BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

2016 SULTANAHMET TERÖR EYLEMİ: YERELİN KÜRESELLEŞMESİ

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 3, 178 - 203, 18.07.2016
https://doi.org/10.18094/si.17867

Öz

Mesajın şiddet dolayımıyla aktarıldığı terör eylemleri, son yüzyılda yaşanan teknolojik gelişmeler ve kitle iletişim araçlarının sunduğu imkânlar ile hedeflediği etkiyi yaratan toplumsal olaylardır. Türkiye’de son beş yılda yaşanan yirmiye yakın terör saldırısı ülkede terör eylemlerine karşı korku ve paniğe yol açarken, medyanın olayı haberleştirme pratiğinde de değişimler gözlenebilmektedir. 12 Ocak 2016 tarihinde İstanbul Sultanahmet medyanında Suriyeli bir intihar bombacısının düzenlediği ve turistlerin yaşamını yitirdiği terör eylemi, ölenin ve öldürenin yabancı ülkelerden olduğu ilk saldırı olması bakımından incelemeye değerdir. Gündem belirleme kuramı ışında toplumsal gündemi belirleyen bu olayın ulusal ve uluslararası medya tarafından nasıl ele alındığının niceliksel ve niteliksel içerik analizi ve çerçeveleme yöntemleri ile analiz edildiği bu çalışma, terörün haber dilinin küreselleşmekte olduğunu göstermesi bakımından önemli ipuçları sağlamaktadır. Cumhuriyet, Hürriyet, Zaman, Sabah, El Jezire, New York Times, Euronews ve BBC medya kaynaklarından toplam 148 haber makalesi üzerinde gerçekleştirilen analizde, teröristin etnik kimliğinin uluslararası güvenlik endişesi kadar öne çıktığı, din ve kardeşlik çerçevesi yerine ekonomi çerçevesinin belirgin olduğu saptanmıştır. Ulusal medyaya getirilen yayın yasağına benzer şekilde uluslararası medyanın da olayı sıklıkla resmi kaynaklara dayandırması, terörün küreselleşen bir haber dili yarattığını ortaya koymaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • ABD Dışişleri Bakanlığı (2004) Patterns of Global Terrorism, Office of the Secretary of the State and Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, Washington DC.
  • Alali A O and Eke K K (1991) Media Coverage of Terrorism: Methods and Diffusion, Sage, Newbury Park.
  • Alexander Y, Carton D and Wilkinson P (1972) Introduction to Terrorism, Westview Press, Boulder.
  • Anderson A J (1987) Communication Research: Issues and Methods, McGraw-Hill, New York.
  • Berelson B (1952) Content Analysis in Communication Research, The Free Press Publishers, Glencoe.
  • Bilgen A (2012 Temmuz 22) Terrorism and Media: A Dangerous Symbiosis, http://www.e-ir.info/2012/07/22terrorism-and-the-media-a-dangerous-symbiosis/, erişim tarihi: 10.12.2015.
  • Birleşmiş Milletler (2012) United Nations Juridical Yearbook, United Nations, USA.
  • Canel M J and Sanders K. (2010) Crisis Communication and Terrorist Attacks: Framing a Response to the 2004 Madrid Bombings and 2005 London Bombings, W T Coombs and S J Holladay (eds), The Handbook of Crisis Communication Wiley-Blackwell, US/UK,449–466.
  • Canel M J (2012) Communicating Strategically in the Face of Terrorism: The Spanish Government’s Response to the 2004 Madrid Bombing Attacks, Public Relations Review, 38, 214– 222.
  • Chomsky N (1991) International Terrorism: Image and Reality, Routledge, London.
  • Crelinsten R D (1998) The Discourse and Practice of Counterterrorism in Liberal Democracies, Australian Journal of Politics and History, 44, 389-413.
  • Diaz-Barrado C M (2009) The Definition of Terrorism and International Law, P A Fernandez-Sanches, International Legal Dimension of Terrorism, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Netherlands, 27-42.
  • Entman R M (1993) Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm, Journal of Communication, 43, 51–58.
