BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Pre- and post-windstorm leaf area index of Carpinus betulus trees in an urban forest patch

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 66 Sayı: 2, 513 - 523, 01.07.2016
https://doi.org/10.17099/jffiu.34537

Öz

Pre- and post-windstorm leaf area index of Carpinus betulus trees in an urban forest patch

Abstract: Natural disturbances are rather rare for the urban forests compared to the anthropogenic ones. However, forcible natural impact may be substantially destructive such as severe storms. Instantaneous defoliation is one of the significant signatures of the storm severity. A multipurpose vegetation parameter, Leaf Area Index (LAI) is used as an indicator of instantaneous defoliation which may occur as a result of immediate leaf fall jointly with the stem and branch breakages or uprooting. Enhancing the idea, LAI of the Carpinus betulus trees were analyzed before and after the devastating storm in Balamba urban forest patch at the northwestern of Turkey. The maximum speed of the severe storm was 117 km/h and enough to destruct the trees. Consequently LAI ceased 24% as a result of instantaneous defoliation both in recreation and control sites indicating the severity of damage. Southwester which is associated with heavy rainfall and represent the winds with maximum speeds in the region led to this change. The inexistence of extraordinary meteorological data before and after the severe storm indicates that the wind speed was the main reason for such damage. The same percentage of LAI decrease within the recreation and control sites supports the situation that the soil compaction due to recreation has no definite influence on the severity of windthrow. Scattered pattern of annual maximum wind speeds particularly for the last fifteen years are possible to be the implications for climate change.

Keywords: Maximum wind speed, LAI, hemispherical photograph, European hornbeam, climate change

Bir kent orman parçacığında Carpinus betulus ağaçlarının fırtına öncesi ve sonrası yaprak alan indisi

Özet: Kent ormanları için, doğal tahripler insan kaynaklı tahriplere nispeten daha nadirdir. Bununla birlikte, örneğin şiddetli fırtınalar gibi etkili doğal afetler aslında yıkıcı olabilir. Ani yaprak dökümü, fırtınanın şiddetini ortaya koyan önemli işaretlerden biridir. Çok amaçlı bir bitki örtüsü parametresi olan Yaprak Alan İndisi (YAİ), gövde, dal kırılmaları ve kök sökülmesi ile birlikte cereyan eden yaprak düşmesinin bir sonucu olan yaprak dökümünün göstergesi olarak kullanılabilir. Bu fikir çerçevesinde, Türkiye’nin kuzeybatısında yer alan Balamba kent orman parçacığında, şiddetli fırtına öncesi ve sonrasındaki Carpinus betulus ağaçlarının YAİ analiz edilmiştir. Şiddetli fırtınanın maksimum hızı saatte 117 km olup, ağaçları harap etmeye yetmiştir. Dolayısıyla, ani yaprak dökümünün bir sonucu olarak, hem rekreasyon hem de kontrol alanlarında YAİ, zararın şiddetini ortaya koyarcasına %24 azalmıştır. Yoğun yağışla özdeşleşen ve bölgede maksimum hızlara sahip rüzgârları temsil eden lodos, böyle bir değişime yol açmıştır. Şiddetli fırtınanın öncesi ve sonrasında olağanüstü meteorolojik verilerin görülmemesi, rüzgâr hızının böyle bir zararın temel sebebi olduğunu ifade etmektedir. YAİ’nin hem rekreasyon hem de kontrol alanlarında eşit oranlarda azalması, rekreasyona bağlı toprak sıkışmasının rüzgar devriği üzerinde herhangi belirgin bir etkisinin olmadığının göstergesidir. Yıllık maksimum rüzgâr hızlarının bilhassa son on beş yıl içerisindeki dalgalanması muhtemel iklim değişikliğinin alametleridir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Maksimum rüzgâr hızı, YAİ, yarıküre fotoğraf, Avrupa gürgeni, iklim değişikliği

Received (Geliş): 03.11.2015 - Revised (Düzeltme): 25.11.2015 -  Accepted (Kabul): 08.12.2015

