Amerikan Sosyal Bilgiler Müfredatı İçinde Coğrafya’nın Yeri ve Etkili Bir K-12 Coğrafya Öğretmen Eğitimine Yönelik Çabaların İncelenmesi

Yıl 2008, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 367 - 381, 01.12.2008

Cemalettin Ayas

Öz

Bu makale öncelikli olarak coğrafyanın Amerikan sosyal bilgiler müfradatındaki yerini tespit etmeye çalışarak, ortaokul ve lise coğrafya öğretmenlerinin yetiştirilmesine yönelik meseleleri inceler. Bu yüzden, bu çalışma ilk önce coğrafya ve sosyal bilgiler arasındaki ortak zemini tanımlayarak, coğrafyanın bir ders olarak sosyal bilgiler müfradatındaki yerini tartışır. Daha sonra da, Amerika’daki yaygın coğrafya eğitimi yetersizliğini aşmak için gösterilen yoğun çabaları göz önünde bulundurarak coğrafya ve/veya sosyal bilgiler öğretmenlerinin gerek hizmet öncesi gerekse hizmet içi eğitimiyle ilgili meseleleri analiz eder. Şonuç olarak, bu çalışma ilgili kişilere Amerikan sosyal bilgiler müfradatında coğrafyanın yerine dair genel bir perspektif sağlar ve incelenen ilgili literatürü göz önünde bulundurarak coğrafya öğretmenlerinin yetiştirilmesine yönelik daha etkili ve kapsayıcı bir öğretmen eğitimi modeli sunar

Anahtar Kelimeler

Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Sosyal Bilgiler Müfredatı, Coğrafya Eğitimi, Öğretmen Eğitimi

Examining the Place of Geography in the American Social Studies Curriculum and the Efforts toward an Effective Teacher Education in K-12 Geography

Öz

This paper primarily focuses on locating geography education in the American secondary social studies curriculum, and then examines the American teacher education in geography. Therefore, the paper first defines the common ground between social studies and geography, followed by a discussion regarding how geography as a school subject fits in to the social studies curriculum. It next analyzes the American experience in preparing pre- and in-service geography and/or social studies teachers as there have been quite efforts to that end due to the widespread “geographic illiteracy” in the American schools. As a result, the current paper attempts to provide the interested audience with a general perspective concerning the place of geography education in the American schools, and suggests a comprehensive teacher education model based on the related literature investigated

Anahtar Kelimeler

United States, Social Studies Curriculum, Geography Education, Teacher Education

Kaynakça

• Barr, R., Barth, J., & Shermis, S. (1978). The nature of the social studies . Palm Springs, CA: ETC Publications.
• Bednarz, R. S. (2002). The quantity and quality of geography education in the United States: The last 20 years. International Research and in Geographical and Environmental Education , 11 (2), 160-170.
• Bednarz, S. W. (1997). Using the geographic perspective to enrich history. Social Education , 61 (3), 139-145.
• Bednarz, S. W., & Bednarz, R. S. (1995). Pre-service geography education. Journal of Geography , 94 (5), 482-486.
• Boehm, R. G., Brierley, J., & Sharma, M. (1994). The “bete noir” of geographic education: Teacher training programs. Journal of Geography , 93 (1), 21-25.
• Boehm, R. G., & Petersen, J. E. (1994). An elaboration of the fundamental themes in geography. Social Education , 58 (4), 211-218.
• Brophy, J., Alleman, J., & O’M ahony, C. (2000). Elementary social studies: Yesterday, today, tomorrow. In T. Good & M. Early (Eds.), American education: Yesterday, today, and tomorrow (pp. 256-312). Chicago, IL: The Nati onal Society of the Study of Education.
• Downs, R. (1994). The need for research in geography education: It would be nice to have some data. Journal of Geography , 93 (1), 57-60.
• Dulli, R. E., & Goodman, J. M. (1994). Geog raphy in a changing world: Reform and renewal. NASSP, 78(564), 19-24.
• Dynneson, T. L., Gross, R. E., & Berson, M. J. (2003). Designing effective instruction for secondary social studies (3 rd Ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Merrill/Prentice Hall.
• Ediger, M. (1998). Trends and issues in teaching elementary school social studies. College Student Journal , 32 (2), 347-363.
• Engle, S. H., & Ochoa, A. S. (1988). Education for democratic citizenship . New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
• Evans, R. W. (2004). The social studies wars: What should we teach the children? New York, NY: Teachers College Press.
• Gay, S. M. (1995). Making the connections: Infu sing the national geography standards into the classroom. Journal of Geography, 94(4), 459-461.
• Geography Education Standards Project. (1994). Geography for life: National geography standards . Washington, DC: American Geographical Society, Association of American Geographers, National Council for Geographic Education, and National Geographic Society.
• Gilsbach, M. T. (1997). Improvement needed: Pre-service geography teacher education. The Social Studies , 88 (1), 35-38.
• Gritzner, C. F. (1990). Geography and social studies education: Mapping the interface. The International Journal of Social Education , 5 (2), 9-21.
• Kenreich, T. W. (2004). Beliefs, classroom prac tices, and professional development activities of teacher consultants. Journal of Geography , 103 (4), 153-160.
• Libbee, M. (1995). Strengthening certification guidelines. Journal of Geography , 94(5), 501-504.
• Ludwig, G. S. (1995). Establishing pre-service partnerships: Geography and social studies. Journal of Geography , 94(5), 530-533.
• Maier, J. N., & Jones, D. D. (1999). Enhancing g eographic education: Challenges and benefits of collaboration with outside agencies. Journal of Geography , 98 (2), 86-90.
• Marran, J. F. (2003). Geography: An essential school subject—Five reasons why. Journal of Geography , 102 (1), 42-43.
• Morrill, R. B., Enedy, J. P., & Pontius, S. K. (1995). Teachers and university faculty cooperation to improve teacher preparation. Journal of Geography , 94 (5), 538-542.
• Natoli, S. J. (1989). Some thoughts on st rengthening geography in the social studies. Journal of Social Studies Research , 13 (1), 1-7.
• NCGE, the National Council for Geographic Education. (1991). The role of geography in preservice teacher preparation: geography in the social studies (A position paper). (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED350201).