi Tekirdağ Ziraat Fak. Yayın No: 230, Ders Kitabı No: 27, Tekirdağ.
  • Sreedevi, P.D., 2004. Groundwater quality of Pageru river basin, Cudapah district, Andhra Pradesh. J Geol Soc India., 64: 619-636.
  • Szabolcs, I., Darab, C., 1964. The influence of irrigation water of high sodium carbonate content of soils. In: Szabolcs I (ed) Proceedings 8th international congress of the International Society of Soil Science, Research Institute of Soil Science and Agrochemistry, Hungarian Academy Science, pp 803-812.
  • Ulu, Ü., Bulduk, A.K., Ekmekçi, E., Karakaş, M., Öcal, H., Abbas, A., Saçlı, L., Taşkıran, M.A., Adır, M., Sözeri, Ş., Karabıyıkoğlu, M., 1994. İnlice-Akkise ve Cihanbeyli-Karapınar alanının jeolojisi: M.T.A. Der. Rap. No: 9720, Ankara.
  • Wilcox, L.V., 1955. Classification and use of irrigation water. USDA, Circular, Washington.
  • Wu, P., Tang, C., Zhu, L., Liu, C., Cha, X., Tao, X., 2009. Hydrogeochemical characteristics of surface water and groundwater in the karst basin, southwest China, Hydrological Process. 23: 2012-2022.
  • Yavuz, S., 2010. Konya-Karapınar Havzası Karstik Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesinde Hidrojeolojik Parametrelerin Kullanılması. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Çukurova Üniversitesi, Adana, p. 84
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri \ Research Articles
Yazarlar

AYLA Bozdağ 0000-0002-6114-0678

Yayımlanma Tarihi 19 Aralık 2017
Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Ocak 2017
Kabul Tarihi 7 Temmuz 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Bozdağ, A. (2017). ÇUMRA (KONYA) OVASINDAKİ YERALTISULARININ HİDROJEOKİMYASAL ÖZELLİKLERİ VE SULAMA SUYU KALİTESİ. Mühendislik Bilimleri Ve Tasarım Dergisi, 5(3), 559-571.