BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

A cross-sectional study of Iranian EFL learners' polite and impolite apologies

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 119 - 136, 31.12.2014

Öz

Successful communication is the joint product of linguistic as well the sociolinguistic competence, with the latter competence denoting appropriateness which is closely associated with politeness. The present study aimed to investigate the politeness strategies employed by Iranian EFL learners in the speech act of apology. Data were collected from 30 EFL learners who responded to a discourse completion task (DCT) which realized the speech act of apology consisted of six situations. Data analysis consisted of three phases. First, to identify the apology strategies and politeness strategies, the study followed Olshtain and Cohen's (1983) taxonomy of apology strategies and Brown and Levinson's (1987) politeness theory, respectively. Second, 90 apology utterances, comprising 50% of the total number of utterances, were assessed by two native speakers of English on a politeness Likert scale of 1=Polite, 2=Partially Polite and 3=Impolite. Finally, drawing on the native speaker assessment of (im)politeness of the apology utterances, the researchers analyzed the utterances qualitatively in terms of appropriacy and inappropriacy. The results indicated that a) Native speakers rated 27 (30%) apology utterances as polite, 40 (44.5%) as partially polite and 23 (25.5%) as impolite.; b) the most frequent apology strategies were an 'expression of regret', 'an explanation or account of the situation', 'expressing self-deficiency' and 'an offer of repair'; c) there was a significant difference between males and females with regard to their use of politeness strategies in apology; and d) the participants relied on negative and positive politeness strategies when apologizing. In conclusion, Iranian EFL learners were only partially sociolinguistically competent in apology.

Kaynakça

  • Alfattah, M. H. A. (2010). Apology strategies of Yemeni EFL university students, MJAL, 2(3), 223- 2
  • Al-Zumor, A. W. Q. G. (2011). Apologies in Arabic and English: An inter-language and cross-cultural study. Journal of King Saud University-Languages and Translation, 23, 19-28.
  • Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., & Sorensen, C. K. (2010). Introduction to research in education (8th ed). USA: Wadsworth.
  • Brown, P., & Levinson, S. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language use. Cambridge:
  • Cambridge University Press. Bataineh, R. F., & Bataineh, R. F. (2006). Apology strategies of Jordanian EFL university students.
  • Journal of Pragmatics, 38, 1901-1927.
  • Blum-Kulka, S., & Olshtain, E. (1984). Requests and apologies: A cross-cultural study of speech act realization patterns (CCSARP). Applied Linguistics, 5, 196-213.
  • Blum-Kulka, S., House, J., & Kasper, G. (1989). cross-cultural pragmatics: Requests and apologies.
  • Ablex, Norwood, New Jersey. Ellis, R. (2012). The study of second language acquisition. USA: Oxford University Press.
  • Farhadi, H., & Farmanesh, Sh. (2008). The effect of teaching politeness principles on improving
  • Iranian EFL learners' communicative ability. ILI Language Teaching Journal, 4(2), 57-78. Fraser, B. (1975). Hedged performatives. In Cole, P., & Morgan, J. (Eds.). Syntax and semantics (pp. 187-210). New York: Academic Press.
  • Fetzer, A. (2007). If I may say so: Indexing appropriateness in dialogue. In A. Fetzer (Ed.). Context and appropriateness: Micro meets micro. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Hei, K. C., David, M. K. & Kia, L. S. (2013). Politeness of front counter staff of Malaysian private hospitals. GEMA Online™ Journal of Language Studies, 13 (1), 5-23.
  • Holmes, J. (1989). Sex differences and apologies: One aspect of communicative competence. Applied Linguistics, 10 (2), 194-213.
  • Ige, B. O. (2007). Impoliteness in context: Impoliteness, gender and construction of identities at a
  • South African University. Unpublished Ph.D Dissertation, University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban. Jebahi, K. (2011). Tunisian university students' choice of apology strategies in a discourse completion task. Journal of Pragmatics, 43, 648-662.
  • Lindblom, K. (2009). Cooperative principle. In J. L. Mey (Ed.) Concise encyclopedia of pragmatics (pp. 151-158). UK: Elsevier Ltd.
  • Lingli, D., & Wannaruk, A. (2010). The effects of explicit and implicit instruction in English refusals.
  • Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics, 33(3), 93-109. Martínez-Flor, A., & Usó-Juan, E. (2011). Research methodologies in pragmatics: Eliciting refusals to requests. ELIA, 11, 47-87.
  • Meyerhoff, M. (1999). Sorry in the Pacific: Defining communities, defining practices. Language in Society, 28, 225–238.
  • Mills, S. (2003). Gender and Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Murad, T. M. (2012). Apology strategies in the target language (English) of Israeli-Arab EFL college students toward their lecturers of English who are also native speakers of Arabic. Studies in
  • Literature and Language, 4 (3), 23-29. Nureddeen F. A. (2008). Cross-cultural pragmatics Apology strategies in Sudanese Arabic. Journal of Pragmatics, 40, 279-306.
  • Ogiermann, E. (2009). On apologizing in negative and positive politeness cultures. The Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Olshtain, E., & Cohen, A. (1983). Apology: A speech act set. In N. Wolfson, & E. Judd (Eds.),
  • Sociolinguistics and second language acquisition (pp. 18-35). Rowley, Mass: Newbury House. Scher, S. J., & Darley, J. M. (1997). How effective are the things people say to apologize? Effects of the realization of the apology speech act. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 26(1), 127
  • Schumann, K., & Ross, M. (2010). Why women apologize more than men: Gender differences in thresholds for perceiving offensive behavior. Psychological Science, 21(11), 1649-1655.
  • Shariati, M., & Chamani, F. (2010). Apology strategies in Persian. Journal of Pragmatics, 42, 1689– 16
  • Silva, A. J. B. D. (2003). The effects of instruction on pragmatic development: Teaching polite refusals in English. Second Language Studies, 22(1), 55-106.
  • Tehrani, M. D., Rezaei, O. & Dezhara, S. (2012). Apology strategies of Iranian undergraduate students. English Language Teaching, 5(2), 93-100.
  • Terkourafi, M. (2004). Testing Brown and Levinson's theory in a corpus of spontaneous conversational data from Cypriot Greek. International Journal of Sociology of Language, 168, 119
  • Vinagre, M. (2008). Politeness strategies in collaborative email exchanges. Computers & Education, 50, 1022-1036.
  • Wagner, L. C. (1999). Towards a sociopragmatic characterization of apologies in Mexican Spanish.