Cite (Atıf) : Öztürk, M., Bolat, İ., 2016. Pre- and post-windstorm leaf area index of Carpinus betulus trees in an urban forest patch.  Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University 66(2): 513-523. DOI: 10.17099/jffiu.34537

Kaynakça

  • Atalay, İ., 2011. Climate Atlas of Turkey (in Turkish). İnkılâp Bookstore Press, İstanbul, Turkey.
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  • Bequet, R., Campioli, M., Kint, V., Vansteenkiste, D., Muys, B., Ceulemans, R., 2011. Leaf area index development in temperate oak and beech forests is driven by stand characteristics and weather conditions. Trees-Structure and Function 25: 935-946. DOI: 10.1007/s00468-011-0568-4
  • Bonan, G., 2008. Ecological climatology, concepts and applications. Second edition. Cambridge University Press, New York.
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  • Boutet, Jr. J. C., Weishampel, J. F., 2003. Spatial pattern analysis of pre- and post-hurricane forest canopy structure in North Carolina, USA. Landscape Ecology 18: 553-559. DOI: 10.1023/A:1026058312853
  • Changnon, S. A., 2011. Windstorms in the United States. Natural Hazards 59: 1175-1187.
  • Chapman, E. L., Chambers, J. Q., Ribbeck, K. F., Baker, D. B., Tobler, M. A., Zeng, H., White, D. A., 2008. Hurricane Katrina impacts on forest trees of Louisiana’s Pearl River basin. Forest Ecology and Management 256: 883-889. DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2008.05.057
  • Chen, J. M., Cihlar, J., 1995. Quantifying the effect of canopy architecture on optical measurements of leaf area index using two gap size analysis methods. IEEE Transactions in Geosciences and Remote Sensing 33: 777-787. DOI: 10.1109/36.387593
  • Chen, W. Y., Jim, C. Y., 2008. Assessment and valuation of the ecosystem services provided by urban forests. In: Carreiro, M. M., Song, Y. C., Wu J. (Eds.), Ecology, Planning, and Management of Urban Forests, International Perspectives, Springer Science+Business Media, New York, USA, pp. 53-83.
  • Cook, G. D., Goyens, C. M. A. C., 2008. The impact of wind on trees in Australian tropical savannas: lessons from Cyclone Monica. Austral Ecology 33: 462-470. DOI:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2008.01901.x
  • Davis, P. H., 1982. The Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Volume: 7. Edinburgh University Press, Great Britain.
  • Everham, E. M., Brokaw, N. V. L., 1996. Forest damage and recovery from catastrophic wind. Botanical Review 62: 113-185. DOI: 10.1007/BF02857920
  • Gardiner, B. A., Peltola, H., Kellomäki, S., 2000. Comparison of two models for predicting the critical wind speeds required to damage coniferous trees. Ecological Modelling 129: 1-23. DOI: 10.1016/S0304-3800(00)00220-9
  • Herbert, D. A., Fownes, J. N., Vitousek, P. M., 1999. Hurricane damage to Hawaiian forest: nutrient supply rate affects resistance and resilience. Ecology 80: 908-920. DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[0908:HDTAHF]2.0.CO;2
  • Hulme, M., 2005. Recent Climate Trends. In T. E. Lovejoy, L. Hannah (Eds.), Climate Change and Biodiversity (pp. 31-40). Yale University Press, Michigan, USA.
  • IPCC, 2012. Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Field, C. B., Barros, V., Stocker, T. F.,
  • Qin, D., Dokken, D. J., Ebi, K. L., Mastrandrea, M. D., Mach, K. J., Plattner, G-K, Allen, S. K., Tignor, M., Midgley, P. M. (Eds.), Cambridge University Press, New York, USA. 582 pp.
  • Jestaedt, M., 2008. Experiences in the management of urban recreational forests in Germany In: Carreiro, M. M., Song, Y. C., Wu J. (Eds.), Ecology, Planning, and Management of Urban Forests, International Perspectives, Springer Science+Business Media, New York, USA, pp. 301-311.
  • Kane, B., 2008. Tree failure following a windstorm in Brewster, Massachusetts, USA. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 7: 15-23. DOI: 10.1016/j.ufug.2007.11.001
  • Kara, Ö., Bolat, İ., 2007. Influence of soil compaction on microfungal community structure in two soil types in Bartın Province, Turkey. Journal of Basic Microbiology 47: 394-399. DOI: 10.1002/jobm.200710341
  • Kara, Ö., Şentürk, M., Bolat, İ., Çakıroğlu, K., 2011. Relationships between soil properties and leaf area index in beech, fir and fir-beech stands. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry, İstanbul University 61 (1): 47-54.
  • Kupfer, J.A., Myers, A. T., McLane, S. E., Melton, G. N., 2008. Patterns of forest damage in a Southern Mississippi landscape caused by Hurricane Katrina. Ecosystems 11: 45-60. DOI: 10.1007/s10021-007-9106-z
  • Lang, A. R. G., 1987. Simplified estimate of leaf area index from transmittance of the sun’s beam. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 41: 179-186. DOI: 10.1016/0168-1923(87)90078-5
  • Lehvävirta, S., 2007. Non anthropogenic dynamic factors and regeneration of (hemi)boreal urban woodlandssynthesizing urban and rural ecological knowledge. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 6: 119-134. DOI: 10.1016/j.ufug.2007.05.005