  • Flynt-Wallington S, Blake K, Taylor-Clark K and Viswanath K (2010) Antecedents to Agenda Setting and Framing in Health News: An Examination of Priority, Angle, Source, and Resource Usage from a National Survey of U.S. Health Reporters and Editors, Journal of Health Communication, 15,76–94.
  • Galtung J and Ruge M H (1965) The Stucture of Foriegn New: The Representation of Congo, Cuba and Cyprus Crises in Four Norwegian Newspapers, Journal of Peace Research, 2, 64-90.
  • Gilberg S, Eyal C, McCombs M and Nicholas D (1980) The State of the Union Address and the Press Agenda. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 57(4), 584–588. doi:10.1177/107769908005700405.
  • Gitlin T (1980) The Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media in the Making & Unmaking of the New Left, University of California Press, Berkeley, CA.
  • Goffman E (1974) Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience, Harper and Row, New York.
  • Graber D (1997) Mass media and American politics (5th ed.). Washington, DC: CQ Press.
  • Henderson H (2004) Global Terrorism, Facts On File, Inc, New York.
  • Hoffman B (1998) Inside Terrorism, Columbia University Press, Columbia.
  • Hoffman B (2006) Inside Terrorism, Columbia University Press, New York.
  • Horgan J and Braaddock K (2012) Terrorism Studies, Routledge, Canada.
  • House of Lords; House of Common Joint Commitee on Human Rights (2007) The Council Europe Convention on the Prevention of Terrorism, House of Commons, London.
  • Hutcheson J, Domke D, Billeaudeaux A. and Garland Ph (2004) U.S. National Identity, Political Elites, and a Patriotic Press Following September 11, Political Communication, 21, 27–50.
  • Jackson R, Jarvis L, Gunning J and Symth M B (2011) Terrorism: A Critical Introduction, Palgrave, England.
  • Krimsky G A (2002) The View from Abroad, American Journalism Review, January-February 2002, 54-57.
  • Lowe W (2015) Yoshikoder: Cross-platform multilingual content analysis. Java software version 0.6.5, http://www.yoshikoder.org, erişim tarihi: 13.03.2016.
  • Mazur A (1987) Putting Radon on the Public’s Risk Agenda. Science, Technology, and Human Values, 12(3/4), 86-93.
  • McCombs E M and Shaw D L (1972) The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media, Public Opinion Quarterly, 36, 176–187.
  • McCombs M and Shaw D L (1993) The Evolution of Agenda-Setting Research: Twenty-Five Years in the Marketplace of Ideas, Journal of Communication, 43:58–67.
  • McCombs M (2002) News Influence on Our Picture of the World, J Bryant and D Zillman (eds) Media Effects, Lawerence Erlbaum Publishers, UK.
  • McCombs M (2004) Setting the Agenda: The Mass Media and Public Opinion, Blackwell, Malden, MA.
  • McQuail D (1995) Mass Communication Theory, Sage, London.
  • Miller A H (1982) Terrorism, the Media and the Law, Transitional Publication, New York.
  • Merkin R (2007) Insurance Law: An Introduction, Routlege, New York.
  • Nacos B L (2000) Mass-Mediated Terrorism: The Central Role of the Media in Terrorism and Counterterrorism, 2nd edition, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Lanham.
  • Nacos B (2002) Mass-mediated Terrorism: The Central Role of the Media in Terrorism and Counterterrorism, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, New York.
  • Nelson P S and Scott J L (1992) Terrorism and the Media: An Empirical Analysis, Defense Economics, 3(4), 329-39.
  • Norris P, Kern M and Just M (2003) Framing Terrorism: The News Media, the Government and the Public, Routledge, London.
  • Piscard R G (1993) Media Portrayals of Terrorism: Functions and Meaning of News Coverage, Political Science Quarterly, 108(4), 765-767.