Seyyed Hatam Tamimi Sa’da *, Mohammad Mohammadib

Yıl 2014, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1, 119 - 136, 31.12.2014

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Alfattah, M. H. A. (2010). Apology strategies of Yemeni EFL university students, MJAL, 2(3), 223- 2
  • Al-Zumor, A. W. Q. G. (2011). Apologies in Arabic and English: An inter-language and cross-cultural study. Journal of King Saud University-Languages and Translation, 23, 19-28.
  • Ary, D., Jacobs, L. C., & Sorensen, C. K. (2010). Introduction to research in education (8th ed). USA: Wadsworth.
  • Brown, P., & Levinson, S. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language use. Cambridge:
  • Cambridge University Press. Bataineh, R. F., & Bataineh, R. F. (2006). Apology strategies of Jordanian EFL university students.
  • Journal of Pragmatics, 38, 1901-1927.
  • Blum-Kulka, S., & Olshtain, E. (1984). Requests and apologies: A cross-cultural study of speech act realization patterns (CCSARP). Applied Linguistics, 5, 196-213.
  • Blum-Kulka, S., House, J., & Kasper, G. (1989). cross-cultural pragmatics: Requests and apologies.
  • Ablex, Norwood, New Jersey. Ellis, R. (2012). The study of second language acquisition. USA: Oxford University Press.
  • Farhadi, H., & Farmanesh, Sh. (2008). The effect of teaching politeness principles on improving
  • Iranian EFL learners' communicative ability. ILI Language Teaching Journal, 4(2), 57-78. Fraser, B. (1975). Hedged performatives. In Cole, P., & Morgan, J. (Eds.). Syntax and semantics (pp. 187-210). New York: Academic Press.
  • Fetzer, A. (2007). If I may say so: Indexing appropriateness in dialogue. In A. Fetzer (Ed.). Context and appropriateness: Micro meets micro. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Hei, K. C., David, M. K. & Kia, L. S. (2013). Politeness of front counter staff of Malaysian private hospitals. GEMA Online™ Journal of Language Studies, 13 (1), 5-23.
  • Holmes, J. (1989). Sex differences and apologies: One aspect of communicative competence. Applied Linguistics, 10 (2), 194-213.
  • Ige, B. O. (2007). Impoliteness in context: Impoliteness, gender and construction of identities at a
  • South African University. Unpublished Ph.D Dissertation, University of KwaZulu-Natal Durban. Jebahi, K. (2011). Tunisian university students' choice of apology strategies in a discourse completion task. Journal of Pragmatics, 43, 648-662.
  • Lindblom, K. (2009). Cooperative principle. In J. L. Mey (Ed.) Concise encyclopedia of pragmatics (pp. 151-158). UK: Elsevier Ltd.
  • Lingli, D., & Wannaruk, A. (2010). The effects of explicit and implicit instruction in English refusals.
  • Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics, 33(3), 93-109. Martínez-Flor, A., & Usó-Juan, E. (2011). Research methodologies in pragmatics: Eliciting refusals to requests. ELIA, 11, 47-87.
  • Meyerhoff, M. (1999). Sorry in the Pacific: Defining communities, defining practices. Language in Society, 28, 225–238.
  • Mills, S. (2003). Gender and Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Murad, T. M. (2012). Apology strategies in the target language (English) of Israeli-Arab EFL college students toward their lecturers of English who are also native speakers of Arabic. Studies in
  • Literature and Language, 4 (3), 23-29. Nureddeen F. A. (2008). Cross-cultural pragmatics Apology strategies in Sudanese Arabic. Journal of Pragmatics, 40, 279-306.