  • Lugo, A. E., 2008. Visible and invisible effects of hurricanes on forest ecosystems: an international review. Austral Ecology 33: 368-398. DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2008.01894.x
  • Marsh, W. M., 2010. Landscape Planning, Environmental Applications. Fifth Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., USA.
  • Mitchell, S. J., 2013. Wind as a natural disturbance agent in forests: a synthesis. Forestry 86: 147-157. DOI: 10.1093/forestry/cps058
  • Nobis, M., Hunziker, U., 2005. Automatic thresholding for hemispherical canopy-photographs based on edge detection. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 128: 243-250. DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.10.002
  • Oke, T. R., 1989. The micrometeorology of the urban forest. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B (Biological Sciences) 324: 335-349. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1989.0051
  • Öztürk, M., Bolat, İ., 2012. Determination of recreational urban forest patches based on spatial characteristics, Case Study: Bartın (Turkey) city center and vicinity. In: BENA (Balkan Environmental Association)-2012, Sustainable Landscape Planning and Safe Environment (pp. 223-232). İstanbul Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey, 21-24 June 2012.
  • Öztürk, M., 2015. Complete intra-annual cycle of Leaf Area Index in a Platanus orientalis L. stand. Plant BiosystemsAn international journal dealing with all aspects of plant biology DOI: 10.1080/11263504.2015.1054446.
  • Öztürk M., Bolat İ., Ergün A., 2015. Influence of air-soil temperature on leaf expansion and LAI of Carpinus betulus trees in a temperate urban forest patch. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 200: 185-191. DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.09.014
  • Peltola, H., Ikonen, V. P., Gregow, H., Strandman, H., Kilpeläinen, A., Venäläinen, A., Kellomäki, S., 2010. Impacts of climate change on timber production and regional risks of wind-induced damage to forests in Finland. Forest Ecology and Management 260: 833-845. DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2010.06.001
  • Peterson, C. J., 2000. Catastrophic wind damage to North America forests and potential impact of climate change. Science of the Total Environment 262: 287-311. DOI: 10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00529-5
  • Rich, R. L., Frelich, L. E., Reich, P. B., 2007. Wind-throw mortality in the southern boreal forest: effects of species, diameter and stand age. Journal of Ecology 95: 1261-1273. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01301.x
  • Schleppi, P., Conedera, M., Sedivy, I., Thimonier, A., 2007. Correcting non-linearity and slope effects in the estimation of the leaf area index of forests from hemispherical photographs. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 144: 236-242. DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.02.004
  • Sherman, R. E., Fahey, T. J., Martinez, P., 2001. Hurricane impacts on a mangrove forest in the Dominican Republic: Damage patterns and early recovery. Bitropica 33: 393-408. DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2001.tb00194.x
  • Sieghardt, M., Radlgruber, E. M., Paoletti, E., Couenberg, E., Dimitrakopoulus, A., Rego, F., Hatzistathis, A., Randrup, T. B., 2010. The Abiotic Urban Environment: Impact of urban growing conditions on urban vegetation. In: Konijnendijk, C. C., Nilsson, K., Randrup, T. B., Schipperijn J. (Eds.), Urban Forests and Trees, Springer-Verlag, Netherlands, pp. 281-323.
  • TGDF (Turkish General Directorate of Forestry), 2011. Forest Management Plans of Bartın Forest Administration. Ankara.
  • TGDMRE (Turkish General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration), 2007. Digital geological maps of Zonguldak F-29 Section. Ankara.
  • TMFAL (Turkish Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock), 2005. Digital soil maps of Bartın stream watershed. Ankara.
  • TSMS (Turkish State Meteorological Service), 2013. Daily meteorological data. Ankara.
  • Türkeş, M., 2010. Climatology and meteorology (in Turkish). Kriter Publishing, İstanbul, Turkey.
  • Ulanova, N. G., 2000. The effects of windthrow on forests at different spatial scales: a review. Forest Ecology and Management 135: 155-167. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00307-8
  • Wang, W., Qu, J. J., Hao, X., Liu, Y., Stanturf, J. A., 2010. Post-hurricane forest damage assessment using satellite remote sensing. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 150: 122-132. DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.09.009
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Bir kent orman parçacığında Carpinus betulus ağaçlarının fırtına öncesi ve sonrası yaprak alan indisi

