Bolu-Aladağ göknar ormanlarında doğa yürüyüşü faaliyetlerinin bazı fiziksel toprak özelliklerine etkisi

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 68 Sayı: 1, 36 - 41, 01.01.2018

Ahmet Duyar Seyfettin Kiniş

Öz

Bu çalışma, Bolu Aladağ göknar ormanlarında, doğa yürüyüşlerinin toprağa etkisini araştırmak için yapılmıştır. Çalışmada 100 kişi ölçüm alanından tek sıra halinde yürümüş, doğa yürüyüşünün ölü örtü kalınlığı, toprak hacim ağırlığı, toprak nemi ve toprak sıkışması gibi fiziksel özelliklere etkisi incelenmiştir. Çalışma iki yıl peş peşe, iki ayrı parselde ve üçer tekerrürlü olarak yapılmıştır. Ölü örtü kalınlığı  (mm) örnekleme sırasında ölçülerek, miktarı (gr/m2) 25cm*25cm alandan toplanan örneklerin kuru ağırlığına bağlı olarak belirlenmiştir.   Toprak hacim ağırlığı (g/l) hacim silindirleri kullanılarak, toprak nemi (%) de taze ve kuru ağırlık farkından yararlanılarak belirlenmiştir. Yapılan ölçümler ve değerlendirmelerin sonucunda; doğa yürüyüşü yapılan alanda ölü örtü kalınlığının azaldığı (r=0,568), taze (r=0,440) ve kurutulmuş (r=0,423) toprak yoğunluğunda artışa neden olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ancak toprak nemi üzerinde etkisi görülmemiştir. Kontrol alanına göre kıyaslandığında çiğnenen alan toprağında ortalama %14 oranında sıkışma meydana geldiği bulunmuştur. Doğa yürüyüşü esnasında çiğnenen toprakta meydana fiziksel etkiler ölü örtüde ve toprakta sıkışmaya neden olmuştur. Dolayısıyla toprağın geçirgenlik kapasitesini düşürecek, devamında yabanlaşmaya ve erozyona yol açabilecektir.

Received (Geliş): 20.10.2016 - Revised (Düzeltme): 28.11.2016 -   Accepted (Kabul): 28.11.2016

Anahtar Kelimeler

toprak sıkışması, toprak nemi, Ekoturizm, ölü örtü, toprak hacim ağırlığı, toprak nemi

The effects of trekking activities on physical soil properties in the Bolu-Aladağ fir forests

Öz

This work has been conducted to study the effects of trekking activities in Bolu-Aladağ Fir forests on some physical soil properties. A group of one hundred people walked in a straight line in the case study area and their effects one a number of physical soil properties such as litter fall thickness, soil bulk density, soil moisture and soil compactness, were investigated.  The study was conducted in three replicates in two parcels in two consecutive years. The thickness of surface litter falls (mm) was measured and its amount was determined in (gr/m2) as the dry weight of soil samples collected in the sample area of 25cm by 25cm during the sampling process.  The soil bulk density (g/l) was measured with the sample volume cylinders. Soil moisture (%) was determined based on the differences between the fresh and dry weights. The results indicated that the thickness of surface litter decreased in trekking routes (r=0.568), and the fresh (r=0.440) and dried (r=0.423) soil bulk density increased.  However, no effects were revealed on soil moisture. Compared to the control samples, average 14% high compaction was detected in trampled soils as a result of human pressure. Furthermore, the physical effects of the trekking activities caused compactness on litter fall and soil. As a result, such activities may or will eventually lead to the decrease in soil infiltration capacity and thus cause soil erosion and degradation in the future. 