  • Ogiermann, E. (2009). On apologizing in negative and positive politeness cultures. The Netherlands: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Olshtain, E., & Cohen, A. (1983). Apology: A speech act set. In N. Wolfson, & E. Judd (Eds.),
  • Sociolinguistics and second language acquisition (pp. 18-35). Rowley, Mass: Newbury House. Scher, S. J., & Darley, J. M. (1997). How effective are the things people say to apologize? Effects of the realization of the apology speech act. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 26(1), 127
  • Schumann, K., & Ross, M. (2010). Why women apologize more than men: Gender differences in thresholds for perceiving offensive behavior. Psychological Science, 21(11), 1649-1655.
  • Shariati, M., & Chamani, F. (2010). Apology strategies in Persian. Journal of Pragmatics, 42, 1689– 16
  • Silva, A. J. B. D. (2003). The effects of instruction on pragmatic development: Teaching polite refusals in English. Second Language Studies, 22(1), 55-106.
  • Tehrani, M. D., Rezaei, O. & Dezhara, S. (2012). Apology strategies of Iranian undergraduate students. English Language Teaching, 5(2), 93-100.
  • Terkourafi, M. (2004). Testing Brown and Levinson's theory in a corpus of spontaneous conversational data from Cypriot Greek. International Journal of Sociology of Language, 168, 119
  • Vinagre, M. (2008). Politeness strategies in collaborative email exchanges. Computers & Education, 50, 1022-1036.
  • Wagner, L. C. (1999). Towards a sociopragmatic characterization of apologies in Mexican Spanish.
Toplam 33 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Seyyed Hatam Tamimi Sa’d Bu kişi benim

Mohammad Mohammadi Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2014
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2014 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Tamimi Sa’d, S. H., & Mohammadi, M. (2014). A cross-sectional study of Iranian EFL learners’ polite and impolite apologies. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 10(1), 119-136.
AMA Tamimi Sa’d SH, Mohammadi M. A cross-sectional study of Iranian EFL learners’ polite and impolite apologies. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies. Nisan 2014;10(1):119-136.
Chicago Tamimi Sa’d, Seyyed Hatam, ve Mohammad Mohammadi. “A Cross-Sectional Study of Iranian EFL learners’ Polite and Impolite Apologies”. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies 10, sy. 1 (Nisan 2014): 119-36.
EndNote Tamimi Sa’d SH, Mohammadi M (01 Nisan 2014) A cross-sectional study of Iranian EFL learners’ polite and impolite apologies. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies 10 1 119–136.
IEEE S. H. Tamimi Sa’d ve M. Mohammadi, “A cross-sectional study of Iranian EFL learners’ polite and impolite apologies”, Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, c. 10, sy. 1, ss. 119–136, 2014.
ISNAD Tamimi Sa’d, Seyyed Hatam - Mohammadi, Mohammad. “A Cross-Sectional Study of Iranian EFL learners’ Polite and Impolite Apologies”. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies 10/1 (Nisan 2014), 119-136.
JAMA Tamimi Sa’d SH, Mohammadi M. A cross-sectional study of Iranian EFL learners’ polite and impolite apologies. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies. 2014;10:119–136.
MLA Tamimi Sa’d, Seyyed Hatam ve Mohammad Mohammadi. “A Cross-Sectional Study of Iranian EFL learners’ Polite and Impolite Apologies”. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, c. 10, sy. 1, 2014, ss. 119-36.
Vancouver Tamimi Sa’d SH, Mohammadi M. A cross-sectional study of Iranian EFL learners’ polite and impolite apologies. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies. 2014;10(1):119-36.