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 66 Sayı: 2, 513 - 523, 01.07.2016
https://doi.org/10.17099/jffiu.34537

Öz

Kent ormanları için, doğal tahripler insan kaynaklı tahriplere nispeten daha nadirdir. Bununla birlikte, şiddetli fırtınalar gibi etkili doğal afetler aslında yıkıcı olabilir. Ani yaprak dökümü, fırtınanın şiddetini ortaya koyan önemli işaretlerden biridir. Çok amaçlı bir bitki örtüsü parametresi olan Yaprak Alan İndisi (YAİ), gövde, dal kırılmaları ve kök sökülmesi ile birlikte cereyan eden yaprak düşmesinin bir sonucu olan yaprak dökümünün göstergesi olarak kullanılabilir. Bu fikir çerçevesinde, Türkiye’nin kuzeybatısında yer alan Bartın İl’ine bağlı Balamba kent orman parçacığında, şiddetli fırtına öncesi ve sonrasındaki Carpinus betulus ağaçlarının YAİ analiz edilmiştir. Şiddetli fırtınanın maksimum hızı saatte 117 km olup, ağaçları harap etmeye yetmiştir. Dolayısıyla, ani yaprak dökümünün bir sonucu olarak, hem rekreasyon hem de kontrol alanlarında YAİ, zararın şiddetini ortaya koyarcasına %24 azalmıştır. Yoğun yağışla özdeşleşen ve bölgede maksimum hızlara sahip rüzgârları temsil eden lodos, böyle bir değişime yol açmıştır. Şiddetli fırtınanın öncesi ve sonrasında olağanüstü meteorolojik verilerin görülmemesi, rüzgâr hızının böyle bir zararın temel sebebi olduğunu ifade etmektedir. YAİ’nin hem rekreasyon hem de kontrol alanlarında eşit oranlarda azalması, rekreasyona bağlı toprak sıkışmasının rüzgar devriği üzerinde herhangi belirgin bir etkisinin olmadığının göstergesidir. Yıllık maksimum rüzgâr hızlarının bilhassa son on beş yıl içerisindeki dalgalanması muhtemel iklim değişikliğinin alametleridir.