Received (Geliş): 20.10.2016 - Revised (Düzeltme): 28.11.2016 -   Accepted (Kabul): 28.11.2016

Anahtar Kelimeler

soil moisture, Ecotourism, litter fall, soil bulk density, soil compactness, soil moisture

Kaynakça

• Extension Service.
• Çakır, M., Makineci, E., Kumbasli, M. 2010. Comparative study on soil properties in a picnic and undisturbed area of Belgrad Forest, Istanbul. Journal of Environmental Biology (31): 125-128.
• Demir M., Makineci E., Yılmaz E., 2007. Harvesting Impact On Herbaceous Understory, Forest Floor And Top Soil Properties On Skid Road In A Beech (Fagus Orientalis Lipsky) Stand, Journal of Environmental Biology vol.28: 427-432.
• Demir M., Makineci E., Çömez A., Yılmaz E., 2010. Impacts Of Repeated Timber Skidding On The Chemical Properties Of Topsoil, Herbaceous Cover And Forest Floor In An Eastern Beech (Fagus Orientalis Lipsky) Stand. Journal of Environmental Biology vol.31: 477-482.
• Dönmez, Y., Gökyer, E., Aşkın, F. K., 2015. Assessment of Ecotourism Potential of Safranbolu Yörük Village and its Surroundings by R'WOT Analysis. Karabuk University Journal of Institute of Social Sciences Special Issue 1: 70-83. Doi: 10.14230/joiss89 [Turkish]
• Erdoğan, N., Erdoğan, İ., 2005. The Nature of Communicated Ecotourism Describes. Journal of Gazi University Communication Faculty 20 (1): 55-82. [Turkish]
• Gülçur, F., 1974. Physical and Chemical Analysis Methods of Soil. Istanbul University. Faculty of Forestry Publication No: 201, Istanbul. [Turkish]
• Hoorman, J. J., Sá, J. C. D. M. J., Reeder, R., 2011. The biology of soil Compaction. Soil Tillage Res 68: 49-57.
• Jim, C. Y., 1987. Camping impacts on vegetation and soil in a Hong Kong country park. Applied Geography (74): 317-332.
• Kantarcı, M. D., 2000. Soil science. Istanbul University publications, (Publication No: 4261). [Turkish]
• Kaypak, Ş., 2010. Sustainability of Ecological Tourism. International Journal of Alanya Faculty of Business 2(2): 93-114. [Turkish]
• Koçoğlu, P., 2008. Ecotourism In Sustainable Tourism Policy: Investigatıon Of The World Ecotourism Destinatıons. Expertise Thesis, pp: 101, ANKARA. [Turkish]
• Makineci E., Demir M., Çömez A., Yılmaz E., 2007. Effects Of Timber Skidding On Chemical Characteristics Of Herbaceous Cover, Forest Floor And Topsoil On Skidroad In An Oak (Quercus Petrea L.) Forest. Journal of Terramechanics vol.44: 423-428, DOI:10.1016/j.jterra.2007.12.001
• Mol, T., 1979. Recreation areas and forest conservation relations. Journal of the Faculty of Forestry Istanbul University | [S.l.]: 68-75, ISSN 1309-6257. DOI: 10.17099/jffiu.36913. [Turkish]
• Özgen, N., 2010. The determination of natural tourism potential of Eastern Anatolia Region and propositions for the planning of concerning potential. Journal of Human Sciences 7(1): 1407-1438. [Turkish]
• Pickering, C. M., Hill, W., 2007. Impacts of recreation and tourism on plant biodiversity and vegetation in protected areas in Australia. Journal of Environmental Management 85(4): 791-800.
• Thorud, D.B., Frissell, S.S., 1976. Time changes in soil density following Sıkışma under an oak forest. Minnesota Forestry Research Note 257.
• Turgut, B., 2012. Soil compaction in forest soils. SDU Faculty of Forestry Journal 13: 66-73. [Turkish]
• Turker, N., 2013. Evaluation Of Western Black Sea Regıon’s Ecotourism Resources And An Ecotourism Route Proposal. The Journal of Academic Social ScienceStudies, International Journal of Social Science 6(4): 1093-1128. Doi:10.9761/JASSS886 [Turkish]
• Url 1, https://www.kultur.gov.tr/TR,96269/turizm-cesitleri.html (Visit Date:18.08.2016). [Turkish]
• Url 2, http://www.bolu.gov.tr/turizm (Visit Date:18.08.2016). [Turkish]
• Yanardag, M. O., 2014. Needs Analysis of Tourism Investments in Izmir. Adnan Menderes University, Journal of Institute of Social Sciences Vol.: 1, Issue 1: 81-104. [Turkish]