  • Reese S and Danielian L (1989) Intermedia influence and the drug issue. P. Shoemaker
  • (eds), Communication Campaigns about Drugs. NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 29-46.
  • Reese S D, Seth C L (2009) Framing the War on Terror: The Internationalization of Policy in the US Press, Journalism, 10(6), 777–797.
  • Ross J (2007) Deconstructing the Terrorism: News Media Relationship, Crime Media Culture, 3(2), 215-25.
  • Ryan C (1991) Prime Time Activism: Media Strategies for Grassroot Organizing, South End, Boston, MA.
  • Sani A A (2014) Nort/South Press: A Comparative Analysis of Framing Boko Haram Insurgency in the Nigerian Print Media, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Yaşar Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İzmir.
  • Schaefer T M (2006) When Terrorism Hits Home: Domestic Newspaper Coverage of the 1998 and 2002 Terror Attacks in Kenya, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 29(6), 607-619.
  • Thomas D (2012) Sentencing Referencer, Sweet & Maxwell, London.
  • Scheufele D A (1999) Framing as a Theory of Media Effects, Journal of Communication, 49, 103–122.
  • Scheufele D A and Tewksbury D (2007) Framing, Agenda Setting and Priming: The Evolution of Three Media Effects Models, Jornal of Communication, 57, 9-20.
  • Schlesinger P (1983) Televising Terrorism: Political Violence in Popular Culture, Comedia Publishing Company, London.
  • Schmid A P and Graaf J (1982) Violence as Communication: Insurgent Terrorism and the Western Media, Sage, London.
  • Schmid A P and Jogman A J (1988) Political Terrorism: a New Guide to Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data bases, Theories, and Literature, Transactions Book, Amsterdam.
  • Schmid A P and Jongman A J (2005) Political Terrorism: A new Guide To Actors, Authors, Concepts, Data Bases, Theories and Literature, N. J. Transaction Publishers, New Brunswinck.
  • Schubert J N, Stewart P A and Curran M A (2002) A Defining Presidential Moment: 9/11 and the Rally Effect, Political Psychology, 23(3), 559–583.
  • Stempel G H III and Hargrove T (2003) Newspapers Played Major Role in Terrorism Coverage, Media Studies of September 11, Newspaper Research Journal, 24(1), 55-57.
  • Tilly C (2004) Terror, Terrorism, Terrorists, Journal of Sociological Theory, 22, 7-10.
  • Tankard J, Hendrickson L, Silberman J, Bliss K and Ghanem S (1991) Media Frames: Approaches to Conceptualization and Measurement, Paper presented at the Annual Convention of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Boston, MA.
  • Toker H (2004) Two Countries: One Pattern: A Comparative Study of Gender Representation in the News of Norwegian and Turkish Newspapers, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Oslo Üniversitesi Tarih ve Felsefe Fakültesi, Medya Bölümü, Oslo.
  • Top Sites in Turkey (ty.) http://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/TR, erişim tarihi: 13.04.2016.
  • Weaver D H (2007) Thoughts on Agenda Setting, Framing, and Priming, Journal of Communication, 57, 142–147.
  • Williamson M (2009) Terrorism, War and International Law, Asgate Pub. England.
  • Zelizer B and Stuart A (2002) When Trauma Shapes the News B. Zelizer and A Stuart (eds), Journalism after September 11, Routledge, New York/London, 1–23.
Toplam 64 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Gizem Melek

Huriye Toker

Yayımlanma Tarihi 18 Temmuz 2016
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Nisan 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Melek, G., & Toker, H. (2016). 2016 SULTANAHMET TERÖR EYLEMİ: YERELİN KÜRESELLEŞMESİ. Selçuk İletişim, 9(3), 178-203. https://doi.org/10.18094/si.17867