Kaynakça

  • Atalay, İ., 2011. Climate Atlas of Turkey (in Turkish). İnkılâp Bookstore Press, İstanbul, Turkey.
  • Beard, K. H., Vogt, K. A., Vogt, D. J., Scatena, F. N., Covich, A. P., Sigurdardottir, R., Siccama, T. G., Crowl, T. A., 2005. Structural and functional responses of a subtropical forest to 10 years of hurricanes and droughts. Ecological Monographs 75: 345-361. DOI: 10.1890/04-1114
  • Bequet, R., Campioli, M., Kint, V., Vansteenkiste, D., Muys, B., Ceulemans, R., 2011. Leaf area index development in temperate oak and beech forests is driven by stand characteristics and weather conditions. Trees-Structure and Function 25: 935-946. DOI: 10.1007/s00468-011-0568-4
  • Bonan, G., 2008. Ecological climatology, concepts and applications. Second edition. Cambridge University Press, New York.
  • Boose, E. R., Foster, D. R., Fluet, M., 1994. Hurricane impacts to tropical and temperate forest landscapes. Ecological Monographs 64: 369-400. DOI: 10.2307/2937142
  • Boutet, Jr. J. C., Weishampel, J. F., 2003. Spatial pattern analysis of pre- and post-hurricane forest canopy structure in North Carolina, USA. Landscape Ecology 18: 553-559. DOI: 10.1023/A:1026058312853
  • Changnon, S. A., 2011. Windstorms in the United States. Natural Hazards 59: 1175-1187.
  • Chapman, E. L., Chambers, J. Q., Ribbeck, K. F., Baker, D. B., Tobler, M. A., Zeng, H., White, D. A., 2008. Hurricane Katrina impacts on forest trees of Louisiana’s Pearl River basin. Forest Ecology and Management 256: 883-889. DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2008.05.057
  • Chen, J. M., Cihlar, J., 1995. Quantifying the effect of canopy architecture on optical measurements of leaf area index using two gap size analysis methods. IEEE Transactions in Geosciences and Remote Sensing 33: 777-787. DOI: 10.1109/36.387593
  • Chen, W. Y., Jim, C. Y., 2008. Assessment and valuation of the ecosystem services provided by urban forests. In: Carreiro, M. M., Song, Y. C., Wu J. (Eds.), Ecology, Planning, and Management of Urban Forests, International Perspectives, Springer Science+Business Media, New York, USA, pp. 53-83.
  • Cook, G. D., Goyens, C. M. A. C., 2008. The impact of wind on trees in Australian tropical savannas: lessons from Cyclone Monica. Austral Ecology 33: 462-470. DOI:10.1111/j.1442-9993.2008.01901.x
  • Davis, P. H., 1982. The Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands. Volume: 7. Edinburgh University Press, Great Britain.
  • Everham, E. M., Brokaw, N. V. L., 1996. Forest damage and recovery from catastrophic wind. Botanical Review 62: 113-185. DOI: 10.1007/BF02857920
  • Gardiner, B. A., Peltola, H., Kellomäki, S., 2000. Comparison of two models for predicting the critical wind speeds required to damage coniferous trees. Ecological Modelling 129: 1-23. DOI: 10.1016/S0304-3800(00)00220-9
  • Herbert, D. A., Fownes, J. N., Vitousek, P. M., 1999. Hurricane damage to Hawaiian forest: nutrient supply rate affects resistance and resilience. Ecology 80: 908-920. DOI: 10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[0908:HDTAHF]2.0.CO;2
  • Hulme, M., 2005. Recent Climate Trends. In T. E. Lovejoy, L. Hannah (Eds.), Climate Change and Biodiversity (pp. 31-40). Yale University Press, Michigan, USA.
  • IPCC, 2012. Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Field, C. B., Barros, V., Stocker, T. F.,
  • Qin, D., Dokken, D. J., Ebi, K. L., Mastrandrea, M. D., Mach, K. J., Plattner, G-K, Allen, S. K., Tignor, M., Midgley, P. M. (Eds.), Cambridge University Press, New York, USA. 582 pp.
  • Jestaedt, M., 2008. Experiences in the management of urban recreational forests in Germany In: Carreiro, M. M., Song, Y. C., Wu J. (Eds.), Ecology, Planning, and Management of Urban Forests, International Perspectives, Springer Science+Business Media, New York, USA, pp. 301-311.
  • Kane, B., 2008. Tree failure following a windstorm in Brewster, Massachusetts, USA. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 7: 15-23. DOI: 10.1016/j.ufug.2007.11.001
  • Kara, Ö., Bolat, İ., 2007. Influence of soil compaction on microfungal community structure in two soil types in Bartın Province, Turkey. Journal of Basic Microbiology 47: 394-399. DOI: 10.1002/jobm.200710341
  • Kara, Ö., Şentürk, M., Bolat, İ., Çakıroğlu, K., 2011. Relationships between soil properties and leaf area index in beech, fir and fir-beech stands. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry, İstanbul University 61 (1): 47-54.
  • Kupfer, J.A., Myers, A. T., McLane, S. E., Melton, G. N., 2008. Patterns of forest damage in a Southern Mississippi landscape caused by Hurricane Katrina. Ecosystems 11: 45-60. DOI: 10.1007/s10021-007-9106-z
  • Lang, A. R. G., 1987. Simplified estimate of leaf area index from transmittance of the sun’s beam. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 41: 179-186. DOI: 10.1016/0168-1923(87)90078-5
  • Lehvävirta, S., 2007. Non anthropogenic dynamic factors and regeneration of (hemi)boreal urban woodlandssynthesizing urban and rural ecological knowledge. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 6: 119-134. DOI: 10.1016/j.ufug.2007.05.005
  • Lugo, A. E., 2008. Visible and invisible effects of hurricanes on forest ecosystems: an international review. Austral Ecology 33: 368-398. DOI: 10.1111/j.1442-9993.2008.01894.x
  • Marsh, W. M., 2010. Landscape Planning, Environmental Applications. Fifth Edition. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., USA.
  • Mitchell, S. J., 2013. Wind as a natural disturbance agent in forests: a synthesis. Forestry 86: 147-157. DOI: 10.1093/forestry/cps058
  • Nobis, M., Hunziker, U., 2005. Automatic thresholding for hemispherical canopy-photographs based on edge detection. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 128: 243-250. DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2004.10.002
  • Oke, T. R., 1989. The micrometeorology of the urban forest. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B (Biological Sciences) 324: 335-349. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1989.0051
  • Öztürk, M., Bolat, İ., 2012. Determination of recreational urban forest patches based on spatial characteristics, Case Study: Bartın (Turkey) city center and vicinity. In: BENA (Balkan Environmental Association)-2012, Sustainable Landscape Planning and Safe Environment (pp. 223-232). İstanbul Technical University, İstanbul, Turkey, 21-24 June 2012.
  • Öztürk, M., 2015. Complete intra-annual cycle of Leaf Area Index in a Platanus orientalis L. stand. Plant BiosystemsAn international journal dealing with all aspects of plant biology DOI: 10.1080/11263504.2015.1054446.
  • Öztürk M., Bolat İ., Ergün A., 2015. Influence of air-soil temperature on leaf expansion and LAI of Carpinus betulus trees in a temperate urban forest patch. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 200: 185-191. DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2014.09.014
  • Peltola, H., Ikonen, V. P., Gregow, H., Strandman, H., Kilpeläinen, A., Venäläinen, A., Kellomäki, S., 2010. Impacts of climate change on timber production and regional risks of wind-induced damage to forests in Finland. Forest Ecology and Management 260: 833-845. DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2010.06.001
  • Peterson, C. J., 2000. Catastrophic wind damage to North America forests and potential impact of climate change. Science of the Total Environment 262: 287-311. DOI: 10.1016/S0048-9697(00)00529-5
  • Rich, R. L., Frelich, L. E., Reich, P. B., 2007. Wind-throw mortality in the southern boreal forest: effects of species, diameter and stand age. Journal of Ecology 95: 1261-1273. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01301.x
  • Schleppi, P., Conedera, M., Sedivy, I., Thimonier, A., 2007. Correcting non-linearity and slope effects in the estimation of the leaf area index of forests from hemispherical photographs. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 144: 236-242. DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2007.02.004
  • Sherman, R. E., Fahey, T. J., Martinez, P., 2001. Hurricane impacts on a mangrove forest in the Dominican Republic: Damage patterns and early recovery. Bitropica 33: 393-408. DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7429.2001.tb00194.x
  • Sieghardt, M., Radlgruber, E. M., Paoletti, E., Couenberg, E., Dimitrakopoulus, A., Rego, F., Hatzistathis, A., Randrup, T. B., 2010. The Abiotic Urban Environment: Impact of urban growing conditions on urban vegetation. In: Konijnendijk, C. C., Nilsson, K., Randrup, T. B., Schipperijn J. (Eds.), Urban Forests and Trees, Springer-Verlag, Netherlands, pp. 281-323.
  • TGDF (Turkish General Directorate of Forestry), 2011. Forest Management Plans of Bartın Forest Administration. Ankara.
  • TGDMRE (Turkish General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration), 2007. Digital geological maps of Zonguldak F-29 Section. Ankara.
  • TMFAL (Turkish Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock), 2005. Digital soil maps of Bartın stream watershed. Ankara.
  • TSMS (Turkish State Meteorological Service), 2013. Daily meteorological data. Ankara.
  • Türkeş, M., 2010. Climatology and meteorology (in Turkish). Kriter Publishing, İstanbul, Turkey.
  • Ulanova, N. G., 2000. The effects of windthrow on forests at different spatial scales: a review. Forest Ecology and Management 135: 155-167. DOI: 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00307-8
  • Wang, W., Qu, J. J., Hao, X., Liu, Y., Stanturf, J. A., 2010. Post-hurricane forest damage assessment using satellite remote sensing. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 150: 122-132. DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.09.009
  • Waring, R. H., Running, S. W., 2007. Forest Ecosystems: analysis at multiple scales. Third edition. Elsevier Academic Press, UK.
  • Xi, W., Peet, R. K., Urban, D. L., 2008. Changes in forest structure, species diversity and spatial pattern following hurricane disturbance in Piedmont North Carolina forest, USA. Journal of Plant Ecology 1: 43-57. DOI: 10.1093/jpe/rtm003
  • Yaltırık, F., 1993. Dendrology, Angiospermae (in Turkish). Volume: 2. Second edition. İstanbul University Press, İstanbul, Turkey
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi (Research Article)
Yazarlar

Melih Öztürk

İlyas Bolat

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Temmuz 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 66 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Öztürk, M., & Bolat, İ. (2016). Pre- and post-windstorm leaf area index of Carpinus betulus trees in an urban forest patch. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University, 66(2), 513-523. https://doi.org/10.17099/jffiu.34537
AMA Öztürk M, Bolat İ. Pre- and post-windstorm leaf area index of Carpinus betulus trees in an urban forest patch. J FAC FOR ISTANBUL U. Temmuz 2016;66(2):513-523. doi:10.17099/jffiu.34537
Chicago Öztürk, Melih, ve İlyas Bolat. “Pre- and Post-Windstorm Leaf Area Index of Carpinus Betulus Trees in an Urban Forest Patch”. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University 66, sy. 2 (Temmuz 2016): 513-23. https://doi.org/10.17099/jffiu.34537.
EndNote Öztürk M, Bolat İ (01 Temmuz 2016) Pre- and post-windstorm leaf area index of Carpinus betulus trees in an urban forest patch. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University 66 2 513–523.
IEEE M. Öztürk ve İ. Bolat, “Pre- and post-windstorm leaf area index of Carpinus betulus trees in an urban forest patch”, J FAC FOR ISTANBUL U, c. 66, sy. 2, ss. 513–523, 2016, doi: 10.17099/jffiu.34537.
ISNAD Öztürk, Melih - Bolat, İlyas. “Pre- and Post-Windstorm Leaf Area Index of Carpinus Betulus Trees in an Urban Forest Patch”. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University 66/2 (Temmuz 2016), 513-523. https://doi.org/10.17099/jffiu.34537.
JAMA Öztürk M, Bolat İ. Pre- and post-windstorm leaf area index of Carpinus betulus trees in an urban forest patch. J FAC FOR ISTANBUL U. 2016;66:513–523.
MLA Öztürk, Melih ve İlyas Bolat. “Pre- and Post-Windstorm Leaf Area Index of Carpinus Betulus Trees in an Urban Forest Patch”. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University, c. 66, sy. 2, 2016, ss. 513-2, doi:10.17099/jffiu.34537.
Vancouver Öztürk M, Bolat İ. Pre- and post-windstorm leaf area index of Carpinus betulus trees in an urban forest patch. J FAC FOR ISTANBUL U. 2016;66(2):513-2.